Do you have concubines in Zhao Mingcheng?

Zhao Mingcheng was born in Zhucheng, Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong), the third son of Tingzhi Zhao, the prime minister of Chongning, Song Huizong. A famous epigraphist and cultural relic collector, he was born in Song Shenzong Yuanfeng for four years (108 1) and died in Gao Songzong for three years (1 129). Zhao Mingcheng married Li Qingzhao when she was still studying in imperial academy at the age of 2/kloc-0. Chong Ning for four years (1 105), was named "Hongxiu Shao Qing" in October. In March of the first year of Daguan (1 107), Tingzhi Zhao died, was framed by Cai Jing, was driven away as an official, and his family was also implicated. Mr. and Mrs. Zhao Mingcheng lived in Qingzhou Village for 13 years. During the Xuanhe period, Zhao Mingcheng served as a well-known official in Laizhou and Zizhou successively. Song Gaozong knew about jiangning house from the first year of Jian Jian (1 127). Song Gaozong moved to Huzhou in the third year of Jianyan (1 129), but did not go, and died in Jiankang.

Zhao Mingcheng devoted himself to the study of epigraphy, but he never changed. He once said to himself, "Yu Zishao, Xiao Xi, paid the inscription before meeting the contemporary bachelor doctor." (preface to Jin Shi Lu) After the marriage with Li Qingzhao, his interest in epigraphy increased greatly, and he became increasingly obsessed with it, and he had the ambition of "making the best of ancient Chinese characters in the world" (preface to Jin Shi Lu). Pingju lived in Qingzhou, Laizhou and Zizhou, which was the most enjoyable period for Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao to learn from each other and the most successful period for epigraphy in Zhao Mingcheng.

From the second year of Daguan (1 108) to the third year of Xuanhe (1 12 1), Zhao Mingcheng visited Tian Yang four times, visited Lingyan Temple three times and climbed the top of Mount Tai. Or title, or rubbings, obtained a large number of inscriptions. With the help of Li Qingzhao, Zhao Mingcheng completed the writing of Jin Shilu after years of personal visits and extensive collection. This is a larger and more valuable monograph on epigraphy after Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Historical Records. Recorded the collected rubbings of epigraphy, from the last three generations to the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, ***2000 kinds. Thirty volumes of Jinshi Lu. The first 10 volume is the directory, arranged in chronological order; Nearly 20 volumes have made dialectical textual research on the inscriptions and epitaphs of Zhongding Yi wares, and revised two books in the Tang Dynasty, which is a necessary book for studying ancient bronze inscriptions.

Li Qingzhao remarried and divorced.

1 129, Zhao Mingcheng died at the age of 49, and Li Qingzhao was 46. When Zhao Mingcheng fled south, she left fifteen ancient inscriptions, which were the condensation of Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao's half-life efforts. In order to transport these items from Shandong to the south, the couple suffered a lot. They are a great burden in the war, and they should always worry about the intrusion of soldiers and bandits. Now that Ming Cheng is dead, looking at the mountains of collections, Li Qingzhao has mixed feelings.

Although things have changed, life goes on. Li Qingzhao decided to entrust most of the collection of fifteen cars to her younger brother Li Ling, who fled to Hongzhou with the royal family. However, at the end of that year, the Jinbing captured Hongzhou and the collection was reduced to ashes.

Li Qingzhao, who was almost numb, came to Shaoxing with the last treasure, rented a house for a scholar named Zhong and settled down temporarily. She put the remaining boxes of calligraphy and painting antiques under the sofa and opened them to play in her spare time. Unexpectedly, one night, a thief suddenly broke into the house and stole five boxes. Li Qingzhao was indignant and puzzled. In order to find these boxes bearing her hard work and memories, she publicly offered a reward for finding things. Unexpectedly, a few days later, the landlord surnamed Zhong came with an eighteen-axis scroll, and the truth came out. However, what can she do as a widow living alone in a foreign land? I had to spend money to redeem the picture scroll, but I couldn't find other items.

Li Qingzhao really felt the pain of loneliness and helplessness. She can't stand a life of loneliness and fear. Indeed, she is only 46 years old and still has a long way to go. Such a talented poetess should not go to the end of her life in this life. In the midst of pain and confusion, a man appeared, that is, Zhang Ruzhou, a right-handed man at that time. Under this man's sweet talk, Li Qingzhao was really attracted by him. Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng experienced a fairy-like romantic love life, and even suffered national ruin. This huge contrast of fate makes her extremely eager for a sweet and warm family life. Soon, Li Qingzhao married Zhang Ruzhou. However, later facts proved that fate did not show its kindness, and it was still creating a series of nightmares for Li Qingzhao. Zhang Ruzhou pursued and married a 46-year-old widow, obviously not for her appearance, nor what Li Qingzhao thought-he took a fancy to her unparalleled talent, but for the most naked and dirty purpose-to get her collection.

After marriage, both of them felt cheated. Zhang Ruzhou gradually exposed his shallow, tyrannical and vulgar nature, which made Li Qingzhao want to cry. Li Qingzhao's antique calligraphy and painting are not as rich as Zhang Ruzhou imagined, and he is unwilling to give up, which greatly disappointed Zhang Ruzhou. But they still have a little illusion. Li Qingzhao hopes that her forbearance can maintain this family and save her life. Zhang Ruzhou thought that inducement and deception could induce Li Qingzhao to give away the collection, but he found nothing. Finally, Zhang Ruzhou became angry from embarrassment and began to punch and kick Li Qingzhao, even trying to kill her, get rid of the burden of old age and get her property.

At the critical moment, Li Qingzhao is Li Qingzhao, an intelligent, resolute, tenacious and independent woman. Abandon fantasy, she can't just sit still, she has to save herself. Soon, Li Qingzhao learned that Zhang Ruzhou had obtained official evidence by deception. She immediately reported that according to the Song Law, the wife sued her husband, and even if the evidence was conclusive, the wife would go to jail for two years. In order to get rid of this villain, Li Qingzhao would rather go to prison than bear the burden of humiliation, and eventually both of them went to prison.

At that time, many Li and Zhao families were officials in North Korea. With their help, Li Qingzhao was released after only nine days in prison. She finally achieved her goal and got a successful divorce.

Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng are loving couples admired by all people in ancient and modern times. Ancient marriage depended on "parents' orders and matchmakers' words", and couples rarely lived in harmony for a long time after marriage. The marriage between Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng is almost perfect, as evidenced by many sentimental words of Li Qingzhao. "Flowers from Shui Piao to water, a kind of acacia, two leisure. There is no way to eliminate this situation. You can only frown and take it to heart. " ("A Cut of Plum") Such a well-known masterpiece of parting lovesickness has touched countless later readers. After Zhao Mingcheng's death, Li Qingzhao sorted out the epigraphy and antiquities collected by the husband and wife all their lives, and made a preface to The Story of the Stone, which recorded the kindness, love, joys and sorrows, life and death parting after marriage with Zhao Mingcheng, and the conjugal love between husband and wife, each showing his wealth. The deep affection between Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng is the starting point and the end result of reading and understanding a large number of outstanding love words of Li Qingzhao.

There is a deeper and more subtle study on the relationship between Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng. Gradually, an extreme view appeared: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng had many disagreements after marriage, Zhao Mingcheng had concubines, and the couple even turned against each other from time to time! . Since then, there has been ambiguity about the dates and interpretations of many famous works of Li Qingzhao. For example, the word "slow voice" is generally believed to be written by Li Qingzhao after her husband died in the south, expressing the pain of national subjugation and the pain of her husband's national subjugation. Chen Zumei believes that this poem was written by Li Qingzhao when she was snubbed by Zhao Mingcheng before crossing the south. "It expresses the unspeakable secret of the author's childlessness and childlessness. Probably a song for my husband. " Indeed, there is no such thing as a husband and wife who are always harmonious without contradiction. Especially when people reach middle age, it is easy to have a "middle-aged emotional crisis". Neither Li Qingzhao nor Zhao Mingcheng can avoid customs. However, exaggerating the contradiction between the two people and artificially holding a "magnifying glass" to find the rift between Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng will produce a bias, even a thick slander on the ancients. This paper attempts to analyze the works of Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng in Laizhou when they reunited, to see through the subtle changes in the feelings of husband and wife, and to analyze the possible disharmony between husband and wife and its reasons.

Laizhou Party and Poetry Creation

In the first year of Song Huizong Daguan, Tingzhi Zhao died of illness. Tingzhi Zhao's family was sent back to their hometown because Tingzhi Zhao offended and raped Cai Jing before he died. Zhao Mingcheng, 27, and Li Qingzhao, 24, also returned to their hometown in Qingzhou and settled in the village. Around the seventh year of Zheng He (1 17), Zhao Mingcheng left home again and started a new round of official career. Li Qingzhao still stays in Qingzhou's hometown, and the husband and wife have already separated. Xuanhe three years (12 1), 4 1 year-old Zhao Mingcheng knew Laizhou (now Laizhou). This year, Li Qingzhao was 38 years old. As a county magistrate, Zhao Mingcheng has been able to take Li Qingzhao out of his hometown Qingzhou and reunite with her. So, this autumn, Li Qingzhao left Qingzhou, where she had lived for more than ten years, to see Zhao Mingcheng.

Therefore, the problem arises. Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng have been separated for about five years. Li Qingzhao suffered in bitter expectation for so long in the past. When the reunion day finally comes, he should be ecstatic. However, when I read "Die Lian Hua" written by Li Qingzhao when she passed Changle on her way to Laizhou and "For Love" written when she first arrived in Laizhou, I found that Li Qingzhao still did not get rid of the entanglement of sadness and feelings, and her mood was very low.

Let's read "Dead Hua Lian" first. Between the lines, it says, "Tears are wet and clothes are full of powder, and I sing all over Qian Qian. The humanity mountain is long and broken, and the rain smells loneliness. Say goodbye to the injury, never forget to leave, the wine is deep and shallow. It is better to rely on wild geese than to rely on books, and it is far less than Penglai in the east. " This first poem, Yuefu Ya Ci written by Zeng Yao in the Southern Song Dynasty, was named Yi Lee An Zuo, and it was collected in Volume C after Liu Yingli's Complete Works on Momo in the Yuan Dynasty, and it was named "Late Stopping to Send Sisters to Changle Pavilion". Wang Zhongwen's case of Li Qingzhao's Annotation said: "This poem was written by Su Changle, my sister on the way from Qingzhou to Laizhou, in August of the third year of Xuanhe. According to the geographical map, from Qingdao to Lai, you must go through Changle. It can be proved that from the Qing Dynasty to Lai, Zhao Sheng ordered Rizo to ambush in Changle County in the 19 th year of Jian' an. " !

After marriage, Zhao Mingcheng also raised several concubines, which were used as entertainment for singing and dancing on weekdays. This is a certain fact. Su Shi, a literary elder especially admired by Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng, has been lustful all his life. Because he witnessed the ruthlessness of his good friend Xu Jun's "Wang Mingqing Danghou" (see Volume 7 for details), he frequently advised others not to keep concubines. Su Shi raised a number of concubines such as Chaoyun himself and took prostitutes for fun from time to time. He even took a prostitute to visit Zen master Chase, a Buddhist son, claiming that "I also take part in accidental amusement" (for details, see "Cold Zhai Night Talk" in the first volume of "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden Congtan" by Hu Zai). I'm afraid Zhao Mingcheng will not be better than Su Shi. There is no record that Zhao Mingcheng focused on Li Qingzhao. The information revealed in Li Qingzhao's Preface to the Records of the Stone just shows that Zhao Mingcheng had concubines before his death. Li Qingzhao narrated that before his death, Zhao Mingcheng "wrote poems with a pen, ended with a pen, and had no intention of selling shoes." The allusion of "selling shoes with incense" comes from Cao Cao's decree: "Xiang Xiang can be shared with his wife. There is nothing to do in the house, and learning to work in groups is also selling. " It is time for Cao Cao to give some of his property to concubines and make arrangements for their life details. Li Qingzhao used this allusion to highlight that their last feelings were the same, and Zhao Mingcheng died without worrying about other women. But on the other hand, Zhao Mingcheng also kept several concubines.

Zhao Mingcheng has concubines for sure. Then, why did Li Qingzhao have no complaints before, and suddenly broke out after going to Laizhou for reunion or even meeting? Two kinds of speculation can be made:

First, concubines in Zhao Mingcheng will soon be re-employed. On the occasion of the wedding, Zhao Mingcheng was neither in the mood nor financially capable of keeping concubines; When they first entered the official career, Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao were as close as honey, had no leisure, and their economic strength was not yet full; Screen in Qingzhou, get along with Li Qingzhao day and night, the move will be restrained, what's more, the status quo of offending the court seclusion does not allow him to have wild desires. The second time I entered the official career, the official gradually became bigger and the salary gradually became rich. In the absence of Li Qingzhao, Zhao Mingcheng raised several concubines at this time, which was not much in that society in the Song Dynasty.

Secondly, Zhao Mingcheng occasionally went to romantic places in his early years and probably kept several concubines all the time, which was a normal phenomenon recognized by the society at that time. Of course, Zhao Mingcheng's adoption behavior should have happened at the earliest after he became an official or when he was nearly 30 years old. Just, at that time, Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao were very much in love. Although he can't avoid customs and keep concubines, he doesn't pay attention to them, so Li Qingzhao doesn't care about other women around her husband. Until Zhao Mingcheng's second official career, Li Qingzhao basically monopolized her husband's feelings, with no sense of crisis and no complaints. When she came out as an official again in Zhao Mingcheng, Li Qingzhao waited at home. She is over 30 years old, and she is gradually approaching 40 years old. On the one hand, with the passage of time, Li Qingzhao has changed from a young woman to a middle-aged housewife, and the decline in age is inevitable; On the other hand, the long-term life of husband and wife makes all familiar emotions dull and blind, which should be a marriage process that many couples at all times and all over the world can experience. Once she left Li Qingzhao, Zhao Mingcheng was inevitably attracted by younger and more beautiful concubines or other women and left Li Qingzhao in the cold. There may be another important reason for Zhao Mingcheng's emotional change: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng are childless, that is, they have no children. In this regard, the Song people have recorded many times: Shi Hong's Postscript to the Record of Scholars said: "Zhao Jun has no heirs" (Volume 26 of Lishi), and Zhai Jian's "Volume 15 of Inscriptions on Ancient Artifacts in Zhao Mingcheng" said: "There are no children to be left behind, and every time I sigh." (History of Shu) Zhao Mingcheng has no children not only with Li Qingzhao, but also with other concubines. According to reasonable inference, the responsibility of "infertility" should fall on Zhao Mingcheng. However, in the feudal patriarchal society, male parents do not understand the problem in this way, but easily shift the responsibility to women. Zhao Mingcheng is estranged from Li Qingzhao, and the contradiction between husband and wife deepens, so it is entirely possible to transfer some feelings to other women. In addition, Zhao Mingcheng was an official abroad for several years, and the husband and wife separated. The distance between time and space increases the suspicion and suspicion of both husband and wife. Thus, the contradictions accumulated after marriage broke out for the first time. No matter what kind of situation, or a variety of factors at the same time, Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng have contradictions and resent their husbands, which is certain. Most women in feudal society, in Li Qingzhao's present position, would only obey her husband's arrangement, believing it was destiny takes a hand. Even if she was completely snubbed by her husband, she just endured it silently and spent the rest of her life in loneliness. Li Qingzhao is not like this, but clearly shows it.

Li Qingzhao's bitter words are related to her stubborn self-esteem and her deep love for Zhao Mingcheng. Married for nearly ten years, Zhao Mingcheng has always occupied a major position in her husband's heart. She has almost all her love for me, and I have given all my feelings to Zhao Mingcheng. At that time, even though Zhao Mingcheng had several concubines, Li Qingzhao didn't mind too much, because it didn't affect the emotional exchange between Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng, and the feelings between them. When Zhao Mingcheng came out to be an official for the second time, Li Qingzhao suddenly found that she was very upset. Her husband was distracted, and the women who followed her husband were all concubines younger than herself. Li Qingzhao is competitive everywhere, and it is painful to see herself falling behind others. For other women, marriage is intimate! "A few years later, if I still have most of my husband's feelings, I will be very satisfied. Even for contemporary women, I am afraid there are not a few people who are satisfied with this. It happened that Li Qingzhao was not satisfied. She always expected that she was her husband's only love. How much love you give, you want the same return. Time and tide wait for no man, years of childlessness and years of living alone make Li Qingzhao in a state of anxiety from time to time; The distance of space, the backwardness of communication means and the rare waiting for a message deepened Li Qingzhao's suspicion of Zhao Mingcheng. There may be some unpleasant accusations between husband and wife in correspondence. So Li Qingzhao left this time to reunite with Zhao Mingcheng, and she couldn't help worrying a lot. This unspeakable sadness is manifested in the yearning for the boudoir sisters. The deep-seated reason is the elusive mood of seeing her husband again. Otherwise, the sadness of leaving my sister in the boudoir will be completely drowned in the joy of meeting her husband again. In any office, facing the empty room, I was cold and cheerless, as if my previous doubts and worries had been confirmed, and Li Qingzhao's inner sadness turned into resentment and grumbling, "I don't think about my son", so I would only associate with "Mr. Wu's loophole".

Resolve the contradiction between husband and wife

Li Qingzhao's fate is still much better than that of most middle-aged housewives of that era. Zhao Mingcheng still has a deep affection for her, and the affinity between husband and wife has deepened, which cannot be completely eliminated by some trivial quarrels, suspicions and contradictions between husband and wife. Zhao Mingcheng's taking Li Qingzhao to any post is evidence of his feelings for his wife. Until Laizhou's term ended and he was transferred to Zizhou, the relationship between Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao was still very harmonious. There is Xing Village under Zizhou, and Xing Youjia, an elder in the village, was praised by Zhao Mingcheng as a "good literary talent". Zhao Mingcheng has no local governor, and has frequent contacts with Xing Youjia. On one occasion, Xing Youjia showed Zhao Mingcheng the Shurangama Sutra written by Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. Zhao Mingcheng, who was obsessed with ancient calligraphy and painting, was overjoyed. He said to himself, "I'm going to run home because I got on the horse." . It's already two drums, and I'm thirsty. I'm cooking a little dragon ball, and I'm ecstatic. When I saw the candles and postscript, I still didn't want to sleep, so I wrote a note. "(Miao Sunquan's Essays on Cave Clouds, Volume II)" Xi Jun "refers to his wife Li Qingzhao. Zhao Mingcheng was able to witness Bai Juyi's handwriting. In ecstasy, he rode home and enjoyed it with Li Qingzhao. Two people drinking tea, watching each other, two candles burned out, still unwilling to fall asleep. It can be seen that Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng have always been like-minded, promoting each other and caring for each other.

The discovery of other aspects in the relationship between Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng is the inevitable result of the in-depth study of ancient literature, but it must be scientific. This is a little feeling when writing this article.