Idioms and proverbs in A Dream of Red Mansions

Keywords: Zidishu; A dream of red mansions; Language; Common saying; popular

As a kind of popular art and rap art, it is inevitable for Zidishu to use popular language, which has also become the characteristic of its language. Among many children's books adapted from novels and dramas, more than 20 works adapted from the novel A Dream of Red Mansions are elegant in general, especially such as Dai Yu Buries Autumn, Buries Flowers and Exposes Tears. Among them, the use of allusions and the arrangement and elaboration of sentence patterns of lovers give people a very elegant and solemn feeling. But it did write a series of stories about the Red Chamber in simple language. & lt/P & gt；

According to Modern Chinese Dictionary, "common sayings" means "popular and widely popular stereotypes, which are concise and vivid, mostly created by working people and reflect people's life experiences and wishes. (1996 revised edition, Commercial Press)

According to statistics, there are 3 proverbs15 in A Dream of Red Mansions, including 48 proverbs in the first 80 chapters and 7 proverbs in the last 40 chapters, totaling 55 proverbs. There are 17 articles in the first 80 chapters with the words "the ancients said", and there are 8 articles in the last 40 chapters, totaling 25 articles; If there are articles such as "proverbs", there are four articles in the first 80 times and none in the last 40 times. The researchers also concluded that Wang Xifeng has 57 proverbs, which is the most frequently quoted by characters in A Dream of Red Mansions. The most commonly used chapter is sixty-five, * * * 16. There are 268 folk proverbs, idioms 1 1, 52 two-part allegorical sayings, and 7 created by Cao Xueqin himself. The common sayings used by Cao Xueqin are relatively broad concepts, which should include folk proverbs, idioms, ancient poems and two-part allegorical sayings. Therefore, to set a standard for the common sayings used in A Dream of Red Mansions refers to the summary of the experiences created by working people and handed down orally by people, such as folk proverbs, old sayings, aphorisms, two-part allegorical sayings and so on. "Book of Rites University" said: "Proverbs, proverbs are also." The biggest feature of proverbs is popularity and universality. Cao Xueqin's attitude towards proverbs was very clear as early as the first time: "Although I am ignorant, why not put on a show of lies, which can spread the boudoir, but can't break the temporary boredom and awaken my colleagues' eyes?" Among them, "village dialect" is a common saying. Quoting common sayings in literary works did not begin with Cao Xueqin. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it has been common to quote common sayings in literary works. According to rough statistics, there are more than 700 proverbs quoted in Jin Ping Mei, almost twice as many as in A Dream of Red Mansions. & lt/P & gt；

Let's discuss the origin of proverbs in A Dream of Red Mansions. & lt/P & gt；

First of all, the novels and operas in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties had a direct impact on the creation of A Dream of Red Mansions. The West Chamber is a dramatic work that has the greatest influence on Cao Xueqin's creation. No matter the theme or plot, many plots in the original work of A Dream of Red Mansions come from the West Chamber. For example, Jia Baoyu took a pinch of soil as a private sacrifice to Jin Chuaner who was persecuted to death by Mrs. Wang. Yan Ming made a wish once, which was born out of the third compromise in the first time of The West Chamber. The Yuanyang fragrance was silent, and the matchmaker said a few words, revealing a paragraph of Yuanyang's mind. From the linguistic point of view, many lyrics and sayings in The West Chamber have been absorbed by A Dream of Red Mansions. Such as "there must be a matchmaker newspaper outside the screen window" and "sleepy every day" and so on. A Dream of Red Mansions also absorbs some vivid sayings in The West Chamber. The most typical example is the second fold of the fourth volume of The West Chamber. The matchmaker blamed Zhang Sheng and said, "You used to be a seedling, but you didn't show it. Bah! You are a silver spear. " In the 23rd episode of A Dream of Red Mansions, Daiyu scolded Baoyu and said, "Bah! You used to be a teenager, a silver gun and ancient poems in history books. The fifteenth time in A Dream of Red Mansions, "Far water cannot quench near thirst", was written by Han Feizi. The phrase' Skynet is long, but it doesn't leak' used in Chapter 65 is found in Laozi's Tao Te Ching. " How unlucky a beauty is "comes from Su Dongpo's poem" How unlucky a beauty is since ancient times "and so on. & lt/P & gt；

The third is the most important source and the richest proverb, which is folk proverb. Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions quoted many proverbs popular in Beijing at that time, especially in the flag-bearer society. Some of them are directly selected from spoken English. For example, "I've seen pigs run without eating pork" (sixteen times), "Grandpa sits in a rocking cart and his grandson is on crutches" (twenty-four times), "I've seen noodles under clear water" (sixty-five times) and so on. These account for a considerable proportion in the novel, fresh and interesting, simple and natural. & lt/P & gt；

The fourth is my own creation. Some proverbs in A Dream of Red Mansions were created by Cao Xueqin himself. Yu Rui, a Qing Dynasty man, said in "Idle Pen at Jujube Window" that Qin Xue "is good at talking about elegance and playing, and touches the environment to give birth to spring. It's tiring to listen to his strange conversation. It is based on its wonderful book. " It can be seen that Cao Xueqin is a humorous person. For example, there are official symbols with the main theme in the works, and there are also good songs with the meaning of doggerel. Therefore, most of the proverbs in A Dream of Red Mansions come from novels and operas in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, a considerable part from the people at that time, a small part from historical classics and ancient poems, and few are created by Cao Xueqin on the basis of proverbs. Then directly from the perspective of folk rap art, the sayings of Zidishu are widely used, and their sources are generally dramas, novels, predecessors' poems, songs and history books in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and more from popular spoken languages, sayings and proverbs in life at that time. Mr. Fu Xihua, a dramatist and folklorist, once said: "Although the words in the Book of Disciples are sometimes as superficial as slang, it is well known to all women and children. It is refreshing to write about feelings and scenery, and the things told seem to come from his mouth; Extremely true, kind and beautiful. Its artistic conception is wonderful, and those who are afraid of Yuanqu are extremely incompetent in ethics. " ∞ Here, "All Women and Children Know" tells the popularity of children's book language, even close to "shallow slang". Only by writing simple proverbs and slang can we have the advantage of popularization among the people. Zidishu uses seven-character sentences and then some broken sentences of other words as filling, which is its syntactic basis. According to Mr. Qi Gong's analysis, "it is precisely because he lacks self-cultivation, that is, he is less restricted by the frame, so he can have such courage." "In fact, Du Fu may not think as much as those who interpret poetry when he writes poetry." "The achievement of Chisholm lies in his bravery and shallowness." & lt/P & gt；;

So what proverbs are used in the 28 children's books of A Dream of Red Mansions? The author summarizes as follows:

; On the origin of proverbs;

1, as the saying goes, a thin camel is bigger than a horse, and our waist is not worth a hair on it. For the first time in "Two Entering the House", the old saying of the old gentleman

The fourth chapter of Er Jin Fu, the language of Wang Xifeng.

3. Older people are closer to the elderly. The fifth narrator's language in Two Entering Guo Rongfu

The ancients danced on their knees, and there were old relatives in the hall. The Narrator's Language in the Eighth Cycle of Er Ru Fu

6. The ancients loved their parents and their mothers. If they can become dutiful sons, they will be virtuous grandchildren. The Ninth Baoyu Language in Er Jin Guo Rong Fu

7. The word "chastity" has not changed since ancient times. The Fourth Qingwen Language in Lotus Beaver

8. It is better to meet people than to be famous. The fifth time in the lotus raccoon, the girl's language (Qingwen's wife)

9. Do you know how to be reborn after death? The Sixth Daiyu Language Lotus Raccoon

10, unfortunate beauty Lin Daiyu. The Language of the First Narrator in The Edge of Tears

; 1 1. The ancients said that if you are poor, you will attack books. It is not necessarily true that books can relieve boredom. The Fifth Same Daiyu Language in The Edge of Tears

12, things in the world are often unsatisfactory. Don't follow fate. The sixth lecture of Wang Xifeng's tears

13, let's get this straight. The tenth time of Baochai's tears

15, I have never seen these two ungrateful enemies spit to death. Jia's mother tongue

The first poem of intrigue.

& lt 17, the ancients' lack of cloud and light easily attracted beauty to be old&; The Second Generation of Daiyu Language in Burying Flowers

18, I know you are lying and hiding rape. & The Fourth Generation of Daiyu Language in Buried Flowers

I spent my honeymoon with your affectionate wife. How can I make my bed? & The Fourth Baoyu Language in Buried Flowers

20. Who knows that youth is limited and the evening scenery is empty. Daiyu language in Sad Autumn;

2 1. It makes me sad to whisper that you are the most beautiful country. & ampp； Baoyu s Language in "Double Jade Buries Red";

22. It's also a silver spear. ; Daiyu Language in "Double Jade Buries Red"

; 23. How miserable it is to sing as beautiful as flowers and jade, and it will be softer to follow the words like water. Narrator's Language in "Double Jade Buries Red"

24, and listen to the running water, spring goes and spring comes, and the world is two days long. ; Narrator's Language in "Double Jade Buries Red"

Bsp Liu Lao's "Old Saying" and "Chen Yuan Banquet" Chapter Two

& ltP> Among them, eight proverbs are in the narrator's language, while others are from the characters. It can be seen that proper spoken language and idioms are naturally used in characters' language, which is often used in children's books in A Dream of Red Mansions. Then the popularization of the language of Zidishu and the use of common sayings are also reflected in the use of common sayings and spoken vocabulary. Character dialogue can best reflect the use of common sayings and spoken words and the different personalities of the characters in the dialogue, which was involved in the previous character theory. Here we might as well take a look at the language. Summarizing the most distinctive characters' language in children's books of A Dream of Red Mansions, the most distinctive characters who use colloquial words and colloquial words are Baoyu, Daiyu, Xifeng, Miss Deng (Qingwen's wife) and Silly Sister. Let's take a look at those common sayings and colloquial expressions that Baodai said. As a noble lady, Daiyu uttered six proverbs from her mouth, which accounted for a large proportion. Together with Baoyu's three sayings, this young lady alone has nine proverbs. When they are alone, they talk more casually and use more spoken words, which shows that their relationship is extraordinary. & lt/P & gt；

For example, in "Double Jade Buries Red", Baodai was buried next to Qin Fangting, and * * * read the warmth and harmony of "The West Chamber". & lt/P & gt；

; I remember Baoyu smacked behind the girl and shook his head. & lt/P & gt；

Whispering that you are so beautiful, I feel sad and sick. This beautiful woman cried with shame. & lt/P & gt；

Say you read evil books and make fun of me, and I will become a girl who plays with men and makes me laugh. & lt/P & gt；

He walked away and went to the ladies' room to explain the reason. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> This Baoyu is in a hurry to make an apology, saying that his elder sister will forgive me. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> From now on, I will fight for the absolute tortoise and turtle, and my sister will return to autumn after a hundred years. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> I put my sister's virtuous calligraphy on a stone, and I carried it on my back for thousands of years. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Lin Daiyu couldn't help laughing and said that Pei was also a silver gun. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Baoyu will punish you for saying this. I'll complain to my wife's room. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Daiyu said that when you can recite it, there is also speed reading. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> On a whim, Baoyu quoted the words in The West Chamber to express his thoughts. Daiyu was very happy to hear this, but on the surface she pretended to be wronged and threatened to complain in her wife's room. I was so anxious that Baoyu teased Daiyu with funny words, saying that he was a "turtle" and that "I have been carrying my sister for thousands of years". This interesting self-cursing language is primitive to use. Baoyu was in a hurry to apologize: "If you want to bully you, I will fall into the pool tomorrow and find a digger to eat, and I will forget all about it. When you become a' Mrs. Yipin' and die tomorrow, I will go to your grave to camel for you for a lifetime. " Dai Yu also turned anger into joy, and quoted the words "Pei is also a silver spear" in The West Chamber, and dealt with him as he deals with you. In the process of coming and going, in a dilemma, the two protagonists show a casual and unrestrained relationship. Among them, spoken vocabulary plays a great role. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> For example, in the fourth episode of Sad Autumn, Baodai and Daiyu once again had conflicts, and Baoyu comforted them again and again, but the beauty's anger could not be calmed down. What Daiyu said to him is also very colloquial:

& ltP> Speaking of driving, sit down politely over there. I just went out and couldn't stand the wind outside. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> I just woke up and you pestered me again. I know you are the villain in my life. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> All kinds of catering are like this, no matter how sour the wrist is. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> It's annoying and crazier than before that some people always show their faces. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> You know, one year old and two years old should also change their temper.

& ltP> Why? Spread it out and let others talk. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP>, there is another word to advise you. At least don't turn a deaf ear to what Mr. Zhong said. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Who is like you? You only fuck girls in one place.

& ltP> I have never seen rouge always dye a person's mouth red. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Among them, "Let's get started", "You are the villain in my life", "hate", "crazy talk" and "listening to the wind" are popular spoken words. As can be seen from Dai Yu's mouth, the relationship between Dai Yu and Baoyu is close, while Dai Yu can criticize Baoyu so openly, and so are words such as "magic star" and "annoyance". The colloquial words and colloquial words used in Baodai language reflect the close relationship between them. Even if these words come from a noble gentleman with literary accomplishment, they are humorous and natural, adding interest and enhancing mutual feelings. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Let's take a look at natural spoken language that reflects different personalities but also true colors. What is the effect of speaking from the following characters? & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> As an old lady in rural areas, Mr. Liu has discussed and analyzed it in a special chapter. Here are a few examples. Mr. Liu's language can be said to be a true portrayal of this illiterate rural old lady. "Second entry into the government" caused many jokes, the most innovative of which was the question and answer of the ancestors when they met the old gentleman. This article is vulgar, one is modesty, the other is "wrong criticism", which makes everyone laugh. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Let's see how our ancestors asked:

& ltP> Because I asked my former in-laws how old they were. Flower armor or seventy or sixty? & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Why haven't I met my in-laws in recent years? Mostly because I am anxious to downplay my loved ones. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> If you are not too frugal, please stay. Why not stay here for a few days? & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> It's really strange that Mr. Liu, a rustic peasant, can understand such formal words in classical Chinese as "ghost farming", "flower", "Qi Xun" and "staying overnight". No wonder she understood the mistake and answered irrelevant questions; & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> was busy farming when he was a teenager, but now he is old. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> My ancestors just asked me how much land I could have. Two acres of thin sand and four spots. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> My home is not far from the downtown area, so it's best not to use seven searches and eight searches. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> has been busy because it has been difficult to harvest wheat in recent years. Who dares to neglect and sever the relationship? & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> When the wheat harvest comes next year, I will grind some dried noodles, and I will send my ancestors and girls to taste new ones. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> In the ruined temple in Beitun, there are an upper tower and a lower tower. It's boring to visit later, and it's boring to die. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP>, a good answer, "How much can I do", "grind some", "relax" and "exhausted", may be what the old man said. Both are old women, one rich and one poor, one gentle and one careless. In this language dialogue, status and cultural accomplishment have been vividly and interestingly reflected. For example, in the order of San Xuan toothpicks, Mr. Liu's drinking order is also very interesting, such as "Everyone can grow crops", "Seven, three, seven, seven, Si Er is a little doll", "Weigh four, five, take the scale quickly", "Does this flower always bloom, and it will form a big pumpkin when it falls" and so on. In the children's book of A Dream of Red Mansions, Mr. Liu's old words are much richer in spoken words and spoken words, which have been involved in the last character analysis, so I won't go into details. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Xifeng has no culture among young women, and when she sings poetry, she can only say such sentences as "The north wind is tight all night". However, her social experience, her knowledge and courage, her wit and sophistication are unmatched by all young women, and even men may not be able to match. Naturally, I also developed a good eloquence and won her trust and favor in front of my grandfather and Mrs. Wang. It is precisely because of her cultural background and knowledge that her language also uses colloquial or colloquial words, showing more popular and even vulgar characteristics. For example, the sixth "false happiness" in "The Edge of Tears" in Disciples' Rules, a passage written to her ancestors by Xifeng after taking an examination of Baoyu, fully illustrates her language color:

& ltP> Although he has recovered from his illness, as long as the word Lin is mentioned, it is like honey and oil. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> talked and laughed, and came out and went in like a living monkey. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Although I coaxed him for a while, I'm afraid I'll show the last tree on the spot. & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> What if you break the lamp? It's not the day when good things turn into bad things! & lt/P & gt；

& ltP> Xifeng was very excited when she heard that Baoyu said she would marry Sister Lin. She described his mood as extremely happy and sweet, "like a living monkey", showing that he was so happy that he could hardly be himself. "Last", "Tiger Broken Lamp" and "Wu" are all proverbs, in which "Tiger Broken Lamp" means a riddle, while "Last" originally refers to the model used to make shoes and hats, which is usually made of wood, and "Wu" here means "this". It can be seen that such authentic slang words are very reasonable in Xifeng's mouth, which also increases vividness and vividness. & lt/P & gt；