Read argumentative classical Chinese texts to find arguments

1. How to find arguments in Chinese reading comprehension argumentative essays

To find arguments, this is an analysis of the paragraph.

Read the entire paragraph and know what this paragraph is about. What does it mean mainly.

As for what this paragraph means, my suggestion is: read the entire paragraph twice more. You should carefully understand its meaning, and don’t wander over and over again on one or two sentences (if you don’t understand the sentence very well, for example, if you don’t recognize two words in the sentence, etc.).

You must understand it with your heart, yes, and know the overall meaning of the author's words. Then there are two ways: 1. Summarize the central meaning of this paragraph yourself, which is the core point of the author's paragraph.

Look at which sentence in the paragraph is most consistent with your summary, and choose it as the argument of this paragraph. 2 Commonly used tips: Read the two sentences at the beginning and end of the paragraph twice to see if they are appropriate to summarize the meaning of the entire paragraph.

If so, this sentence is an argument. If not, or if there are more sentences in the paragraph that can summarize the entire meaning of the paragraph, consider it again.

It’s just that arguments are usually more likely to appear at the beginning or end of a paragraph. 2. Please write an argumentative essay to give extra points

"The virtues of Duke Zhuang are worthy of being the king of the people. The same is true of the people who live after him! Is it so painful to be a talented person? So I I didn’t advise you.

In the past, Duke Zhao of Song Dynasty fled. He asked the coachman why there was no one alive: “Now I know the reason for my flight. "The charioteer went in to dry the meat and Liang was embarrassed. The driver pulled out his leg. If I can advise you: "I know the reason why he died. "Guo Jun said, all of them said: "Why do you prepare it?" "I will protect it, for fear that Guo will die first." The coachman asked him. "Say: A small country in ancient times." Guo Jun said with a look of anger! "King Zhuang was so virtuous that he might have died before the fall of Guo?" The coachman replied, "I am thirsty. He is a saint." Guo Jun changed his face and said angrily, "Why do you have a sad look on your face?" ” said! Husband, a wise man is so miserable. He who can make friends for himself is the best. (Excerpt from "Han Shi Wai Zhuan·Volume 6")

Notes ① "Sir", do you want to eat? "The emperor said, not more than two years. (After his death, he was still afraid. The opinions of the officials: "How can I be sincere about the deceased?" From then on, Duke Zhao changed his mind and actions, and did not like to listen to the truth. : "Why. This is the kind of person who wakes up afterwards and falls asleep with his head on the coachman's knees: "The ancients who knew it said: "Sigh, there are hundreds of courtiers in less than two years. I want to give advice." "Why don't you remonstrate?" King Zhuang said. "The driver offered him dried meat and dry food." Guo Jun asked again, "Practice the right way."

In the past, you lost your country. "The king who takes his own teacher" said.

In the past, when Guo Jun came out of Guo, there was no one like me: "The reason why the king died was that he was too virtuous, and he said to his charioteer that there was no comparison." If you join me, hundreds of ministers in the court will be destroyed. If I speak out and stir up trouble, the country will be destroyed. The Duke of Shen asked: "I have been subdued and stood up, and the emperor has changed his mind. 3. Why? This is it." The kind of person who wakes up in advance, that's why I run away. "Would you like to drink some wine?" The coachman changed his words and said, "I want to drink, but I have no strength: I'm thirsty." Said. ② Guo. Now. With an incompetent person like me. ③ Block: "Yes, if he does one thing, his good reputation will spread throughout the Song Dynasty: "You like to listen to flattering words, so you are worried?" The emperor said, something will happen later. He was just awakened and wanted to seek out capable people to assist him. He said to his coachman, "At this time, he feels physically tired." So he was exhausted and said, "King Chuzhuang plans something to dominate." Everyone said this, thinking about Xianzu: "Are you thirsty for your death?" Duke Zhao said. Duke Shen's wizard came forward and said, "My lord, you are beautiful." You are the only one who has the talent. The emperor said to him, "In the past, the king of Chuzhuang was planning something!" " So he changed his mind and said: "I am hungry. I am dead in the middle of the field: "Why is the king worried? He is hungry and thirsty on the road and reserves: "A talented monarch cannot protect his country: Our monarch is a beautiful man. But he showed a sad look. This is the one who is born, and this is the one who is not alive." He leaned on the crossbar in front of the car and sighed: "Then why do you need to prepare in advance? There are people who will not wake up until death. , the people of Song Dynasty welcomed him back home: "What's the reason?

Reference translation

Some monarchs in the past dynasties were awakened in advance: "Then why didn't you advise me in advance.

In the past, the kings of Guo State escaped from Guo State. He said to his emperor that he would uphold justice and subdue the princes: "Why are the things in your car so complete? "The witch minister of Shen Gong said: "You know that I will die," the posthumous title is Zhao: "There is no virtuous person in the world, but the king is the only virtuous person. This is what I usually reserve." " (Guo Jun listened; who can choose his own friends?" asked the coachman. "Guo Jun said: "Why don't you give advice? I want to drink water, so I am sad because of it?" Zhao Gong said: "There is no talented person in the world: " The king likes to be flattery, but hates it so much that he perishes with those who are not as good as him. However, when he heard about the beauty in Song Dynasty, he died. He was eaten by tigers and wolves. He lay down on his knees and said, "This is so that when you run away, I will have you." If I am worried, I will lose my country. If I am in the court or in the inner palace, I can choose my own teacher, and he will be eaten by tigers and wolves." The driver presented him with wine, and the dozens of people who were waiting beside me, An Yixingdao. His posthumous title is Zhao; no one with him can compare to his own: "I put on my clothes and stood there: "The husband is a sage, so he does not die for survival: "The reason why you lost your country is that you are too talented." : Still talking about "awakening first" and "awakening first"? "I heard that the character of the princes and his prestige made them obey." He also said, "What is the reason why I lost my country? We The monarch is a saint, but he is still worried and frightened every day. It is unworthy of me to say: "Do you know that I am about to flee, and I am called the King of Chu?" Yu said, and once again made him the monarch: "I heard that the princes said. Virtue, go away? "The coachman said. I can't see my faults on the outside and inside, and I have done it properly." The charioteer said, "I can't even see my faults. This is the kind of person who will not wake up until death." Let me tell you one thing, every one of the officials said this?" The coachman replied, "There are dozens of people waiting for you. Go over. Finally?" The charioteer said, "Guo Jun died in the wilderness, and the people of Song Dynasty greeted him." And again: The clod of earth has left Mr. Guo far away. "The driver said: "I am hungry. If you replace it with a clod of earth, you can be called the King of the World. /p>

The way the article presents the central argument: ①. The title of the article points out the central argument; ②. The central argument is presented at the beginning of the article; ③. The central argument is summarized at the end of the article; ④. It is presented in the middle of the article using a sentence that connects the previous and the following. Central argument.

5. The article does not directly propose the central argument, but always discusses... 4. To analyze the argumentation line of the article, you should first understand the structure of the general argumentative essay: raising questions (introduction) - - Analyze the problem (thesis) - Solve the problem (conclusion).

Analyzing the argumentative thinking is actually to add some words such as "first", "then", etc. on the basis of the paragraph level. Words such as "continue" and "last" express the relationship of succession, opening and closing. When doing this question, pay special attention to the beginning and end of the statement: (1) Put forward the central argument; (2) Introduce the topic; in the above two aspects, you must specifically answer the specific method of proposing the central argument or introducing the topic, some through celebrity quotes, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes, etc. The ending content: (1) ), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of...; (2) repeat or strengthen the central argument of...; (3) issue a call for... or encourage people...; (4) supplement the argument....

(Sometimes this aspect will be tested, and its function is to make the argument more rigorous.) To do this topic is to concretely state the introduction, main body, and conclusion of the article.

For example, in the article "The Nobility of Man Lies in the Soul", we can express it like this: First, we quote the famous saying of the French thinker Pascal "Man is a reed with thoughts" and put forward the central argument "The nobility of man lies in the soul", and then The examples of Archimedes and Oscar Wilde are used to prove that "treasuring inner spiritual wealth more than external material wealth". Finally, using the example of a girl studying on a train, she exhorts people that "people should maintain pure spiritual pursuits." 5. Analysis of language characteristics of argumentative essays: The angle of analysis of language characteristics of argumentative essays is relatively fixed, with only two angles: (1) language characteristics; (2) stylistic characteristics.

To answer this type of question, you must master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid, humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent, etc.). As for the characteristics of the style, it only takes four words to make a fuss about the letter and the logic.

One thing that should be paid special attention to is that this type of question must be supported by specific sentences, that is, use specific examples in the article as examples for analysis. 6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical techniques, argumentation methods, writing techniques, etc. (1) Rhetoric: such as metaphor, which can be discussed in combination with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid images; such as parallelism, It enhances the momentum of the article's argument; such as quoting ancient poems and essays to make the article rich in literary talent.

(2) Argumentation method: Discuss the role of reference argumentation method. (3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1) Combining examples and arguments with theoretical arguments (narratives and arguments); (2) Mainly using... argumentation methods.

Similarly, this type of question must be supported by specific sentences, that is, use specific examples in the article as examples for analysis. 7. The functions of paragraph structure: (1) Lead to the following (full) text; (2) Summarize the previous (full) text; (3) Connect the previous and the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, specific answers must be added based on stylistic features. If the opening paragraph often plays the role of introducing the central argument (thesis), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer standard formats to use or use them in a flexible way: ①. At the beginning, the central argument is raised by writing examples of... ( or lead to a topic of...).

②. At the beginning, put forward the central argument... (or lead to the topic of...) by quoting famous quotes. ③ At the beginning, by quoting anecdotes about famous people (or anecdotes about...) and proposing the central argument... (or a topic that leads to...), it also attracts readers to read on and enhances the interest of the discussion. 4. How to find arguments in an argumentative paper

How to find arguments

To accurately find arguments, you must be clear;

1. Arguments are different from topics. The topic is the topic discussed, and the argument is a clear judgment, in the form of a complete sentence. The argument cannot be a question or a phrase, and cannot use metaphors. For example, the first paragraph of "There should be a spirit of studying things to gain knowledge" puts forward "How Chinese students should learn natural sciences" is just a topic, while the argument "There should be a spirit of studying things to gain knowledge" is a clear judgment.

In an argumentative essay, the central argument should: ① be a complete statement of the author’s opinion; ② be a clear judgment; ③ be a complete sentence in form.

2. There is only one central argument in an article. It is necessary to distinguish the central argument from the sub-argument. The sub-argument is an aspect of the central argument and serves the central argument.

3. The type of expression of the central argument of the argument in the article

It is more common for arguments to be put forward in argumentative essays at the beginning of the article, and sometimes at the end or in the middle of the article. . The title of some articles is also the argument. In some articles, there is not a single sentence that clearly expresses the point of view, so several arguments need to be merged and refined. In other articles, the author's point of view is contained in the argument, which requires the reader to summarize and summarize by himself.

(1) Articles with strong political commentary should directly point out the central argument in the title. In the text of an argumentative essay, the author puts forward arguments. Common ways are: one is to put forward arguments at the beginning, and the other is to put forward arguments at the end. The latter is a smooth and logical summary of the previous discussions. There are various techniques and forms for presenting arguments at the beginning: some draw arguments from a story, and some draw arguments from a certain phenomenon in work and life ("There is More than One Correct Answer to Things" first uses four graphics to propose an argument. question, and then introduce the point of view that "there is more than one correct answer to things" through the analysis of the rationality of several different answers), and some quotes from a motto (the article "Dedication and Happy Industry", at the beginning of the speech Liang Qichao quoted the maxims from the Confucian classic "Book of Rites" and the Taoist classic "Laozi" that are familiar to Chinese people, and clearly stated the purpose of "dedication and happiness"). These are all indirect arguments starting from a certain material. In addition, the argument can be presented at the beginning without any foreshadowing, and the views can be stated straight to the point. For example, the first sentence of "Talk about Backbone" shows the full argument: "We Chinese have backbone." There is also a kind of discussion process. put forward arguments. For example, "Thinking and Doing" begins by laying out the two erroneous phenomena of thinking and doing, and then analyzes them to naturally draw arguments. After putting forward the argument, we continue to discuss how to solve the problem of connecting the two.

(2) In some argumentative essays, the sentence as the central argument cannot be found directly in the article. The central argument can only be summarized by carefully reading the article and understanding and analyzing its content. To find and summarize the central argument of this type, you can generally start by summarizing the paragraph meaning and layer meaning, and then summarize the central argument. 5. Please help me write an argumentative classical Chinese essay (based on the following materials)

Classical Chinese is too difficult and no one can do it

There is a modern essay

My father is a bather. I was already very old, and no one called me by my name. They just said, "He is a boy from a bathhouse master's family, and he is a good student." Even if you are complimenting me, I will walk away from you.

I remember one summer night, I was taking a shower with water, and my father said: "Boy, come here, I will rub your back!" I said a little lukewarmly: "You rub it for others. Go ahead, I don't need you to rub it." After saying that, I poured the remaining water down my pocket, turned around, and went into the house. In the darkness, only my father was left standing there blankly.

I feel ashamed to have such a father.

When I was in junior high school, my Chinese teacher once gave me a composition topic called "My Father". My classmates all wrote a lot. During the whole class, I only wrote a few lines. I didn't I know how to write about this father who goes to the city every week to give people a bath. The Chinese teacher asked me why I only wrote so few lines in my composition? I remained silent and didn't say a word. Such a father has nothing to write home about.

However, what I didn’t expect was that when I was about to enter high school, my father stopped going to the city. I vaguely heard what he said, as if he wanted to do business with others, so he quit his job of washing baths for others. I couldn't tell whether I was happy or relieved. In short, I seemed to feel a lot more relaxed all of a sudden. In fact, my father didn't know that I didn't plan to go to high school because the high school was in the city. I didn't want my classmates to know that I was the son of a bath worker, and I was even more afraid of seeing him suddenly on the street one day. Now that he's gone, I've started making plans to go to high school. On the day of registration, my father said, I will see you off. I said no, so my father remained silent and silently helped me pack my luggage. The moment I stepped on the bicycle, he grabbed the handlebar and said rather firmly, "You have never been out, so you should let me take you there." I rejected my father straight away and left without even looking back. My father was alone and looked at me on the slope for a long time.

The days of high school were happy. My father was finally no longer a bather. Every time I went home at the end of the month, I would see my father and mother waiting for me to come back. I would happily tell them what happened at school. It can be seen that my parents are also proud of my achievements in school.

In the winter of my senior year in high school, I came home very late one day, and my mother was the only one at home. I asked, where is my father? The mother said that she had been out for several days and had not come back yet. I felt a little sad. When I slept until midnight, I heard a dull cough in the courtyard, and my father came back. There is white frost hanging on my father's cotton hat, like Santa Claus. When I opened the door and came in, he smiled at me and said, "Boy, look what I bought for you." After finishing speaking, my father poured out a few books from his bag. When I saw it, it turned out to be a complete set of "Comprehensive Review Training for High School Subjects". I flipped through the brand new books and felt indescribable joy in my heart. My father stroked my head and kept repeating: "Study hard, study hard." At that moment, my heart suddenly surged with a strange feeling that I had never had before. Later I learned that it was called happiness.

After graduating from high school, I went to college. Then, he was assigned to another city. Once, I met my Chinese teacher when I was in junior high school. He said: "You don't know how much your father has paid for you." Seeing me stunned, he continued: "That year, after I told your father about your composition class, he said In the name of doing business, he secretly hid from you and others and went to the bathhouse in the neighboring county to take a bath. In order not to let you know, he would wait at home in advance when you came home, even in your village. People don’t know what your father was busy with in those years..."

After that, I understood my father, and I also understood what a child’s vanity brought to his father. Yes, my father had no other skills. In order to support his family, all he had was labor and endurance.

Later, I never asked my father about it. I didn’t want to expose it. I wanted to treasure it and appreciate the bitterness in it for the rest of my life. A few days ago, I was taking a shower and my father was sitting on the sofa watching TV. I said, Dad, please rub my back. At the moment when my father was rubbing my back, I cried for some reason, and my father also burst into tears... 6. How to find the central argument of an argumentative essay

First, use the elimination of arguments Law.

The method of eliminating arguments is to find out all the factual arguments and theoretical arguments based on reading the full text as a whole. Because arguments are used to prove the facts and truth of the argument, they are definitely not arguments, so they must be eliminated. Secondly, use argument testing method.

After excluding the arguments, an argumentative essay usually only has a few argumentative sentences left. To identify arguments among them, use argument testing.

Based on the facts listed in the arguments and the principles explained, see whether they jointly prove a certain view or serve to demonstrate a certain sentence. If so, then this view or sentence is the central argument of this article; otherwise, it is not the central argument of this article.

In addition, some article arguments are put forward by the author, and celebrities are quoted in the article to enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the argument. There are also articles that quote a sentence from a famous person as an argument, and all the arguments in the text serve to prove this argument. For this reason, the argument test method must also be used for verification.

In argumentative articles, arguments are divided into central arguments and sub-arguments. The central argument is the author's most basic view on the issue discussed.

It is the most important ideological point put forward by the author in the article, and it is a high-level summary and concentration of all arguments. Sub-arguments are a number of ideological viewpoints that are subordinate to the central argument and serve to elaborate the central argument.

Each argument also needs to be demonstrated. Any sub-argument that is proven and tenable becomes a powerful argument at the center of the argument.

Extended information Classification of argumentative essays 1. Thesis 1. Definition: An article style that uses argumentation as the main mode of expression and directly expresses one's own views and opinions by telling facts and presenting reasons. 2. Requirements: ① Have a correct view of the issue being discussed ② Use sufficient and convincing arguments ③ Be reasonable and logical 2. Refutation of thesis 1. Definition: Debate is to refute the other party’s point of view. In the refutation At the same time, explain one's own point of view 2. Method: ① Put forward arguments ② Prove arguments ③ Summarize arguments 3. Combining arguments with arguments: first point out the essence of the other party's errors, then refute the pointed out erroneous arguments, and tit for tat at the same time or after the refutation Put forward your correct views and demonstrate them.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia - Argumentative Paper

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia - Central Argument. 7. How to find the central argument of an argumentative essay

First, use the elimination argument method. The method of eliminating arguments is to find out all the factual arguments and theoretical arguments based on reading the full text as a whole. Because arguments are used to prove the facts and truth of the argument, they are definitely not arguments, so they must be eliminated.

Secondly, use argument testing method. After excluding the arguments, an argumentative essay usually only contains a few argumentative sentences. To identify arguments among them, use argument testing. Based on the facts listed in the arguments and the principles explained, see whether they jointly prove a certain view or serve to demonstrate a certain sentence.

If so, then this view or sentence is the central argument of this article, otherwise, it is not the central argument of this article. In addition, some article arguments are put forward by the author, and celebrities are quoted in the article to enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the argument. There are also articles that quote a sentence from a famous person as an argument, and the arguments throughout the text serve to prove this argument. For this reason, the argument test method must also be used for verification.

In argumentative articles, arguments are divided into central arguments and sub-arguments.

The central argument is the author’s most basic view on the issue discussed. It is the most important ideological point put forward by the author in the article, and it is a high-level summary and concentration of all arguments.

Sub-arguments are a number of ideological viewpoints that are subordinate to the central argument and serve to elaborate the central argument. Each argument also needs to be demonstrated.

Any sub-argument that is proven and tenable becomes a powerful argument at the center of the argument.

Extended information

Classification of argumentative essays

1. Establishing thesis

1. Definition: Using argumentation as the main expression, through An article style that tells facts, presents reasons, and directly expresses one's views and opinions.

2. Requirements: ① Have a correct view of the issue being discussed ② Use sufficient and convincing arguments ③ Be reasonable and logical

2. Refute thesis

1. Definition: Argument is to refute the other party’s point of view and explain one’s own point of view while criticizing

2. Method: ① Put forward arguments ② Prove arguments ③ Summarize arguments

3. The combination of refutation and argumentation: first point out the essence of the other party's error, then refute the pointed out erroneous arguments, and at the same time or after the refutation, put forward your own correct point of view to demonstrate.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia - Argumentative Paper

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia - Central Argument 8. How to find the central argument of an argumentative paper

1 , About argumentative essay

Concept: Also known as argumentative essay, it is an article style that uses argumentation as the main mode of expression and uses logical thinking to comment on events and theories.

Characteristics of argumentative essays: A common style that uses argumentation as the main mode of expression and directly expresses the author's views and opinions by presenting facts and reasoning. The content is theoretical, the structure is logical, and the language is general. It is different from narrative writing that indirectly expresses the author's thoughts and feelings through vivid descriptions, and also different from expository writing that focuses on introducing or explaining the shape, nature, cause, function, etc. of things. In short, argumentative essays are meant to convince people with reason, while narrative essays are meant to convince people with emotions. Expository writing teaches people knowledge.

Classification: Argumentative papers in a broad sense can generally be divided into political papers and academic papers. Generally speaking, argumentative papers mainly refer to political papers. From the perspective of argumentation methods, argumentative essays are divided into two types: argumentation and refutation.

Elements: three elements: argument, argument and demonstration.

The examination of argumentative essays in the high school entrance examination mainly includes:

1. Refining and judging the central argument and sub-arguments;

2. The basic structure of argumentative essay argumentation

3. The judgment and arrangement of arguments and the relationship between arguments,

4. Judgment of argumentation methods and their functions;

5. Appreciation of argumentative essays language features.

2. Regarding the argument:

It is the author’s opinions and opinions on the issue being discussed, and is the soul of the argumentative essay. Only by accurately grasping the argument of the article can we understand the insights raised in the article and the problems to be solved. Argumentative papers generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative papers also propose several sub-arguments around the central argument. It is not difficult to distinguish between central arguments and sub-arguments. The central argument is the outline, and the sub-arguments are the purpose. The sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. There is a master-slave relationship between them. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can see which is the master and which is the subordinate, which is the outline and which is the purpose.

The argument must be correct and clear, and it must reveal the essence of things correctly and scientifically; it must grasp the key points; it must be targeted; it must establish the argument from different angles according to the different situations of the readers. The argument must be a clear judgment. Arguments address the question of "what to prove" in an argumentative essay.

3. How to find the argument

To accurately find the argument, you must be clear;

1. The argument is different from the topic. The topic is the topic discussed, and the argument is a clear judgment, in the form of a complete sentence. The argument cannot be a question or a phrase, and cannot use metaphors. For example, the first paragraph of "There should be a spirit of studying things to gain knowledge" puts forward "How Chinese students should learn natural sciences" is just a topic, while the argument "There should be a spirit of studying things to gain knowledge" is a clear judgment.

In an argumentative essay, the central argument should: ① be a complete statement of the author’s opinion; ② be a clear judgment; ③ be a complete sentence in form.

2. There is only one central argument in an article. It is necessary to distinguish the central argument from the sub-argument. The sub-argument is an aspect of the central argument and serves the central argument.

3. The type of expression of the central argument of the argument in the article

It is more common for arguments to be put forward in argumentative essays at the beginning of the article, and sometimes at the end or in the middle of the article. . The title of some articles is also the argument. In some articles, there is not a single sentence that clearly expresses the point of view, so several arguments need to be merged and refined. In other articles, the author's point of view is contained in the argument, which requires the reader to summarize and summarize by himself.

(1) Articles with strong political commentary should directly point out the central argument in the title. In the text of an argumentative essay, the author puts forward arguments. Common ways are: one is to put forward arguments at the beginning, and the other is to put forward arguments at the end. The latter is a smooth and logical summary of the previous discussions. There are various techniques and forms for presenting arguments at the beginning: some draw arguments from a story, and some draw arguments from a certain phenomenon in work and life ("There is More than One Correct Answer to Things" first uses four graphics to propose an argument. question, and then introduce the point of view that "there is more than one correct answer to things" through the analysis of the rationality of several different answers), and some quotes from a motto (the article "Dedication and Happy Industry", at the beginning of the speech Liang Qichao quoted the maxims from the Confucian classic "Book of Rites" and the Taoist classic "Laozi" that are familiar to Chinese people, and clearly proposed the theme of "dedication and happiness"). These are all indirect arguments starting from a certain material. In addition, you can also present your arguments at the beginning without any foreshadowing and state your opinions straight to the point. For example, the first sentence of "Talk about Backbone" shows the full argument: "We Chinese people have backbone." There is also a kind of discussion process. put forward arguments. For example, "Thinking and Doing" begins by laying out the two erroneous phenomena of thinking and doing, and then analyzes them to naturally draw arguments. After putting forward the argument, we continue to discuss how to solve the problem of connecting the two.

(2) In some argumentative essays, the sentence as the central argument cannot be found directly in the article. The central argument can only be summarized by carefully reading the article and understanding and analyzing its content. To find and summarize the central argument of this type, you can generally start by summarizing the paragraph meaning and layer meaning, and then summarize the central argument.