Who can introduce the history of Tuoba Hong in Mulan?

Tuoba Hongbei was Emperor Xiaowen of Wei (47 1─499), that is, Justin, the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty. When he acceded to the throne, he was only five years old and served as the queen mother. In the 14th year of Taihe (AD 490), Feng Taihou died and he came to power. After leading the government, further reforms were carried out: in the seventeenth year of Taihe (493), Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital from Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) to Luoyang; Later, Xianbei was changed to Han surname, so as to change Xianbei's customs, language and clothing. In addition, Xianbei people are encouraged to intermarry with Han people; Assess the gentry's family background and strengthen the joint rule of Xianbei nobles and Han gentry; According to the laws and regulations of the Southern Dynasties, officials and courtiers were established. Emperor Xiaowen's reform has played a positive role in the integration and development of all ethnic groups.

Tuo Barghoorn

Tuoba Hong, whose surname is Tuoba and whose name is Minghong, is the sixth emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty after Tuoba GUI, namely Emperor Xiaowen of Wei. He is an outstanding minority politician and reformer. He advocated Chinese culture, practiced sinicization, banned Hu Fu and Hu Yu, changed weights and measures, promoted education, changed surnames and banned burial, which improved the cultural level of Xianbei people. It is the summary of ethnic integration after the northwest ethnic groups entered the Central Plains one after another, and it has played an important role in China. Temple name is Gaozu. Also known as Emperor Xiaowen of Wei. Born in Pingcheng (now Datong North, Shanxi Province), Xianbei people believe in Buddhism and are good at poetry. There is a famous saying passed down from generation to generation: there is no doubt that the sky is clear during the day, and the left corner of Linjiang is not unique. Vigorously promoting the sinicization policy has promoted national integration. Born in the Palace of Peace in August of the first year of Xing (AD 467). His father was happy to offer Wendi, and his son was pardoned. At the age of three, TaBaHong was made the Crown Prince. According to the Northern Wei Dynasty's rule that "the imperial concubine was born and died", his mother Li Furen suffered bad luck. TaBaHong, raised by slaves in the palace, was smart and filial since childhood. At the age of four, he knew how to suck pus for his father and was praised by the world. In June of the 4th year of Xing Dynasty (AD 470), Emperor Xianwen, who was only 23 years old, suddenly collapsed in Yong 'an Hall, and Feng Taihou assisted TaBaHong to go to court in the first year of Yan Xing (AD 47 1 year). During this period, the salary system, three-year system and land equalization system were promulgated.

Feng Taihou

Under the arch of filial piety

At the beginning of the third year of Emperor Xing, Macro was under two years old, but he was still sentenced to death. In June, he was appointed Crown Prince. In August of five years, Emperor Wendi was transferred to the Prince, calling himself Emperor, and Macro was Emperor. The title was changed to the first year of Yanxing (47 1), when he was five years old.

Emperor xiaowen acceded to the throne at the beginning, and the emperor's father was in charge of state affairs. At that time, there were years of floods and droughts in the north, heavy rents and adjustments, corrupt officials, people displaced, and people of all ethnic groups continued to struggle. In September of the first year of Yan Xing, more than a thousand people gathered in Levin, Qingzhou, claiming to be the King of Qi. In October, the red people in Woye and Tongwan rebelled against Wei, and Cao Pingyuan, a citizen of Shuofang, led a crowd to attack Shiloubao and kill the general. 1 1 month, Sima Xiaojun set out for Ping Ling. In February and March of the following year, Oriental Pepper and Lianchuan Pepper rebelled one after another and entered the north limply. In July, Gwangju Citizen and Hexi Citizen Fee also united against him. In February of three years, the imperial court issued an imperial decree, stipulating that any county order that can eliminate the "robbery" of one county should also govern two counties and enjoy the treatment of two county orders at the same time; Those who can eliminate the "robbery" in two counties will also rule three counties, and three years later they will be promoted to the county satrap. The same is true of the officials of 2000 Stone, who were promoted to the secretariat three years later. After several years in power, Emperor Tai Shang took some corresponding measures, such as rewarding honest officials, severely punishing corruption, reducing rents and taxes, and persuading farmers to take classes, but all of them had little effect and the situation did not change much. According to statistics, from the first year of Emperor Xiaowen's accession to the throne to the fourth year of Taihe (47 1-480), there were more than 20 riots and rebellions in various places recorded in historical books, and the political situation in the Northern Wei Dynasty was seriously turbulent.

In June of the first year of Cheng Ming (476), Emperor Xiaowen had just turned ten years old, and Emperor Taizong was poisoned by Feng Taihou. The Queen Mother was called the imperial court for the second time in the name of Empress Dowager Tai, and the title was changed to Taihe. Empress dowager is resourceful, can do great things, reward and punish life and death, and has rich political experience and talent. From the first year of Taihe, she began to carry out a series of major reforms in social customs, politics, economy and so on, and consciously China it. In December of the seventh year of Taihe (483), she ordered the prohibition of "marriage of one clan, marriage with the same surname" and reformed the old customs of Xianbei from marriage. In June of eight years, she formulated the salary system under the imperial edict; During the nine or ten years, she personally presided over and promulgated the important equal land system and the three-long system, which brought great changes to the society of the Northern Wei Dynasty. See Feng Taihou for details. Emperor xiaowen grew up under the care and cultivation of the queen mother. He is very filial and cautious to his grandmother. Since the Queen Mother came to the Korean dictatorship, he has rarely participated in political affairs. No matter big or small, he has to bear the will of the queen mother.

In the 14th year of Feng Taihou Taihe (490), Emperor Xiaowen was 23 years old. At this time, he has grown into a talented, courageous and original young politician. Under the long-term strict education and direct influence of the Queen Mother, he was not only proficient in Confucian classics, but also accumulated rich experience in governing the country, which increased his practical ability and laid a solid foundation for the later great cause of reform. In September this year, the Queen Mother died unfortunately, and Emperor Xiaowen was so sad that he cried for three days. With tears in his eyes, he said to the courtiers, "I was influenced by the Queen Mother since I was a child, and I was kind and strict. My courtiers and your father's ways have been instilled. "In the imperial edict, he said," I have been on the throne since I was a child, relying on the Queen Mother to seize the whole country. My ancestors only devoted themselves to martial arts, not learning culture and education. It was her old man who taught me to learn ancient roads. Think of the merits of the queen mother, how can you not lament the collapse? Ministers at home and abroad, who doesn't sigh and mourn? "Since then, Emperor Xiaowen has shouldered the burden of reform alone.

Promulgated the salary system, three-year system and equal land system.

Tuoba Hong's related books

Salary system-Due to the chaos of bureaucracy in the early years of Northern Wei Dynasty, officials arbitrarily extorted people and fish villagers in the name of raising their salaries, so it was stipulated that officials' salaries should be raised and distributed by the government, and officials should not raise their salaries.

Three-long system-with five neighbors as one neighbor, five neighbors as one mile, and five miles as one party, neighborhood leaders, village heads and party leaders are set up respectively. Tri-system is a grass-roots administrative organization established to replace the suzerain supervision and protection system, which is conducive to centralization.

Land equalization system-all men and women over 0/5 years old can obtain cultivated land from the state. A man can receive 40 acres of open land (wasteland), 20 acres of mulberry fields and 20 acres of open land for women. Mulberry field is a private field, also known as Yongye field, which can be passed on to future generations after death. Open fields cannot be bought or sold and will be returned to the government after death.

After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, he was determined to further reform the old customs and habits. On one occasion, he discussed state affairs with ministers. He said, "Do you think it is better to change the customs or stick to the rules?" Tuoba Xi, the king of Xianyang, said, "It is certainly good to change customs." Emperor Xiaowen said: "Then I will announce the reform, and no one can violate it." After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, he was determined to start reform. His China-oriented reform can be carried out because he knows people well and is good at their duties. He not only reused Xianbei nobles who presided over the reform and advocated sinicization, but also reused many talented Han Chinese. He knew the importance of netting the landlords of the Han nationality to consolidate the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, so he never held national prejudice and attached importance to the Han nationality. There is no doubt that he can be polite to the officials who surrendered in the Southern Dynasties. Emperor Xiaowen selected talents in an eclectic way and organized a think tank for his own reform. With the support and help of these think tanks, Emperor Xiaowen began his own reform by reforming old customs and learning the lifestyle and laws of the Han nationality.

First, it is forbidden for Xianbei nobles to wear Hu clothes, and all of them will wear Hanfu.

Second, it is forbidden for Xianbei nobles to speak Xianbei language, and all of them will speak Chinese instead.

Third: In 496 AD, it was ordered to change Xianbei's compound surname to Han surname, forbidding Xianbei people to marry with the same surname, and advocating Xianbei nobles to marry with Han nationality. He first changed the surname of the royal family, TaBaHong, to Yuanshi County, so Emperor Xiaowen, TaBaHong, was also called Justin. Also put the other 100.

Painting in the Southern and Northern Dynasties

Xianbei surname changed to Han surname. At the same time, it ordered to change the native place of Xianbei people. It is stipulated that all Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang are Luoyang people and are not allowed to be buried in Saibei after death. These compulsory policies of Emperor Xiaowen are all aimed at reducing ethnic differences and ethnic barriers. Although many nobles are dissatisfied, they can only implement it. In order to win over the landlords of the Han nationality and expand the ruling foundation, Emperor Xiaowen also advocated intermarriage with the Han nationality. He took the lead in marrying the daughters of four Han families, Lu, Cui, Zheng and Wang, and married his daughter to a Han family. He also married the daughter of a Han landlord for his five younger brothers. This relationship linked the interests of Han landlords and Xianbei nobles and strengthened the ruling power of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Moreover, the blending of lineages accelerated the sinicization of Xianbei.

Fourth, establish a gate valve system in Xianbei, and extend the gate valve system of Han landlords to Xianbei people. He divided Xianbei nobles and Han landlords into four classes according to their families, and determined the level of official positions according to their families. This system has been used until the Northern Dynasties, thus forming the Guanlong and Daibei ethnic groups. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that Wu Zetian revised the records of surnames that he completely denied the gate valve system.

Fifth, change Xianbei's official system, laws, etiquette and laws into Chinese system and get rid of Xianbei's old system. Emperor Xiaowen abolished the original political system of Xianbei people, and asked Wang Su to imitate the Southern Dynasties, re-establish a set of official etiquette, revise laws and reform official titles.

Through the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the economy and culture of Xianbei nationality have developed rapidly. Compared with other ethnic groups who entered the Central Plains at the same time, such as Jie and Di, Xianbei undoubtedly has the highest degree of sinicization. To some extent, the reform eased class contradictions and consolidated the Northern Wei regime.

Painting in the Southern and Northern Dynasties

The measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen to promote ethnic integration made the northern ethnic minorities gradually converge with the Han nationality in terms of language, clothing, customs and habits, enriched and developed the culture of the Central Plains, and gradually integrated the diet, clothing, art and daily utensils of ethnic minorities into the lives of the Han people. Emperor Xiaowen also promulgated the "Land Equalization Order" and implemented land rent modulation, which promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy and made the lifestyle of ethnic minorities feudal.

These political reforms are conducive to consolidating the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, stabilizing the social environment and promoting economic development. In the 14th year of Taihe (AD 490), Feng Taihou died, and TaBaHong began to take power. In the eighteenth year of Taihe (AD 494), TaBaHong decided to move the capital to Luoyang in order to get rid of the influence of Xianbei conservative forces and strengthen his control over the Central Plains. He already knew in advance that the dynasties before the Northern Wei Dynasty had talked about moving the capital to Luoyang many times, but all of them were shelved because of the opposition of the conservative forces of Xianbei nobles. So this time, when he moved the capital, he decided to keep it a secret, called his ministers together, and claimed to assemble an army to the south. So TaBaHong armed to the teeth, led 300000 troops from Pingcheng, crossed the Yellow River and entered Luoyang. One day, hundreds of civil and military officials knelt in front of the horse and kowtowed, demanding that the southern expedition be stopped. Tuoba Xiu, a noble of Xianbei, tearfully begged not to go south, and told the lesson that the northern Wei army had been defeated repeatedly in the Huaihe River and the bodies piled up like mountains. After listening to this, Tuoba Hong said angrily to the ministers: "It is also futile to go south this time and mobilize the masses again. Move the capital if you don't go south. Ai Qing can express his opinions. Those in favor of moving the capital stand on the left, and those in favor of the southern expedition stand on the right. " For many years, civil and military officials were scared out of their wits when they mentioned the southern expedition. Although they did not approve of moving the capital, they naturally chose the latter instead of going south. Therefore, everyone stood to the left. As a result, all these people fell in love with TaBaHong's coup, the army stopped in Luoyang, and the resort fulfilled its long-cherished wish of moving the capital.

Tuoba Hong-Moved the Capital to Luoyang

After the death of Emperor Tai Wu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Northern Wei Emperor stopped practicing the policy of strengthening the country by force and frugality, and politics began to become increasingly corrupt. Xianbei nobles and big businessmen oppressed the people and constantly caused resistance from the people in the north. Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong is the fourth generation descendant of Taizu Tuoba Tao (Tuoba Tao-Tuoba Huang-Tuoba Jun-Tuoba Hong-Tuoba Hong), the eldest son of Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the sixth monarch in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The young Tabahon was raised by his grandmother and served as regent. In 490 AD, 24-year-old Tuoba Hong began to lead the government, and he began to carry out drastic sinicization reform.

Emperor Xiaowen of Wei stipulated the salaries of officials and severely punished corrupt officials. Implement the "land equalization system" and distribute the wasteland to farmers, 40 mu for adult men and 20 mu for women, so that they can grow grain and distribute it to mulberry fields. Farmers must pay rent and serve the government. When farmers die, they should all be returned to the government, except Sangtian. As a result, more fields were cultivated, farmers' production and life were relatively stable, and the income of the Northern Wei regime also increased.

In order to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the rule of the Yellow River valley, he decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang.

Map of southern and northern dynasties

Because of this, he was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. Once in court, he put forward this plan, and ministers opposed it. The most intense one was Ren Tuoba Cheng.

Emperor Xiaowen was very angry and said, "The country is my country. Do you want to stop me from fighting? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country, and I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it?"

After thinking for a moment, Emperor Xiaowen announced his retirement from the DPRK and returned to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that I think Pingcheng is a place where soldiers are used and it is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, but I have to move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move to the Central Plains. What do you think? "

TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed with Wei Xiaowen.

In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching. Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they took advantage of the heavy rain to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously: "This time, if you choose to mobilize the masses, if you give up halfway, it will be a joke for future generations. If you can't go south, move the capital here. What do you think? "

Painting in the Southern and Northern Dynasties

Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "You can't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. " A nobleman said, "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the expedition to the south, then we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped and have to express their support for moving the capital. Emperor Xiaowen arranged one end of Luoyang and sent Wang Cheng Tuoba Cheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng, and called the nobles and the old ministers to discuss the relocation of the capital.

There are still many voices of opposition among the nobles of Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really couldn't figure it out and had to say, "Moving the capital is a big deal. Whether it is bad luck or bad luck, let's divine. " Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult things." There is no doubt about moving the capital. There is nothing to worry about. If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? "Noble ministers were rendered speechless by refutation, so it was decided to move the capital to Luoyang.

After moving the capital to Luoyang, Mu Tai and Liu Rui, the nobles of Xianbei, plotted to set up another court in Pingcheng to compete with Luoyang. The eldest prince Tuoba GUI, egged on by the old forces, fled from Luoyang to Pingcheng to join the rebellion. However, the reform of Tuo was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and the rebellion was quickly quelled. Prince TaBaYao was deposed and sentenced to death. About one million people moved from Pingcheng to Luoyang this time, all of whom are called "refugee households". The imperial court decreed that all "refugee households" should be changed to Luoyang's native place, and they were buried in the northern Mangshan Mountain in Luoyang after their death. Xianbei costumes were replaced by Han costumes, Xianbei language was banned in North Korea, Xianbei changed its surname to Han, and the original surname of the royal family was Tuoba and Yuan. Qiu Muling changed his surname to Mu, Bu Liugu to Lu, He Lai to He, Du Gu to Liu, He Lou to Lou, Yu Yu to Yu and Ji. Advocating the marriage between Xianbei nobles and Han gentry, Tuoba Hong himself married four women, Cui, Lu, Zheng and Wang, as empresses, married the fifth brother who was the most favored by Han people as concubines, and married several princesses who were the most favored by Han people. Only the Lushi family in john young married three princesses.

A series of reforms by Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong promoted the political and economic development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, promoted the integration of the Xianbei nationality and the Han nationality, and further sinicized the Xianbei nationality. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen of Wei can be called the son of Xianbei and an enlightened monarch, who has made great contributions to the integration of all ethnic groups, learning from each other's advanced experience and promoting historical development.

Tuoba Hong-Get rid of old habits

1February 2, the imperial edict forbade the gentry to wear Hu clothes, and stipulated that Xianbei people and other northern ethnic minorities should all wear Han clothes, and court officials should all wear Han official royal clothes. A few days later, another decree was issued to exempt the relocated households from three-year rent and encourage them to cultivate on the newly approved land by the government; Many of them were also chosen as Yu Lin and Hu Ben as guards.

At this moment, Xiao Daocheng's nephew Xiao Luan killed Xiao Zhaowen, the king of Hailing, usurped the throne, established himself as king and called himself Ming Di. When the news came, Emperor Xiaowen denounced Xiao Luan's unfaithfulness and injustice, so he used it as an excuse to find fault in every way. He first sent Xue Zhendu, a southern general, to Xiangyang, Liu Chang to Yiyang, Tuoba GUI, a secretariat of Xuzhou, and Liu Zao, a general from Pingnan, to Nanzheng, and cut all the roads together. /kloc-at the end of 0/2, 300,000 troops went south and crossed the Huaihe River to Shouyang. Due to Shouyang's tight defense, Wei Jun could not capture it, so it had to give up Shouyang and attack the east of Huaihe River. Liu Chang and Wang Suzhong led 200,000 troops to besiege Yiyang. As a result, he was attacked by the Qi army inside and outside and was forced to clear the way. After a long attack, Wei foot soldiers suffered heavy casualties, and several others were frustrated one after another. In March of the following year, when Emperor Xiaowen was forced to withdraw his troops and return to Pengcheng, the bad news of Feng's death came from Pingcheng. Feng is the father of Emperor Zhang Yue Feng, Emperor Xiaowen, and an official admirer. A teacher who didn't want to move the capital, the official Tuoba Pi and the official Lu Chui, quickly sent someone to send a badge and asked Emperor Xiaowen to return to Pingcheng to attend the funeral. Emperor Xiaowen said angrily, "Since the beginning of time, no son of heaven has ever mourned for his uncle who came from afar! Now that we have just started to operate Luoyang, it is not appropriate to seduce each other and trap you in injustice! Those who stay in Taiwan and are below the servant can be handed over to the official. " He ordered condolences to Feng on the spot, sent someone to meet Feng's coffin and buried him in the southern suburbs of Luoyang. In late April, Emperor Xiaowen entered Lucheng (now Qufu, Shandong Province) and personally offered sacrifices to Confucius. Worship the four Kongs and the two Yans as officials, choose one of the Kongs to worship the holy Hou, and order Yanzhou to repair the Confucius tomb and rebuild the monument. Leaving Lucheng and heading north (now the south bank of the ancient Yellow River in chiping, Shandong Province), I ordered the servant in charge of etiquette to shoot into a flooded ship, intending to enter the Yellow River from Surabaya and return it to Luo along the river to the west. Cheng Yan remonstrated: "The river is dangerous and the current is fast, so it is not suitable for your majesty to take a boat." Emperor Xiaowen replied: "Because there is no road to transport grain in Pingcheng, Jing is poor with the people. Now that the capital is moved to Luoyang, the roads extending in all directions will be smooth, and the Yellow River is so deep that people are very sad about it. I did this just to inspire people. The educated youth is sincere, but I can't accept your suggestion today. "

In late May of the 19th year of Taihe (495), Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang from the front line, regardless of the fatigue of pommel horse, and immediately called his ministers to discuss the prohibition of nonsense. He asked his ministers, "Do you want Wei to be on a par with Yin and Zhou, or do you want Han and Jin to surpass the previous generation alone?" Wang Xi of Xianyang replied: "I hope your majesty will surpass the previous generation of sages." Emperor Xiaowen asked again, "But should we change our customs or continue to follow the old rules?" Jubilee replied: "May the politics of the Holy Land be updated." Emperor Xiaowen then asked, "Do you want to pass it on to future generations just for yourself?" Zhu Bi replied, "May it last forever." Emperor Xiaowen said, "In that case, you must reform, and you must disobey orders." Then he announced to the officials: "From now on, Xianbei language and other northern minority languages will be banned, and all Chinese will be used. Over 30 years old, used for a long time, it may be difficult to change suddenly; Under 30, everyone in the court, etc. You must not use old words. If you knowingly commit a crime, you will be demoted, and everyone should take a warning! " In public, he severely reprimanded Li Chong, the left servant of Shangshu, and said, "I have discussed this matter with Li Chong, but Li Chong said,' People from all directions have different opinions, and I don't know who is right? What the emperor said is the standard language. "Li Chong's remarks are a capital crime!" Therefore, in the face of Li Chong, he scolded: "You failed the country, you should let the proposal be punished!" Frightened Li Chong hurriedly took off his official hat and kowtowed and pleaded guilty. Then Emperor Xiaowen severely condemned the left-behind officials, saying, "Yesterday, I saw women still wearing collars in small sleeve. Why not obey the previous imperial edict? If what I say is wrong, you should argue with each other. How did you get in, but you didn't come out? " All the officials confessed together. In June, the imperial edict was officially issued: "No dialogue with the imperial court in Beiguan language is allowed. If you break the law, you will be exempted from official residence. "

Emperor xiaowen

In the same month, Emperor Xiaowen issued another edict, stipulating that Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang were buried in Henan after their death, not in Pingcheng. As a result, all Xianbei people who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang became people from Luoyang County, Henan Province. They began to manage small plots of land, built several houses, and tried their best to serve Iraq. The people were in urgent need and gradually became individual farmers in the Central Plains. According to the system in the ancient "Zhou Li", Emperor Xiaowen wrote to abolish the long ruler, the vat, the heavy scale and promulgated the whole country.

In August of that year, Jinyong Palace in Luoyang was completed, and imperial edicts were issued to set up Guo Zi School, imperial academy and four primary schools in Luoyang. One day, accompanied by courtiers, Emperor Xiaowen visited Hualin Garden in the palace and watched the ancient Jingyang Mountain. These two places of interest were built by Cao, which were once extremely luxurious, but they were later destroyed by long-term wars. Guo Zuo, assistant minister of Huangmen, said, "The benevolent enjoys Leshan, while the wise enjoys water. They should be restored. " Touched by words, Emperor Xiaowen lamented: "Wei Mingdi lost to the former in luxury, how can he follow suit?" In September, the renovation project of Xinjingying was initially completed, and all the six palaces of Pingcheng and Wu Wen were moved to Luoyang. In the same month, the emperor's younger brother Wang Yong was appointed as the secretariat of Xiangzhou. Before leaving, Emperor Xiaowen warned: "It is easy to be a shepherd, but difficult to be a shepherd, so it is easy to be upright and do things without orders." It's hard to be' crooked, even if you don't listen'. You should take this as a warning. "

The Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties adopted the "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System" to select officials, and Emperor Xiaowen followed suit. On the first day of December this year, he introduced ministers in Guangjitang, and publicly announced that Jiupin was the right method to prepare for the general election of officials. And said to his ministers: "There has always been one thing deplorable in the country: that is, ministers refused to publicly point out the gains and losses of the monarch. People are worried about being unable to guide, and people are worried about disloyalty. From now on, I recommend someone. If necessary, you should tell me my mistake. If there are talents I don't know, please recommend them. If you can do this, you will be rewarded, and you will be guilty if you don't say it. " 1Feb. 30, the ministers of the congress presented their official hats and robes in Guangji Temple, put on Hu clothes, and all the officials were seated, and Zhu Xi was full. It was very lively. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to Taihe, money was never used again, public and private transactions often bartered things, and the commodity currency economy tended to stagnate. This year, Emperor Xiaowen ordered the casting of Taihe five baht, and private casting was also allowed. However, regardless of public or private smelting and casting, we must stress the quality of coins and strive for perfection, and we must not mix them with other things. After the new coins were minted, the capital and towns in Zhuzhou were ordered to pass, and the salaries of domestic and foreign officials were also paid according to the standard of silk, and each silk was 200 yuan. Five baht soon spread all over the north, which promoted the development of commodity exchange.

In the first month of the 20th year of Taihe (496), Emperor Xiaowen ordered the compound surname of Xianbei to be changed into monosyllabic Chinese surname. In the imperial edict, he said: "The name or copy of the old family of heroes who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang should be changed." Therefore, the royal family Tuoba changed its name to Yuanshi County, changed its name to Shi, changed its name to Da, changed its name to Yi Shu, Qiu Muling to Mu, changed its name to Bu Liugu to Lu, changed its name to He Lai to Liu, and changed its name to He Lou. I don't mind that Yu and Wei Chi changed their names to Wei, and the rest were changed and invincible. After the change of surname, the surname of Xianbei nationality is not repeated and foreign, but exactly the same as that of Han nationality, and Xianbei nationality has taken a new step on the road of sinicization.

In order to further integrate the Xianbei and Han nationalities, Emperor Xiaowen also strongly advocated the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. He took the lead in filling the harem with daughters from Cui Zongbo, Qinghe, Zheng, Taiyuan, Shaanxi and other places, and personally hired a house for his sixth brother. His eldest brother in Xianyang hired Li Fu, his second brother in Henan, a Chinese doctor, a Chinese mother, his second brother Wang Yu in Yang Guang, and his second brother Wang Yong in Yingchuan. Among the six princesses, except Muming, the daughter of Dai Junjun, one of the eight big noble in Xianbei, the rest are famous Han literati in the Central Plains.

Emperor Xiaowen also adopted the hierarchical system of Wei and Jin dynasties to divide the surnames of Xianbei nobles into clans, and granted different official positions and privileges according to the grades of surnames. He said in the imperial edict: "Dai Junren didn't have a surname at first. Although it is a descendant of the heroic sages, it is unknown. " He regards the size of credit and the level of official rank as the only criteria for formulating family names. A surname that is higher than the clan surname and meets the requirements is called the county surname. According to the above standards, county surnames are divided into four grades: A, B, C and D, which are called four surnames. It is clearly stipulated in the imperial edict that the eight surnames of Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei, except Yuanshi County, Emperor's Room, Grandson, Granduncle and Family, have been respected in the contemporary era since Emperor Tuoba Gui of Daowu. It can be seen that the former residence is the first of all the surnames of Xianbei, and it is on an equal footing with the four surnames of Han County. It turned out to be a tribal Lord. From the beginning of the emperor (after Tuoba GUI entered the Central Plains, that is, the title changed in (396-397)), the official position of III was above the gift, with the surname of state secretariat, town general and vassal; If it wasn't a tribal adult, and since the emperor, the official positions of the three realms were above the ministers, and they were princes, but they were also surnames. Although he belongs to the descendants of tribal adults, his official position is not prominent; If it turns out that it is not a tribal adult but a prominent official position, it is also a family. And ordered Si Kongmuliang, leading generals Yuan Yan, Zhong Bao Jun Jia, Wei and others to examine in detail according to the above provisions, list the account books and report them to the emperor for approval. At the same time, imperial edict Huang Menlang, Stuart Zuo Changshi Song Yang and others defined the Han gentry in each state and divided them into four surnames: general surname, county surname, state surname and county surname, which greatly changed the original family hierarchy.

On one occasion, Emperor Xiaowen and his courtiers discussed the surnames and characters in the sea, and many ministers thought that Xue should be a big family in Hedong. Emperor Xiaowen objected: "Xue is a Shu country, how can he enter the county surname!" " At that time, Xue Zongqi, the general of Zhige, who was the imperial army, stood on his royal highness with a halberd in his hand. Hearing this, he was outraged and went out to play: "Guangde, the distant ancestor of my minister, was an official all his life in the Han Dynasty, and people called him Chen Han. Jiu Zuyong went to Shu with Liu Bei, and people called him a minister of Shu. After the second generation, the Xue family moved back to Hedong. Up to now, six generations have come down in one continuous line, not Shu people! Your majesty is a descendant of the yellow emperor and was sealed in the north. Can you also say that he is a semi-final of the conference? If I can't get into the county name today, I won't live! " Say that finish, bitterly threw the halberd on the ground, smashed to pieces. Seeing this, Emperor Xiaowen said slowly, "Well, I'm a teacher and you're a teacher. How about that!" So he took Xue's family into the county and said humorously, "You are not a clan, but a clan!" "

On another occasion, Emperor Xiaowen and his ministers discussed the election. He asked his aides: "Recently, people of high and low birth have different points. Is this really the case? " Li Chong didn't answer directly, but asked, "I don't know whether it is for aristocratic families or for the good governance of the country?" Emperor Xiaowen replied: "Of course, we must govern the country." Li Chong asked again, "If that's the case, why didn't your Majesty issue an imperial decree to select talents today, but worshipped the door?" Emperor Xiaowen said disapprovingly, "If there is superhuman talent, I am not afraid of not knowing it. However, those noble gentlemen, even if they don't have the ability to govern the world, will have good virtue, so I want to reuse them. " Li Chong said with a little excitement: "Fu Shuo started from Bambusa, and Lv Wang started from Tudiao. How can such a talented person get it according to his family background! " Emperor Xiaowen casually replied: "There are only one or two strange people in the world." Book Zuo Xianzong also said in a somewhat dissatisfied tone: "Can your majesty attack the expensive and attack the cheap?" Emperor Xiaowen quickly argued: "If there are really talented people, I don't care about this system." A few days later, General Liu Chang entered the DPRK from Pengcheng, and Emperor Xiaowen complained to him: "Some people only emphasize talent, regardless of family status. I don't think so. Why? Clear and muddy, mixed together, gentlemen and villains, regardless of rank, how can this be done? I am a scholar with more than eight subjects, with nine grades; In addition to nine categories, there are seven levels of villains. With talents, you can start your career as a public servant. I can't mess up my system just because I am worried about the scarcity of talents. " Therefore, imperial edicts were issued to the counties in Zhongzheng, and the local surnames were listed as election cases according to their grades, which was named "Fang Sige", and the official department should choose officials according to their grades, thus formally establishing the gate valve system in the Northern Dynasty.

One day in March of the same year, Emperor Xiaowen held a grand banquet in Hualin Garden. On top of the feast, there are all kinds of delicious food and mutton cheese porridge that Xianbei people like, and ministers celebrate the victory of reform. When Wang Su, the secretariat of Yuzhou, first entered the Northern Wei Dynasty, he often ate fish, especially tea, instead of mutton paste. Scholars in Beijing said that Wang Su drank a bucket and gave him a nickname "Leak". But this time Wang Su ate a lot of mutton and cheese porridge. Emperor Xiaowen asked strangely, "Do you like the taste of the Central Plains? Why is mutton more delicious than fish soup? How about drinking tea rather than eating cheese? " Wang Su replied humorously: "Mutton is the most abundant on land, and fish is the best among the aquarium. They are all treasures, but they have different tastes. Sheep like Qi and Lu, fish like Zhu and Ju, small country. They only miss tea and are slaves to cheese. " Emperor Xiaowen smiled and set up a crossword puzzle for drinkers to guess. He raised his glass and said, "Three or three horizontal, two or two vertical, who can tell?" Li Biao, the assistant commander of the suggestion, was wise and replied, "The old woman selling wine pays attention to the jar, and the butcher cuts the meat with a scale." Shangshu Youcheng Marco then replied: "Wu people float from the clouds, and prostitutes throw ropes for nothing." Cheng Peng Wang Yuanye said loudly, "I guess it's an' Xi'." All three people guessed right, but Li Biao and Marco answered very implicitly, and the sentences were antithetical and rhyming, which were closely related to riddles and rich in literary talent. Emperor Xiaowen happily gave Admiralty to Li Biao, the first one who guessed correctly. Emperor Xiaowen designated the word "Xi" as a wine order, with good intentions, and suggested that officials should stop nostalgia for their old capital, oppose sinicization, get used to it, and don't put the responsibility of sinicization on Wang Su and other Han ministers.