Gao fen Qiu Jie racing car refit

Every year, the FIA will formulate the latest standards for car modification specifically for the previous year's competition. According to these standards, the racing organizations in various countries put forward corresponding regulations for the contestants. Of course, due to the different levels of automobile sports development in different countries, these departments in charge of local automobile sports will also formulate more practical automobile modification standards according to the situation of their own countries and the current situation of their own automobile industry development.

The modification of racing cars is complex and involves a wide range, and different models have different methods. The same model has different methods according to the competition form, even if it is the same model and the competition it participates in, there are different groups. A completely modified racing car, its working difficulty and technical content even exceed the manufacturing of a car.

Modification standard: safety modification index and performance modification index.

If the safety modification index has a lower limit and no upper limit, it must meet the prescribed minimum safety standards before it is allowed to participate in the competition. If racers want to be safer, the price is to invest more modification funds and increase the overall weight of the car body.

The performance correction index has an upper limit and no lower limit. If the funds are limited, players can even enter the competition without any improvement, but it is impossible to achieve results or even complete the competition. On the other hand, your car can't be modified beyond various technical indicators stipulated in the detailed rules, such as the size and material of brake disc, the size of intake manifold, the size of air filter, the maximum power of engine and so on. If you exceed this standard, you can't participate in the competition. This move is to ensure that the driver can show the true level of the driver on the basis of the same level of vehicle technology and water quality.

2. Racing roll cage

The race is played at high speed for a long time, which is different from normal vehicle driving. In this way, the uncertainties have increased. Accidents may happen in corners, ramps or even straights, all caused by cars and drivers. One of the most common is the scene of rollover. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of the participants after the vehicle accidentally overturned in the race, it is necessary to install a "roll cage" that meets the FIA safety standards on the car body. This is a detachable steel pipe assembly. It is made of cold-drawn seamless carbon steel pipe, which is connected or welded section by section according to the internal contour of the carriage during installation. If you remove the body shell, you will see a metal cage made of several steel pipes, so Hong Kong people also call it an "anti-roll cage". With this treasure, even if the car rolls a few times, the outside of the car is terrible, and the players in the car are safe and sound. The material and torsion resistance of the steel pipe used in the roll cage depend on the weight of the car body, and generally it should be able to withstand the impact of more than 2 times the weight of the car body. Because the track is flat, there is basically no gap. Compared with the rally on Panshan Road and the cross-country race in the wild, if rollover happens, the damage to the car body will be even greater. Therefore, rally car and off-road racing roll cage have higher strength and denser fittings. The professionally installed roll cage can not only cope with unexpected situations, but also enhance the strength and torsion resistance of the car body. For example, several welding positions of the roll cage are connected with the front and rear shock absorber seats, and even if the vehicle jumps frequently, part of the impact force from the ground will be dispersed to the roll cage, thus protecting the vehicle body. Internationally renowned racing products companies such as SPARCO, OMP, RECARO and other brands will produce supporting anti-roll frames for various models that can compete in that year according to the annual registered racing catalogue issued by the FIA. However, for some unregistered domestic vehicles that can only participate in international competitions, their anti-roll frames are made by racing teams or commissioned processing units. However, seamless steel pipes whose strength, diameter, wall thickness and other indicators meet the standards must be selected according to the technical standards of China Automobile Federation on domestic automobile competition modification, and designed and installed according to the internal dimensions of the car body.

3, racing seat belts

The seat belts of civil vehicles are generally cable-stayed three-point with pre-tightening device. Under normal driving conditions, it is easy to pull on the passenger's chest and abdomen to avoid causing discomfort to passengers. Only in the case of emergency braking or severe vibration of the car body, it will automatically tighten and fix the occupant on the seat to avoid hitting the front windshield. The safety belt requirements of racing cars are very high, not only the material and size are strictly regulated, but also the installation method is required. This kind of seat belt is fixed with shoulders and added with a cross waist, which is very similar to the backpack carried on the back during daily travel. The length of the seat belt is pre-adjusted according to the driver's body shape sitting in the seat. There is basically no adjustment and no pre-tightening device. After wearing this seat belt, athletes are tied to their seats instead of being tied. This firm fixed occupant can prevent the car from shifting due to violent shaking when the vehicle rolls or slides, thus causing physical injury; Secondly, racers are more closely combined with the car body through the seat, so that they can feel the dynamics of the car, that is, to achieve the state of "integration of people and cars", thus controlling the car more effectively. The safety of the racing car is equipped with a quick unlocking device. If there is anything else, push the release button on the chest, and several safety belts that originally wrapped the whole body will spread out instantly, which is convenient for racers to escape in time. Racing seat belts are also made by several well-known brands in the world, and general manufacturers or individuals are not allowed to make them. Every year, the FIA also publishes a catalogue, some of which can be used in racing cars.

4. Racing seat

It turns out that there are no strict requirements for racing seats in domestic competitions, whether it is the organizer or the players themselves. With the domestic competition becoming more and more formal, most contestants began to replace the original car seats with special racing seats. This is a bucket seat made of engineering plastic or carbon fiber, which is wrapped with fireproof fabric. This kind of seat has many functions, and domestic players have gradually realized in years of competition: first, it is strong and not easy to deform; second, it is much lighter than the original car seat, which can reduce the weight of the car body; In addition, the barrel is designed to better "clip" the players inside, and the friction coefficient of the fabric on the surface of the seat is very large, plus the "restraint" of the seat belt, the players will not wander around; In addition, the driver's seat is slightly higher, and with the anti-roll frame, there is no need to worry about the safety of the head after the vehicle rolls; Another point is that the racing seat is only a few centimeters thick, and the installation position is much lower than the original car. The competitor's hips are close to the floor, which is almost equivalent to sitting on the floor and driving. In this way, you can clearly feel the road feeling from the ground, which is more convenient for the precise control of the car. Although installing this kind of seat loses comfort, it will give people a sense of fighting.

5, automatic fire extinguisher

It is a fixed fire extinguisher cylinder with a weight of not less than 4 kg and must be equipped with a pressure display device. Several metal thin tubes with nozzles are led out from the bottle mouth valve and installed in the engine compartment, oil circuit and the front and back of the player's body in the cab respectively. If the vehicle catches fire accidentally, you can press the switch to turn on the fire extinguishing device, and instantly put out the fire inside the vehicle and around the competitors. There are also two start switches, which are installed adjacent to the power-off switch and marked with a white round bottom with a red circle and a red "E" sign in the middle. In addition to the automatic fire extinguisher, the vehicle must also carry a 3 kg portable fire extinguisher with a pressure display device. All fire extinguishers must be used within the validity period.

6, racing glass

The windshield of the racing car must be laminated glass, and the glass of the left and right doors should be coated with explosion-proof film. The driver's name and blood type symbol must be pasted on the glass outside of the left and right rear doors or on the left and right fenders (the driver's name and blood type must also be pasted during rally). When participating in international competitions, the name must be in English, and there must be a national flag pattern in front to indicate the nationality of the driver.

7. racing tank

There is no strict requirement for the fuel tank of racing cars in domestic competitions, as long as it is original. However, between the cab and the trunk, a metal plate must be used as a fireproof isolation layer to ensure that the fuel tank of the trunk will not burn to the cab in case of fire. In recent years, with the increasingly international integration of domestic competitions, some powerful teams began to use the "explosion-proof fuel tank" dedicated for racing cars. It is a square metal sealed oil tank, or a sealed oil tank made of flame-retardant Keffler rubber, which not only ensures no oil leakage after rollover, but also is equipped with an automatic short oil device, which will automatically seal when the oil pipe breaks unexpectedly.

8, racing oil circuit, circuit

The oil and circuit pipes inside and outside the car should be rearranged. If possible, it should be moved to the carriage. If it cannot be moved, protective devices must be installed to prevent it from being exposed. All leaking parts on the underbody, such as engine oil pan, gearbox bottom shell, differential, brake cylinder, etc. , strong aluminum plate should be used to protect the bottom plate. In this way, you don't have to worry about injury to the bottom of the car even if you encounter rugged roads or vehicles jump to the ground. Usually only rally and cross-country races are equipped with floor guards. In track competition, due to the smoothness of the track and the need of engine cooling at high speed, floor guards are generally not installed.

9. External safety modification of racing car

The front windshield can also be fixed from the outside with several cards to prevent the vehicle from falling off after being hit or shaken. In order to ensure clear vision in rainy days, you can also choose a wiper blade with good rubber quality and large contact area, and you can also add a wider "tablet" on the wiper blade to increase the pressure of airflow on the wiper blade, so that it can contact the glass more closely, which is helpful for cleaning. At the same time, the nozzle in the windshield cleaning device can be enlarged and the nozzle can be thickened. In track competition, in order to speed up the scraping frequency of the wiper, the wiper generally only scratches the driver's side, and stops in the middle of the windshield when not in use, perpendicular to the hood. Avoid the headlights and taillights of the car being scattered on the track after being collided, which will affect other players. All the exposed lights of track racing cars will be covered with a strong transparent tape.

10, car handling

First of all, you can change into a racing steering wheel that is one size smaller than the original steering wheel. This small-sized steering wheel is more conducive to the opponent's frequent rotation direction and has higher accuracy. In addition, its surface is a layer of suede leather, and the gloves of the same fabric worn by competitors can ensure that the hands will not slip when rotating. The accelerator, clutch and brake pedal of the original car can also be replaced with special products for racing cars. In high-speed racing, competitors must frequently step on the accelerator, clutch and brake pedal. In order to improve the accuracy and prevent the foot from slipping with the pedal, they must wear racing shoes with anti-slip teeth at the bottom and also use pedals with anti-slip teeth on the surface. This pedal is made of metal or special rubber, and the metal or rubber anti-slip teeth on its surface can not only improve the accuracy of the racer's operation, but also ensure that the soles of the feet will not slip when it rains. Generally, the brake pedal will be very wide, so the distance from the accelerator is small, which is convenient for racers to make the technical action of "tiptoe stepping on the brake and then stepping on the accelerator" to instantly downshift and slow down. Of course, ordinary drivers need to adapt to this kind of pedal for a period of time, otherwise it is easy to step on the accelerator when braking.

1 1, the racer brakes.

In the rally, we often encounter a narrow bend with an angle close to 180 degrees. This kind of bend is called "U-bend", and it is also called "hairpin bend" because its shape resembles the hairpin used by women. When passing through this corner, in order to keep the speed from decreasing, drivers usually use hand-in-hand braking without slowing down, so that the rear wheels are temporarily locked, causing the vehicle to turn around in place. When the handbrake of a civil vehicle is pulled up, it will be stuck by the locking ratchet in the handbrake handle, that is, the handbrake is tightened and fixed when parking at ordinary times. If activated, press the release button to release the handbrake. There are many "stuck bends" in the game, and when the brakes need to be pulled and released frequently, if the unmodified handbrake is used, when the rear of the car has swung to the required angle and needs to be released, the thumb pressing the release button will often slip off, so that the handbrake will easily get stuck, resulting in excessive tail flick. Therefore, the installation position of the handbrake lock ratchet of rally car is opposite to that of civilian car. After the handle brake causes the tail to swing, let go directly without pressing the release button. If you press the button after tightening the handbrake when parking, it will get stuck, which is just the opposite of the usage of civilian cars. Interestingly, most domestic players can't adapt to it for a while after installing this device, and they often make jokes.

12, the performance of the car itself is improved.

(1) The modification range for improving vehicle performance is wider. Including power improvement, body stability improvement, body strength improvement and so on. And these improvements are often interrelated. According to FIA regulations, Group A cars can be modified without changing their appearance, but they must submit a detailed relevant information for registration in advance and get approval before they can be modified. At present, most athletes in China don't have enough funds to refit Group A cars. Another N-group racing car has many limitations in performance modification, and the corresponding modification projects are relatively few. The S-cars that can participate in domestic competitions will have a wider range of changes. According to Group N regulations, all projects must be registered with China Automobile Association in advance before the change. After approval, China Automobile Federation will also distribute relevant modification projects and technical materials to various racing teams and racing clubs to avoid complaints between teams after the race.

(2) To improve the power, we can first make a fuss about reducing the weight of the car body (Hong Kong calls it "stealing light"). In this way, even if other factors remain unchanged, the lightweight of the car body can achieve the effect of improving power. Moreover, due to the installation of the roll cage made of steel pipe, the weight of the car body will increase, forcing you to try every means to steal it. The general practice is to get rid of things that are not used as much as possible, such as tape recorders, speakers, telescopic antennas, air-conditioning devices (heating devices must be kept), steering booster pumps (which can also make the road feel clearer), rear seats (only one driver's seat is left in the car, because one person drives the track), interiors behind the back of front seats, sun visors, carpets, etc. And change the electric rocking window machine to manual operation, and change the window glass to PC. Even some drivers actually removed all the anti-corrosion coatings covering the floor surface of the car body, which really made some efforts. Of course, the China Automobile Federation also has minimum requirements for the weight of the car body.

(3) For the EFI engine which is widely used now, the computer board for controlling the fuel injection quantity can be reset first. For example, in order to prolong the life of the engine, when the engine speed reaches 6500 rpm, the computer will issue an instruction to stop fuel supply. Racing is specially used for racing, which emphasizes reaching the limit of use in a short time, and it is a big deal to change a new car in the next race. Therefore, long-term service life will not be considered. Therefore, it is possible to increase the speed of the computer to 7000-8000 rpm or even higher. In this way, the vehicle will still have a steady stream of power when driving at high speed. Of course, this value is also set by the racing engineer under the condition of ensuring that the engine can cope with the competition. Usually, an "over-rotation indicator" is installed on the dashboard in front of the driver, which is connected with the engine tachometer. When the number of revolutions reaches the set maximum, it will emit bright red or white light to remind the driver to shift gears in time.

(4) increasing oil supply

With the increase of fuel injection and spark, more air must enter the engine combustion chamber in order to improve the combustion rate. The usual method is to increase the air filter to improve the smoothness of the exhaust system. The latter is the most exciting modification method for all drivers and fans. If the engine of a racing car uses the exhaust system of a civil car, after the exhaust gas is discharged from the engine, it can only be discharged into the atmosphere through the exhaust manifold, one muffler, two mufflers or even three mufflers, so there are many obstacles encountered, resulting in poor exhaust and poor vacuum, which further reduces the air intake and the explosive power of the engine. Therefore, the muffler in the rear section of the exhaust pipe can be removed, which can reduce the exhaust resistance and assist the increase of intake air, thus improving the power of the engine. The modified exhaust system will explode with exciting knocking sound because one or two silencers are missing, which is one of the reasons that attracted many fans to become later racing drivers. However, the exhaust system can not be changed at will, otherwise it will produce reactive "back pressure" and cause damage to the internal components of the engine such as valves and pistons. At the beginning of the domestic competition, many domestic players did not know how to modify the exhaust system. They always thought that if the muffler was removed, the power to make a deafening roar would be improved, and the civilian car would become a racing car. So I often hear the sound of "scratching" in the distance, but I can't see the car coming.

(5) Modification to improve dynamic performance also includes more complicated projects such as thinning cylinder pad to improve compression ratio, polishing lightweight crankshaft, changing piston crown shape, grinding cylinder wall, lightweight flywheel disc, etc. In order to further improve the power performance, the fuel used in racing cars must be high-grade aviation gasoline produced in small quantities by refineries. This kind of gasoline burns fully and consumes much faster than ordinary gasoline. After burning, it will produce a special "fragrance" that attracts every racing driver to indulge in it. If you see that the tail end of the exhaust pipe is white, you must have used this racing fuel.

(6) Improve the stability of the car.

First of all, consider choosing special tires. Because the tire is the only place where the vehicle touches the ground, and the contact area between each tire and the ground is only the size of an envelope. In this way, the area as big as four envelopes bears all the weight of the car body and passengers, and it also has to deal with the serious wear and tear of various roads such as starting, braking and side slip, and its importance cannot be ignored. Tommi makinen, a famous Finnish rally driver, once said: Whoever chooses the right tire will win. Although it is inevitable that what he said is one-sided for motor racing which depends on various factors, the driver who won the world championship for many years did say the importance of tires for motor racing. Just like a pair of shoes, only the right size, wear resistance, grip, can wear all over the world.

The tires of racing cars are mainly track tires and rally tires. And these two kinds are divided into dry tires and wet tires respectively. In the track competition, when the track is flat and the weather is fine, we will choose "bald tires" with less patterns or even invisible to increase the contact area with the ground. Friends who have seen F 1 can often see on the TV screen that the mechanic will wrap something similar to an electric blanket on the tire, that is, the tire heater. Due to the strong adhesion when driving at high speed, the rubber composition of track tires will become sticky after a period of time, thus firmly "sticking" to gallop on the track, reducing the chance of tire slipping out of control.

13, racing brake system

First of all, the brake pipeline should be designed as two pipelines to ensure that when one road fails, the other road can still control at least two wheels. All brake oil pipes and pumps, as well as brake discs and friction plates of disc brake system, or brake hubs and brake shoes of hub brake system, can be replaced with special products for racing cars, which can not only prevent pipeline leakage, but also prevent braking force attenuation even if the temperature is high after frequent braking. However, the size of brake disc and brake friction plate is not allowed to increase, and ABS anti-lock braking system cannot be used. In order to ensure more reliability, some racing car refitting technicians will connect a thin water pipe from the windshield cleaning solution storage tank to the brake disc or hub, and can spray water to cool down after continuous uphill and downhill stages.

14, racing car damping system

The spring of the racing car damping system is hard, and the resistance of the damping cylinder is also great. When cornering at high speed, the body roll is not big, and the adhesion between the left and right tires is uniform. Even if the speed is faster, you can turn quickly and safely as long as you are trained. Jumping is a common occurrence in rally. At this time, after the car touches the ground, the hard spring will strongly support the car body to prevent the oil pan from touching the ground, and the shock absorber with large damping will also strongly pull the car body to prevent rebound. Therefore, the rally car seen on TV will not "stay" on the ground after flying and landing, nor will it jump up and down like a frog like a civilian car, but will forcibly land, come on and go. Even if the shock absorption system fails, the solid underbody guard will protect the bottom of the engine from damage.

In domestic competitions, powerful teams often invite foreign racing experts for technical support. They are very conservative when adjusting the forced electric shock system, and often block others' sight with their backs, for fear that their skills will be stolen, thus ruining their work. Every excellent driver will carefully feel the effects of different forced vibration adjustments on different roads during the pre-race trial run, and then give feedback to the experienced maintenance technicians of the team, so as to find the most suitable method for their driving habits. Therefore, it is often seen that drivers go to the front or rear of the car to press the car body hard, just to feel the hardness of the shock absorber force application system.

In order to make the suspension system as free from pressure as possible in peacetime, so as to ensure that it can play a normal role in the game. In order to make the front and rear suspension (that is, the forced vibration system connected with the wheels) have good lateral stability when passing through the curve, that is, to prevent the suspension from swaying even a little bit, a metal tie rod can be added at the top of the left and right shock absorbers to support each other to reduce the degree of lateral movement. Similarly, anti-roll tie rods with certain rigidity can also be installed at the bottom of the left and right shock absorbers.

15, racing car body

Generally, the stress parts such as shock absorber seat, engine and gearbox bracket should be welded or replaced with stronger connectors, which can ensure that the above positions will not be broken and deformed after severe bumps and vibrations. The body of the civil car coming down from the production line is stamped out as a whole, and the material and wall thickness of the steel plate used are different. So its torsion resistance is more than enough for ordinary drivers. However, when racers go in and out of corners at high speed, they need good tracking performance, that is, they can match the driver's speed and steering angle, and pass through corners safely and quickly along the route that drivers want. In this regard, in addition to the need for good tires and forced vibration systems, the anti-twisting performance of the car body is also very important. If the anti-torsion performance of the car body is poor, under the action of gravity acceleration generated during high-speed steering and deceleration generated during emergency braking, lateral and longitudinal torsion will occur (just like rubbing an empty matchbox by hand), which will make the car body lose stability and thus affect the driver's handling accuracy. Therefore, a lot of solder joints should be added to most parts of the body frame, which is impossible on the assembly line of mass production of automobiles. Only when the automobile modification company removes all the parts inside the original car can it be welded again.

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