The Origin of Northeast Dialect

Northeast dialect can refer to the Chinese in the northeast of China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), or some specific Chinese in the northeast, such as the "Northeast Dialect" used as usual in sketch performances. This paper mainly discusses the first reference mode. Although Chinese in most parts of Northeast China can be classified as northeastern mandarin, "Northeast Dialect" and "northeastern mandarin" are two different concepts.

Chinese in Northeast China belongs to Mandarin. According to the classification method of Atlas of Chinese Language, it can be subdivided into:

● northeastern mandarin: It is distributed in most parts of Northeast China. Except the following areas: Liaodong Peninsula and the lower reaches of Yalu River, parts of Wusuli River basin and parts of Sino-Russian border. The languages of the three northeastern provinces (Shenyang dialect, Changchun dialect and Harbin dialect) all belong to northeastern mandarin.

Whether northeastern mandarin is an independent regional dialect is controversial. In addition, northeastern mandarin also has a certain distribution outside the Northeast.

● Jiaoliao Mandarin: distributed in

Liaodong Peninsula and the lower reaches of Yalu River, as well as parts of Wusuli River basin. Dalian dialect is a typical Jiaoliao Mandarin.

Jiaoliao Mandarin is also distributed in Shandong Jiaodong Peninsula.

● Gill Mandarin: The distribution range is very narrow, and it is only distributed in some areas along the Sino-Russian border.

The main distribution range of Jilu Mandarin is not in the northeast.

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There is a place called Dorden in a county in western Liaoning. People's accents, even in the local area, are considered particularly "disgusting". But they think-a joke circulating in that area says-"we just can't say the word' two' well; If you say the word' two', it is Beijing dialect. "

Actually, what they said is quite reasonable. To explain this, we have to say some boring words: in the old days, Beijing and the northeast people all spoke oil and salt, and Jin, Liao and Yuan were somewhat isolated from the Central Plains. Under the influence of nuzhen dialect, qidan dialect and Mongolian archaism, dialects developed independently. At that time, the difference between Liaodong dialect and Dadu dialect was that the former was more influenced by Jurchen dialect, while the latter was more influenced by Mongolian dialect. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the first large number of people from Hebei and Shandong came to Guangdong. Shandong dialect has been added in this issue. Beijing became the capital in the Ming Dynasty, and foreign officials, shopkeepers, soldiers and workers brought their dialects to Beijing, especially Shanxi dialect, Anhui dialect and Nanjing mandarin, which still have traces of influence. At this time, the Beijing dialect in the Ming Dynasty was somewhat different from the Northeast dialect. When the Qing Dynasty arrived, hundreds of thousands of banners went to Beijing. They brought Liaoshen dialect and gradually merged with the original Ming Dynasty Beijing dialect to form today's Beijing dialect. Therefore, Northeast dialect and Beijing dialect can not but be different. In dialect, they are brothers.

The present Northeast dialect is different from Beijing dialect, and some of them retain some pronunciations of the past. For example, the northeast people read "Xiao", which is a whisper of the past. Beijingers later studied Xue and were influenced by southern dialects. Northeasters read "Rong" as harmony, which sounds awkward, but it is also an ancient sound (phonologically, "Rong" is "somewhat influenced by Manchu dialects. In some places, the tongue of the Northeast People's Congress has no Japanese initials, but it is pronounced as zero initials. Only Zi Nv Temple has no Magistrate Poetry, which is influenced by Manchu. As for the people in Dalian Peninsula who read Zhi Chi Shi as Ji Qi, it is Jiaodong dialect, not Northeast dialect in a strict sense.

In terms of tone, Dongbei dialect sounds a bit complicated in my ears that have not received phonetics training, especially in some places in Liaoning, where it turns and turns, which is a big difference. For example, in Xiuyan, when the word "big" is emphasized, it refers to the father's brother, just like our usage. When the word "big" is stressed, it refers to grandpa's brother: a little difference in pronunciation means that a generation has passed. Another feature of northeast dialect, especially Liaoshen dialect south of Kaiyuan, is that there are a large number of two tones (this feature is probably related to Jidong dialect). Once, Cao Xueqin's grandfather, Cao Yin, got malaria. Someone gave him a passbook and asked the emperor for medicine. There is such a sentence in Kangxi's instructions: "(Cinchona ointment) can take root after taking two servings." "Eradication" should be "eradication". The emperor wrote a typo, which is worth a coax. It seems that when leaders are misspelled, it has always been like this. But why do you mistake "out" for "points"? As soon as I arrived in Shenyang, I understood that the word "Chu" in Shenyang dialect was pronounced twice. Kangxi learned Chinese from Han when he was a child, and he learned Shenyang dialect.

It's a pity that Kangxi in the TV series spoke the standard voice of the Broadcasting Institute, which was not good at all. If I make a Qing Palace drama, I will make everyone in it speak Northeast dialect, which may be more popular. A few years ago, the "sketch" drama performed by Liaoning people was popular, and the northeast dialect was familiar to Guanli people. There are two signs, one is "buried" and the other is "buried". In fact, "Tuo" is an old word in the north, which is found in Yuan Zaju. The northeast characteristics are not easy to calculate, but "Bury" comes from Manchu. One of the characteristics of Northeast dialect is that there are many Manchu elements. Say the most common example, "Ting" is a good "Ting", and everyone uses it. Who will notice that it comes from Manchu? One of the grammatical influences of Manchu is predicate postposition. People in Guanli say "Do you watch", people in Northeast China will say "Do you watch", and "There will be more strange jokes in the future" in A Dream of Red Mansions are all examples.

In A Dream of Red Mansions, it is written that the girl in Yihongyuan "robbed on the kang (Cai, three tones)". This game is called "Rob Galahad" in Northeast China. I played it when I was young. What is "Galahad"? This is Manchu, which refers to the talus on the legs of animals (it is said that this game is related to some ritual of shamanism). Reading Chua's "scratch" is also picking up scattered things in Northeast dialect, such as the action of pigs eating, which can also be called "scratch". I once heard an old man in Beizhen say that when Zhang Zuo Lin made a fortune in his hometown, he spilled money on the ground and shouted angrily, "Boys, grab it!" Yes, that's the word "catch"

Another example is hide and seek. Why is it called "hide and seek"? It turns out that "cat" is also Manchu, meaning Bush. There are not so many houses in the northeast, so children will naturally hide in the bushes if they want to hide. As for some people who say that the word "Pussy" in Beijing dialect comes from the same source, I have some doubts, because the word "Queen Cat" appears in Jin Ping Mei, which means the same as today's "Pussy", which seems to imply that the word comes from Shandong.

There is also a red berry, the scientific name is probably sour pulp. When the children in Northeast China are ripe, they will be ground soft, and the pulp inside will be sucked out, leaving an empty shell "squeaking" in their mouths. This is the toy of the season. But generally only girls have such patience, so I can't, I will eat. Northeastern people are called "red girl" (stressed "Niang" three times), also referred to as "girl". "Red Girl" was also discovered earlier in Beijing, and Nalan Xingde wrote poems for it in Qing Dynasty. In the novel Legend of Heroes of Children, the thin monk shook his arms and sleeves, trying to make the 13th sister look like a "red girl on fire", not referring to the girls of the ladies, but this thing.

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As a kind of northern dialect, Northeast dialect is concise, vivid, vivid and full of rhythm. The heroic people of Dongbei,

Frank and humorous personality is quite consistent.

Dialect is a social phenomenon. The formation of most dialects is due to closure, barrier, poor communication and language development.

Out of sync. Northeast dialect is somewhat different, which is a unique culture formed by the melting of history and the edification of nature.

Phenomenon.

Some dialects in Northeast China come from multi-integration, because Northeast China is a multi-ethnic area, where Manchu,

Mongolia, Hui, Korea, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen, Daur, Xibe and other ethnic minorities until the Qing soldiers entered the customs.

Later, a large number of Han Chinese gradually poured in. With the integration of various ethnic groups in Northeast China for more than 300 years, it has gradually formed.

Introduce today's Northeast dialect. Although the northeast dialect belongs to a kind of northern dialect, its underlying language still remains.

Many words reflect the customs and cultures of the local ethnic minorities, which makes the Northeast dialect show its unique characteristics. east

A considerable number of northern dialects come from Manchu, such as meat and oil, which are called "hala"; Some northeast dialects are also very direct.

Absorbed foreign words, such as calling buckets from small to large "afraid of big" and so on. In case of negligence, it is called "sudden pull" and singing.

The song is Drinking, the steep rocky mountain is called chili pepper, and the Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain is called Tumen Lake, which is a land of thousands of waters.

The meaning of the source. Songhua River is a jurchen language, and Songhua River means white. Jilin is the abbreviation of "Jilin Wula" in Manchu.

"Jilin" means "Yan" and "Wula" means Jiang, which is named after being on the Songhua River. Karen in Lake Karen.

It means Xibe Border Inspection Station. "Mudanjiang" comes from the Manchu word "Mudanjiang", which means winding river.

Mongolian "Nenjiang" means "green" and Manchu means "sister". After Manchu entered the Central Plains, Guan

Han people in Inner Mongolia broke the ban and went to the Northeast to make a living, commonly known as "going to the East". There are also a large number of people exiled by the Qing Dynasty.

Officials came to the northeast, and more than 200,000 people were exiled in the suppressed "San Francisco", injecting the Central Plains language and

Culture. With the integration of Manchu and Chinese, many Manchu people learn Chinese and Chinese. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu,

There are fewer and fewer people who speak Manchu, and now there are even fewer. Some northeast dialects also directly absorb foreign words, such as "growing up"

The bucket is "afraid of Rhoda" □ the bread is called "Leba" in Russian, the cigarette is called "Bakou" in Japanese and so on.

Wait a minute.

Some dialects in Northeast China come from orthographic misreading. The development of language spread from the central plains to the whole country, and it was made up of

The unsynchronized development and backward communication methods have caused differences, and many orthographic characters have been misunderstood and established in communication.

Dialect is formed by land. The "sissy" that people in Northeast China often say is a misunderstanding of "we". Typical Northeast Dialect "Nagada"

It is a misunderstanding of "that place". It is a misunderstanding of "husband and mother" to call the old couple "old aunt and mother" in rural areas.

"Ganha" is a misunderstanding of "Ganha". "Rare" is a misunderstanding of "like".

Some dialects in Northeast China come from more than one word. "Thief" is a thief in Mandarin, but also in Northeast dialect.

The meaning of "very" and "special". "Thief is good" does not mean that thieves are good, but that they are "very good";

"Thief beauty" is not.

The thief is beautiful, but it means "especially beautiful". "Du Zi" is a derogatory term "Xiongnu" in Northeast dialect.

The meaning of "egg" is completely different in different language environments. "Pulling the calf" is not confused.

Eggs, but shoot the breeze, don't do serious things; "Rolling the calf" means walking away; "The lowest leg" is the most

I'm sorry.

Some dialects in Northeast China cannot be investigated. The origin and provenance of some northeast dialects are difficult to find, and foreigners are very

It's hard to understand, but the northeast people are familiar with it, agree with it and use it. The northeast dialect is dominated by adjectives with more stress.

On the front word. For example, "burying" is dirty, "awkward" is ugly, and "procrastination" is true gossip.

In the past, "old nose" meant a lot, "the whole wave" meant everything, and "pants were flat"

It means hesitating, and "don't worry, don't be impatient" means bored.

In recent years, the northeast dialect has spread to the whole country. This is due to those cross talks and small cross talks with Northeast characteristics.

Creators of products and TV series □ They express characters through dialects, giving people a brand-new feeling.

Northeasters feel cordial, northerners can understand and understand, and southerners feel particularly fresh.