Senior high school classical Chinese problem-solving skills

first, turn the real words directly. The so-called "direct translation" here is pure literal translation like translation software. According to the usual mastery and accumulation, as well as the brief analysis of paragraphs, all words in the sentence (excluding obvious common function words) are translated directly. There is no need to consider the context when translating, only literal translation of words is required.

second, after finding out the proper nouns that are easy to make jokes, we should continue to look for whether there are ancient and modern synonyms and interchangeable words in the sentence. Let's talk about words with different meanings in ancient and modern times. Chinese characters in China have experienced complicated evolution for thousands of years from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to today, so the ancient meanings of some words are quite different from the present meanings, even quite different, and even completely opposite. If the candidates want to translate these words in the present sense, it will make a big joke.

for example, get off the bus to control majesty. In the sentence (Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty), you can't translate "get off the bus" into "get off the bus"

The word "get off the bus" should be translated as "the official arrives".

In addition to the usual careful accumulation, some words can also understand the original meaning and several common extended meanings by analyzing the glyphs, so as to avoid mistakes caused by the problems of ancient and modern synonyms. Besides, interchangeable words are more difficult to distinguish than ancient and modern synonyms. Because of the complicated reasons for the emergence of interchangeable words, these words are often hidden deeply, which not only makes it impossible to start with these interchangeable words when translating sentences, but also poses a huge obstacle to the understanding of classical Chinese.

For example, the whole world gathered to respond, winning grain and following the scenery. The word "Jing" in "On the Qin Dynasty" can't be translated into "scenery, scenery or landscape". If we know that "scenery" is connected with "shadow", nouns translated as adverbials will be suddenly enlightened. We can make bold attempts and guesses when we distinguish the common words according to the principle of "homonym" or "similarity in sound" after we suspect that they are common words. When "the sound is the same as the shape", associate words with the same pronunciation as this word; Try to remove the radical or radical when it looks like a different sound, or just replace it with a radical or radical. Below I will demonstrate how to infer the interchangeable words.

For example, Uncle Li often goes to his house and asks questions from the shelf. According to the normal translation logic, "Zhugong" is translated into "many people", "Duo" is translated into "praise" (this word is a common word in classical Chinese politics, and students should master it), "Qi" is translated into "His" and "Xing" is translated into "conduct and virtue". So the first sentence should be translated as: "Many people praise his character". "Lian" is translated into "Lian", "Avoidance" is translated into "Hiding, Hiding" and "Zhi" is translated into "pronoun, replacing the happiness mentioned above", but the second sentence should be translated into "Avoiding the happiness one after another" and the first sentence is logically unreasonable. At this time, we will begin to doubt whether there is any deviation in the translation of the word "avoid". Let's continue to look at the third sentence to create context. "Sui" is translated into "Jiu", "Jun" is translated into "Quan, Du" and "Shouldn't" is translated into "No Promise", so the third sentence is translated as "No Promise". Deducing the context logic, Le Hui's conduct was excellent, and everyone praised him, so what did everyone do, but Le Hui didn't agree. According to logic, what everyone does must be "recommendation" or "recruitment". But the word "avoid" can't translate this meaning anyway. So we boldly infer that this "avoidance" must be a generic word. According to the principle of "similar to transliteration" and association, it is inferred that the word "Bi" in Zhang Hengchuan, which was learned in class, means "conscription". Therefore, we come to the conclusion that "avoiding" leads to "opening", which is translated as "recruiting".

Third, after dealing with special notional words, the next step is to pay attention to whether the parts of speech of each word are reasonable and flexible in the text. Especially pay attention to the words in the position of predicate, object and adverbial. In the exam, it is common to use nouns flexibly as verbs, verbs flexibly as nouns, nouns flexibly as adverbials, adjectives flexibly as verbs, and the causative usage of nouns, verbs and adjectives. It is relatively simple to find the flexible use of parts of speech, just remember the basic part of speech of the word, then compare its position in the text and distinguish whether it is flexible according to the grammatical rules of classical Chinese. Subjects and objects are mostly nouns or pronouns, predicates are mostly verbs or adjectives, and sometimes prepositions and adverbials are mostly adverbs, which is also the most common place where nouns are used as adverbials. Causative usage mainly emphasizes the purpose of the subject's action, so as to distinguish whether the verb is used normally or the causative is effective.

For example, Yao Min's people who are ill with water go up to the nest to avoid harm. (Lu You's Book Nest)

The words "illness" and "illness" in this sentence belong to flexible use. "Water" in "sick water" is a noun. According to the meaning of the sentence, "sick water" should be a verb-object relationship, so "disease" means that the noun is used flexibly as a verb and translated as "worry". "Up to the nest" and "for the nest" are verb-object relations, translated as "building a house", then "up" must be an adverbial for nouns, translated as "up", and this article is translated as "in a high place", and "er" modifies the relationship. The whole sentence is translated into: "Yao people are worried about floods, so they build houses on high places. This is the house to avoid disasters."