The elevation of Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue, Hengyang, Hunan Province

Hengshan, also known as Nanyue, is located in Hengshan County, Hunan Province. This mountain is magnificent and stretches for hundreds of kilometers. Among the 72 peaks, Zhu Rong, Tianzhu, Furong, Zigai and Fifteen are the most famous. The highest peak is Zhurong Peak, with an altitude of 1290 meters.

"Four Wonders of Nanyue" means the height of Zhurong Peak, the depth of Fangguang Temple, the beauty of the sutra depository and the wonder of water curtain cave. Hengshan Mountain is better than the other four mountains because of its climatic conditions and beautiful natural scenery, and has the reputation of "the first outstanding person in Nanyue".

The smoke in Hengshan Mountain is comparable to that in Huangshan Mountain. There are many temples on the mountain, among which Fuyan Temple, Nantai Temple, Sutra Pavilion and Fangguang Temple are the most famous. Nanyue Temple at the foot of the mountain is huge, covering an area of 98,500 square meters, with nine temples, which is one of the best temples in the south.

Hengshan Mountain, also known as Nanyue, Shouyue and Nanshan, is one of the five mountains in China. It is located in Nanyue District, Hengyang City. In the old days, the god widely worshipped by Han people, that is, the king of Mount Hengshan in Nanyue, is the holy land of Quanzhen, the mainstream Taoism, with an altitude of 1, 300.2 meters. Because the climatic conditions are better than the other four mountains, there are lush forests and bamboos everywhere, which are green all year round; Strange flowers and different grasses, fragrant seasons and beautiful natural scenery, so it has the reputation of "Nanyue alone". Hengshan Mountain Range runs northeast-southwest, starting from Futian Pu Township, Hengshan County, Hengyang City in the north and reaching Zhangmu Township, Hengyang County in the south, with a total length of 38 kilometers, starting from jiepai town, Hengyang County in the west and reaching Nanyue District, Hengyang City in the east, with the widest point of 17 kilometers. The main peaks of Mount Hengshan are Yan Hui Peak, Zigai Peak, Tianzhu Peak, Zhurong Peak and Yuelu Mountain. The highest peak Zhurong Peak is1300.2m above sea level. There are 26 rivers on the northeast, east and southeast slopes of Hengshan Mountain, which flow into Xiangjiang River through Yisu River, Jingbo River, Wushi Port, Long Yin Port, Xuanzhou Port and Egret Port in Hengyang, Xiangtan and Hengshan counties respectively. 1982, Hengshan Mountain was included in the first batch of national key scenic spots; In February 2006, Hengshan was selected into the first batch of national natural and cultural heritage list; On May 22, 2007, it was named as the first batch of national 5A-level tourist attractions; In August 2007 1, Hengshan Mountain was listed as a national nature reserve; In 2008, Hengshan Mountain was rated as one of the top ten scenic spots in China.

geographical position

Hengshan Mountain is located in Nanyue District, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, an important comprehensive transportation hub in China. Originally affiliated to Hengshan County, Hengyang City. The local people refer to Hengshan County, and the local people call Hengshan Nanyue. It's best to ask the locals to say Nanyue. 27 2' ~ 27 26' north latitude and112 33' ~112 47' east longitude. To the south of Hengshan Mountain is Hengyang Basin, and to the east is the hilly area in central Hunan.

Geological landform

I. Geomorphological features

Atlas of Hengshan Mountain (2) During the long geological age of hundreds of millions of years, Hengshan Mountain has experienced the interaction of various internal and external stresses, and today's landform features with mountains as the main body have been formed in the Fenglin granite fault block.

Group peak process

According to the definition of modern geography, there are 20 peaks above 1000 meters above sea level, and 500- 1000 meters above sea level 17 peaks. The elevation of Zhurong Peak, the main peak, is 1300.2m, which is 0.8m higher than that of Hengshan Town, and the difference between them is about 16%.

Within the scope of less than 40 square kilometers, the peaks gather, forming a peak-forest-like Zhongshan landscape with peaks protruding from the top. The peaks above 1000 meters high are all the results of Yanshan granite in the form of bedrock plants, which have been shaped by internal and external forces for a long time. This group of "Nantianzhuli" stands in the central part of Hunan, with an altitude of less than 100 meters, showing a scene of higher mountains, steeper slopes and deeper valleys. The overall slope of Hengshan Mountain is mostly between 300 and 400, with a few areas reaching 600 to 700. The depth of the valley is mostly 300 ~ 400 meters, and the relative height is 700 ~ 900 meters in Baobaoling area.

laminated structure

After Hengshan fault, the crustal movement is mainly intermittent fluctuation. Geomorphologically, Mount Hengshan is dominated by the ridge line of the main peak, with staggered heights and staggered valleys. From top to bottom, it can not be divided into four steps, representing the erosion and peeling surfaces left over from four different geological periods from old to new. It is suggested that Hengshan Mountain has at least four relatively rapid rising periods and four relatively static and stable periods, thus forming the geomorphological characteristics of Hengshan layered structure.

Hengshan Mountain consists of Zigai Peak, Zhurong Peak, Tianzhu Peak, Xiangguang Peak, Guanyin Peak and Shiyi Peak, forming the first step with an altitude of 1000 meters and extending over 10 km. On the east and west sides of the ridge line, there are 4-5 rows of east-west parallel ridges with an altitude of 700-800 meters from north to south, such as Penny's Ridge, Bowl Throwing Peak, Paradise Peak and Tiantai Mountain, which constitute the second step of Hengshan Mountain. Outside the second step, it extends along the parallel ridge in the east-west direction, forming some ridge peaks with a height of 400-500m, such as Wei Zi, Luxiangfeng, Tiantai, Zhaiziling and Lion Peak, which constitute the third step of Hengshan Mountain. At the foothills around the mountain, a large number of red hills and hills composed of weathered granite, metamorphic rocks or purple shale constitute the lowest level of Hengshan layered structure, with an altitude of 150 ~ 200 meters.

Due to river erosion, a wide valley belt with small belly and small mouth is formed in the valley area between the parallel ridges that constitute the second and third steps. For example, Fangguang Temple, Guangji Temple, Jiuji Cave, Luohantai Temple and Banyun Temple cut from the third-level planation plane are all as wide as the third-level steps. Wide valley areas cut under the third-level planation plane, such as Huayan Lake, Bailongtan, Sifangtai, Zhenyuelin, Du Yan and Baidian, are roughly equivalent to the fourth-level steps. These two wide valley belts also reflect the layered structural characteristics of Hengshan Mountain.

Fault landform development

There are large faults on the east and west sides of Hengshan Mountain, so that the fault landforms in Hengshan area are very developed, and parallel ridges, blue corners, V-shaped valleys, fan-shaped gaps and suspended valleys can be seen everywhere. A series of parallel ridges on both sides of the mountain are closely arranged. The slope on the north and south sides of the ridge is steep, about 50-60 degrees. The outer end of the ridge is triangular, which is 100 to 300 meters higher than the peripheral lowlands. The triangle surface is most obvious on the west side of Shuitong-Hengshan-Yunfeng Temple line, followed by Wangfeng-Donghu-jiepai-Congress Temple line. The downstream rivers on the Hengshan fault plane all have narrow and deep V-shaped valleys. The riverbed in the front mountain is straight, the riverbed in the back mountain is tortuous, the slope is steep, and there is no floodplain in the valley. In addition, there are many fan-shaped gaps on the east fault plane. In the north of Hengshan Town, there are similar square shoulders between fan-shaped gaps, which govern temples, Zhiguan Bridge, Huangtingguan, Heting and Zhu Xiao Bridge.

There are many hanging valleys in Hengshan Mountain. There are more than ten places such as water curtain cave, Bailongtan and Luositan within five kilometers from the north to the south of Hengshan Town. It can be said that there are overhangs at the corner of every two steps, and water drops and waterfalls form. The most typical is the hanging valley of Houshan Xianyan, which stands almost vertically and is as high as 200 meters.

The ground is broken and the caves are full of stone eggs.

Hengshan has a warm and humid climate, abundant precipitation and high terrain. Various forms of running water play an active role in Hengshan Mountain, which has a strong ability to scour the surface, resulting in the fragmentation of the surface and the development of gullies. The gully density on the hillside near the river is 2.5km/km2. However, there are obvious differences in geomorphological characteristics in different lithologic places. Under the influence of erosion, denudation and gravity collapse, gravity landforms developed. There are many caves with different shapes in the middle and upper parts of granite mountain areas, such as Emperor Rock, Guanyin Rock, Wuya Cliff, Xiayan Cave, Luohan Cave, Zhu Huan Cave, Manjusri Cave, Yisheng Rock and Sansheng Rock.

There are also "stone eggs and bamboos" of different sizes scattered in the granite distribution area, and the huge semi-exposed buried stone eggs formed by the spherical weathering and denudation of the upper bedrock are the most typical, such as the Bowl Throwing Peak and the censer Peak, the semi-exposed stone eggs formed by caving rocks, such as the "Lion Rock", and the naked peeled stone eggs formed by caving rocks, such as the platform and Huixian Rock. In the middle and lower part, especially in the V-shaped valley, bare stone eggs are widely distributed, such as Guanyin Rock, Feilai Ship, Fushou Stone and Sword Trial Stone. Small and medium-sized stone eggs can be seen everywhere.

Second, the landform types

Erosion and denudation-tectonic landform

This landform is widely distributed, including the main part of Hengshan Mountain: the granite dome of Hengshan Mountain, which is produced in the form of rock bedrock beads in the peak-forest-like granite fault block (above 1 1,000 m). It is uplifted by many faults and trapped by strong weathering and slope erosion, and there are 19 overlapping mountains with a length of less than 20km and a width of less than 20km. The middle and low mountains (300- 1000 meters above sea level) of knife-like granite are arranged on both sides of the main ridge of Hengshan Mountain in an asymmetric rib shape, with an east-west trend and parallel north and south. Hidden ridge extends 4 ~ 5 kilometers to the west, and Dongling extends 2 ~ 3 kilometers to the east. The height gradually decreases from the bottom to the outside, and the river drops obviously. The ridge is as sharp as a blade, the hillside is steep and the valley is secluded. The middle and low mountains of metamorphic rocks with steep ridges (200-8OO meters above sea level) are close to the north and south ends of granite mountains, which constitute an important part of Hengshan Mountain, such as Goulou Peak at the southern end (95 1 meter above sea level) and tianmashan at the northern end (422 meters above sea level).

Denudation-erosion landform

This landform is mainly distributed around the main body of Hengshan Mountain, mostly in the hilly area with an altitude of 100 ~ 300 meters. There are: the west side of Hengshan granite body in the red sand shale monocline mountain, from Futian, Wangfeng, Donghu, National Day, Jiangbaiyan and Yuhuangshan to Zhangben city, which is roughly semicircular and more than 80 kilometers long. This line is a valley, which is the inner side of a single-sided mountain. The rock stratum inclines outward (to the west), with an inclination angle ranging from 5 degrees to 50 degrees. The weathering resistance of rocks is weak and the relative height difference is small.

Granite residual hills are distributed in the faulted plate east of the Shuitongbang-Hengshan Town-Yunfeng Temple line. Due to relative decline, granite has been eroded and denuded for a long time, forming a steamed bun-shaped remnant hill with an altitude of IOO ~ 300m today. Weathered crust thickness 15 ~ 30m, no vegetation cover, cutting development, gully erosion, hillock collapse and serious soil erosion.

Erosion accumulation landform

This landform is mostly distributed in the estuary and foothills along the river, as well as the bottle-shaped wide valley belt of the departmental mountain nest. Here, the river bed gradient is obviously reduced, and the scouring materials carried by the river are deposited. This proluvial is slightly fan-shaped at the foot of the mountain, forming a alluvial-diluvial landform. The accumulated material mainly belongs to the seasonal sandy soil layer, which has been turned into paddy soil by artificial cultivation.

Climatic characteristics

First of all, the season

Hengshan belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate type. Hengshan Mountain is mostly controlled by the dry and cold air mass in Eurasia in winter, and the cold current in the north frequently goes south, causing freezing rain and snow, and the climate is relatively wet and cold. In summer, it is mostly affected by the warm and humid air mass in the low latitude ocean, with high temperature and heavy humidity; At the turn of spring and summer, Hengshan Mountain is in the transitional zone where cold and warm air masses alternate, with frequent activities of fronts, shear lines and cyclones, and wet and rainy weather. During midsummer, the ridge height of subtropical high controlled the eastern and central parts of Hunan, resulting in high temperature and extreme heat. In a year, 65438+ 10 is the coldest in October and the hottest in July.

Second, the temperature

The average temperature in Hengshan Mountain is 65438 07.6℃. It is warmer in winter, with an average temperature of 5.3℃ in January. The average temperature in spring and autumn is between 17 ~ 19℃, the temperature in autumn is slightly higher than that in spring, and the temperature in summer is higher, and the average temperature in July and August is between 28.6 ~ 29.5℃.

Third, precipitation

The annual rainfall of Hengshan Mountain is about 1553.5 mm. The guarantee rate of precipitation greater than 1000mm is above 90%. The average precipitation from April to September is 820mm, accounting for 6 1% of the annual precipitation.

Starting from the south of Hengshan Mountain, Yan Hui Peak (the first peak of Nanyue 72) in Hengyang City is "cold and silent", and starting from the north, Yuelu Mountain (the tail peak of Hengshan Mountain) in Changsha is "stopping to sit in the maple forest late and the frost leaves are red in February", which consists of 72 towering peaks, also known as "Blue Sky 72 Furong". Hengshan Mountain spans 800 miles across 0/8 urban counties in Hunan Province, with 72 peaks, including 43 in Nanyue District, and the peaks are majestic. Yan Hui Peak, the first of the 72 peaks in Hengshan Mountain, is located in the center of Hengyang, bordering Xiangjiang River in the east, Hengzhou Avenue in the south, Zhengyang South Road in the west and Zhongshan South Road in the north. Starting from the "First Peak of Nanyue" and heading north, drive along Heng Yue Expressway for 19 minutes. Before entering the core scenic spot of Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue, dozens of lotus-like peaks flashed.

The height of Zhurong Peak, the beauty of Tibetan Temple, the wonder of water curtain cave and the depth of Fangguang Temple are called "Four Wonders of Hengshan Mountain". Seeing flowers in spring, clouds in summer, sun in autumn and snow in winter are the "four seasons of Mount Hengshan".

There are also many places of interest, myths and legends in Hengshan Mountain, which have attracted all kinds of people in the past dynasties and formed a rich and colorful cultural deposit, just like a huge park where humanities and landscape culture are harmonious and unified.