What is German literature in the Renaissance?

/kloc-Germany in the 6th century was a backward agricultural country under feudal rule, divided politically and dispersed economically, but capitalist factors developed in some cities.

The Roman Catholic Church, the royal power of the Holy Roman Empire and the feudal princes exploited the people heavily, which made farmers, urban civilians and even some small aristocrats dissatisfied with the existing system. The religious reform and peasant uprising marked the first impact of the bourgeoisie on the feudal system. The Reformation had a great influence on Europe. 16 In the 1920s and 1930s, Lutheran Protestantism had spread to northern Europe, Britain, France, Poland and other countries. German national feelings awakened in the revolutionary climax of this century. Peasant uprisings in various parts of Germany have been going on for decades. Their "ideals and plans often frighten their descendants", but they were brutally suppressed by the rulers. Literary achievements are mainly manifested in the following three aspects: works by humanists against the church and striving for freedom of thought, combative political papers in the religious reform and peasant uprising, and folk literature developed from the Middle Ages.

In Germany, the trend of humanism is mostly spread among scholars in universities, which represents the requirement of the early bourgeoisie to be liberated from the shackles of medieval obscurantism and scholasticism.

The famous humanist John Richlin (1455~ 1522) compiled the Letters of Ignorant (15 15), which, under the influence of Roman satirists, imitated their poor Latin with the tone of ignorant theologians and exposed the scholastic scholars and scholars.

Siddeley Ailas Mousse (1466~ 1536) was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. He is a famous linguist with profound knowledge. He has lived in France, Britain, Germany, Italy and Switzerland and has a friendly relationship with Moore. His famous literary satire Ode to Stupidity (1509) was written in Latin. From the viewpoint of bourgeois humanism, he repented the character of stupidity, exposed the hypocrisy and ignorance of monks, criticized the wars of governors for power and interests, mocked superstition and affirmed secular life. The works of these humanists are of positive significance, but they are written in Latin, which is far from the people.

The most combative humanist is ulrich von Hutton (1488~ 1523), who participated in Chijingen's Knight Uprising and was the main author of The Book of Ignorants (15 17).

The second part of Letters is sharper than the first one, and it makes a ruthless attack on the church. He also wrote poems in German to express his distinct fighting stance. He imitated Lucian to write dialogues and translated the most important articles from Latin into German. Two of them expressed their love for their own nation through the dialogue between the author and "Fever", which involved major political and religious issues at that time. He used literature as a weapon to oppose the separatist regime of governors and the oppression of the German people by the Roman Catholic Church, trying to arouse people's national consciousness.

Martin Luther (1483~ 1546) was the leader of the religious reform in Germany. 15 17 announced the religious reform program, 1520 wrote a letter to the Christian aristocrats of the German nation, opposed the Pope's interference in the monarchy, called on the German church to get rid of the unreasonable control of the Pope, and put forward a series of opinions against Catholic teachings and demanding the organization of Protestantism. From 15 17 to 1533, according to the achievements of humanists in the study of ancient languages, he translated Hebrew and Greek bibles into German in people's languages. His translation of the Bible enables farmers and civilians to invoke chapters and sentences in the Bible to defend their class interests, which has a great influence on promoting the unification of German national languages. He wrote many hymns, argumentations and fables. The most popular hymn is Our God is a Strong Fortress (1525). "Luther not only cleared the bullpen of the church of Ghias, but also cleared the bullpen of Ghias, created modern German prose, and wrote the words and songs that became the victory and self-confidence hymn of16th century" La Marseillaise ". But Luther gradually compromised with the princes and betrayed the people.

That's Thomas Munzer (1490? ~ 1525)。 As a priest, menzel led a vigorous peasant revolution under the cloak of religion, and was defeated and killed in 1525. He advocated a primitive * * * productism and demanded the equal distribution of wealth. On religious issues, he did not confine himself to attacking all the main arguments of Catholicism, but went further to attack all the main arguments of Christianity, which was close to later pantheism and rationalism. His sermon to the vassals (1524) called on the vassals in Saxony to oppose Catholicism, and his public refutation of the false belief of disloyalty to the world further dealt a blow to the feudal rulers. In the debate, he called Luther "the walking corpse of Weinberg" and announced a decisive break with Luther. 1525, he published a letter to the people of Alstede, calling on the urban poor to unite with farmers and hold an uprising. These documents are fully demonstrated, full of enthusiasm, written in fiery and sharp language, and are the earliest outstanding revolutionary propaganda words in Germany.

With the development of the city, folk literature flourished in this period. Because the emerging citizen class needs cultural life, and the wide use of printing provides conditions to meet this need. Popular short stories and "jokes" developed greatly in the late Middle Ages, and many "jokes" were included in books. Folk story books have also been popular for some time, or according to medieval legends or stories from eastern and southern countries, the quality is uneven. Thiel er renshipigl (1515) is of great significance and can reflect the life of the times.

Pigl, the hero of the book, is a farmer, through whom many folk stories and jokes are connected in series. Some story writers and industrial guild masters were fooled by the two people turning to Pigl; Some people wrote about the history of Elon. Pigl defeated the ruling class with the wit of farmers, or criticized the church. For example, one of the stories tells that Pigl was hired by an earl as a tower keeper. Because the count treated him badly, he often went hungry. He played a trick on the count. The count asked him why he did this, and he replied, "whoever suffers from hunger will come up with some tricks."

This work reflects the awakening of farmers' self-consciousness on the eve of the revolution and their demands for religious reform. Another folk story book is Biography of Dr. Faust (1587). Faust is a real person, born in Germany at the end of 15. It is said that he was familiar with astronomy, geography and magic and died in 1540. The story book tells that Faust entered into a contract with the devil and sold his body and soul to the devil. The devil promised to serve him for 24 years and satisfy all his wishes. He and the devil went to heaven, went down to the ground, chatted, chatted and pursued the enjoyment of life.

Although the author opposed Faust from a religious standpoint, Faust's words and deeds also reflected the adventurous spirit of exploring the mysteries of the universe and pursuing knowledge during the Renaissance, which aroused people's extensive interest. Contemporary British writers Marlowe and Goethe later wrote their masterpieces with Faust as the main theme.

A prolific writer from the lower classes in this period was hans sachs (1494~ 1576). He is a shoemaker, and his main achievements are drama and poetry. He improved craftsmen's poems and developed medieval religious dramas into satirical dramas reflecting people's lives. Most of these plays are based on folk stories, and the objects described are citizens, farmers, slaves, knights, tramps and so on. His works are vivid, popular and humorous, both in content and form, and are loved by the people at that time. However, his life is narrow, he is satisfied with the existing social system and is limited to appealing to the interests of the citizens.

The incomplete religious reform and the failure of the peasant revolution strengthened the division of Germany. In this century, Germany failed to produce excellent national literature like Britain, France and Spain, but in this turbulent era, German literature is closely related to social life, close to the people and has realistic factors.