50 cognitive biases

We often define others according to their personalities or personalities, but we use situational factors to excuse ourselves.

Xiao Li was late for class. She must be lazy. You were late yourself, but you were too busy in the morning.

There is always a reason for failure, and success depends entirely on yourself.

Example: I think I won the prize because of my hard work, not because of the help and luck of others. But I failed the exam only because I didn't get enough sleep.

We prefer insiders in the same circle to outsiders.

For example: Guoguo works out in a gym with you, so you like her better than Xiao Nan.

As more and more people accept certain concepts, fashions and beliefs, the influence of these concepts will grow.

For example, Xiaolin thinks that TCM health care is very effective, and Xiao Li thinks so.

We hope that the team will be consistent and harmonious, and sometimes we will make some unreasonable decisions to reduce conflicts.

For example, if Guo wants to buy a T-shirt and Xiao Wang wants to buy ice cream, then you suggest buying a T-shirt with ice cream balls printed on it.

If you think a person has some positive qualities, then this positive impression will spill over to his other qualities. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

For example, if the fruit is so cute, it must not be mean at all.

A good result will improve people's evaluation of their moral status, and vice versa.

Example: Xiaoguo won the argument, so they are more moral than losers.

In reality, there are fewer people who support our views than we thought.

For example, we sometimes think that everyone thinks so.

Once we know something, we assume that others also know it.

Example: Lao Wang is a teacher, and it is difficult for him to understand the students' perspective on things.

We overestimate people's concern about our behavior and appearance.

Xiao Wang is worried that people will notice how ugly her ice cream T-shirt is.

When we make a judgment, we usually rely on the most intuitive example that comes to mind at the moment.

For example, when choosing a brand, you will generally choose the one that has seen the advertisement recently.

In an accident, if witnesses and victims have similar experiences, they will blame the victims less and attack the perpetrators instead. Perception remains the same.

Example: Guoguo was rear-ended while playing with a mobile phone and waiting for the green light in the car. Witness Xiao Nan will also drive and play with his mobile phone. So she made a hullabaloo about at the fruit beater.

We tend to believe that the world is fair. Therefore, we will think that there is a reason for unfair things.

For example, Guoguo's wallet was stolen. You see, she always criticizes Xiao Wang for that T-shirt, so she deserves it.

We are used to believing that our observations are objective facts, while others are irrational, uninformed or biased.

Ex.: I saw the truth of the world, and everyone else was stupid.

Believe that what you observe is an objective fact, while others have more egocentric bias than they actually show.

This man is so kind to me that he must want something from me.

It is easy for us to attribute our personality to vague statements, even if they are applicable to a wide range of people.

Example: This constellation guide is really accurate.

The less you know, the more confident you are. The more you know, the less confident you are.

For example, Xiao Yang confidently assured everyone that there is absolutely no kelp in the ice cream, and kelp has never been used in the dairy industry.

We rely heavily on the information we see at first sight when making decisions.

For example, this thing is now 50% of the original price. It must be old and cheap.

We rely on automation systems, and sometimes we even believe too much, which leads to the abandonment of truly correct decisions.

For example, the mobile phone will automatically change it's to it's, so you will think this is the correct usage.

We often forget the information that is easy to find in search.

Example: The actors in that movie cheered again? I've checked it eight times.

When freedom is restricted, we will be unhappy, so we will do some rebellious behaviors to release our emotions.

For example, the more parents ask their children to do homework, the less they want to do it.

We tend to look for and remember information that can confirm our views.

Example: Draw a conspiracy theory with incomplete evidence, but ignore those opposing arguments.

When a wrong cognition is overturned by new information, the new information is inconsistent with the original view, but it will deepen people's trust in the original wrong cognition.

For example, people who believe in conspiracy theories will think that emerging evidence is fabricated to cover up conspiracy theories.

We will think that the media has a greater influence on others than ourselves.

Example: You are obviously brainwashed by the media.

We judge the strength of an argument not by its strength in supporting the conclusion, but by our own belief in the credibility of the conclusion.

Example: Guo Guo said that she supported your conspiracy theory, but she didn't give any evidence.

Because we need to integrate into the society, the more we openly discuss things repeatedly, the more we will believe their authenticity.

For example, the story of razor blades hidden in candy was widely circulated, and eventually many Americans stopped offering homemade candy on Halloween.

We tend to romanticize the past, look at the future negatively, and think that society/system is generally declining.

For example, in our childhood, children know more about respect.

We tend to remain unchanged, and even favorable changes are considered as a loss.

For example, even if this job can no longer provide her with room for promotion and salary increase, she is not willing to jump ship.

Even in the face of failure, people will continue to invest in this doomed thing because of their previous investment.

Example: Here we are. ...

Think that the possibility of the future is influenced by past events.

Example: I guess the coin has been lost nine times, and I should be able to guess correctly next time.

We prefer to reduce the small risk to zero, even though we can reduce the overall risk through another option.

For example, you should buy an insurance service.

People's different descriptions of the same objective problem lead to different decision-making judgments.

For example, a candidate with 45% support rate will win a great victory; The candidate disappointed the whole country with only 45% support.

It is generally believed that although there is no information about individuals, members of a group will have some of the same characteristics.

Ex.: The man who put hair gel on his hair must be Mr. Tony from the barber shop.

People think that outsiders are the same, but people in their own circles are different.

For example, Kobayashi doesn't play games. She thinks everyone who plays games is just doing nothing.

We believe that the opinions of authoritative people are often influenced by them.

Experts say this can be done.

If we believe that a certain therapy will work, then it usually has no physiological effect.

Example: If you take a placebo to relieve the pain, the pain is really relieved.

We often see the stories of survivors, because those who don't survive can't speak. It is easy for us to take what we see as everything.

For example, seeing that the returning fighter wing has the most bullet holes, it is concluded that the fighter wing is the most hit part. The fact is that the plane that was hit by the engine can't come back.

Our view of time depends on trauma, drug abuse and physical exertion.

Time slowed down when I was almost hit by a car.

People will pay too much attention to trivial problems and avoid facing complex problems.

For example, the local government spends a lot of time discussing the repair of bicycle sheds instead of solving the problem of homeless people.

People are more likely to remember unfinished tasks than completed tasks.

Example: Fruit is depressed because the tasks on the task list are not completed.

People pay more attention to what they are involved in creating.

Example: Do you like the flowerpot that you bought for 20 yuan and colored yourself?

If we do someone a favor, then we will do him another favor.

For example, when selling, you can ask the other party for a small favor first.

The more people around us, the less likely we are to help the victims.

For example, when you need help, say "Everybody help me" instead of "My little brother with glasses and a white coat helps me".

We, especially children, sometimes mistake the ideas put forward by questioners for memories.

Example: Did you fall off the sofa before or after your mother hit you?

We mistake imagination for real memory.

Example: Guo Guo is sure that Xiao Wang told a joke about pineapple. But the joke was actually his own idea.

We mistake real memories for imagination.

Example: Xiao Zhang dreamed that he had gone to the cemetery. As a matter of fact, he did go to the cemetery.

We find patterns and laws in random data.

For example, you see that cloud looks like your cat.

We sometimes overestimate the possibility of bad results.

Example: There is only half a glass of water left, and nothing will get better.

We are sometimes too optimistic about good results.

Ex.: There is still half a glass of water, and everything will be fine.

People don't think they are biased, but they also think others are more extreme than themselves.

Example: I have no prejudice.

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