The historical background of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms? urgent-------

Historical Background of the Three Kingdoms

Introduction to the Three Kingdoms Period

The Three Kingdoms is the title of the era that emerged after the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was formed due to the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu. Got its name. The Three Kingdoms began with the Wei Dynasty replacing the Han Dynasty in 220 AD, and finally the Jin Dynasty replaced the Wei Dynasty in 265 AD. However, historians often regard Dong Zhuo's departure from Luoyang in 190 AD as the upper limit of the Three Kingdoms, and the lower limit of the Three Kingdoms in 280 AD when Jin destroyed Wu.

The formation of the Three Kingdoms situation

In the sixth year of Zhongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 189), Emperor Ling died, and Liu Bian succeeded him as the Young Emperor. He Jin, the brother of the ruling Empress Dowager He, contacted Yuan Shao, one of the eight captains of Xiyuan, and killed the eunuch Jian Shuo who commanded the eight captains. Yuan Shao, He Jin and others conspired to kill all the eunuchs and summoned Dong Zhuo, the governor of the state, to Luoyang for reinforcements. When the eunuchs killed He Jin and Yuan Shao killed all the eunuchs, Dong Zhuo led his troops into Luoyang and took over the government. He deposed the young emperor and established Liu Xie as emperor, namely Emperor Xian of Han. Dong Zhuo's tyranny aroused opposition from Eastern Han courtiers and local pastors, leading to a large-scale civil war.

After Dong Zhuo entered Luo, Yuan Shao left for Jizhou. Qiao Mao, the prefect of Dongjun, pretended to be the Three Dukes of the Eastern Han Dynasty and asked the prefectures and counties to raise troops to attack Dong Zhuo. The prefectures and counties in Guandong responded one after another. They divided the key points of the garrison, elected Yuan Shao as the leader of the alliance, and attacked Dong Zhuo. In the first year of Chuping (AD 190), Dong Zhuo avoided the military front in Guandong and took Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty hostage to move west to Chang'an. The Kwantung Allied Forces were originally a ragtag group, cheating and subjugating each other, and soon fell apart. In the third year of Chuping, there was a mutiny in Chang'an, Dong Zhuo was killed, and chaos continued in Guanzhong.

After a fierce melee, by the first year of Jian'an (AD 196), many separatist regions had formed across the country: Yuan Shao occupied the three prefectures of Hebei, Qing, and Bing, Cao Cao occupied the two prefectures of Yan and Yu, and Han Sui , Ma Teng occupied Liangzhou, Gongsun Zan occupied Youzhou, Gongsundu occupied Liaodong, Tao Qian, Liu Bei, and Lu Bu successively occupied Xuzhou, Yuan Shu occupied the Huainan part of Yangzhou, Liu Biao occupied Jingzhou, Liu Zhang occupied Yizhou, and Sun Ce occupied the Jiangdong part of Yangzhou. Shi Xie occupied Jiaozhou. In addition, Zhang Lu used a Taoist organizational form to secure the Hanzhong area and set up sacrificial wine to govern the people. Among these separatists, the most powerful and active ones were Yuan Shao and Cao Cao.

After Dong Zhuo entered Luo, Cao Cao fled to Chenliu (now southeast of Kaifeng, Henan), gathered troops to resist, and became a branch of the Kwantung Allied Forces. He lured 300,000 Yellow Turban troops to surrender in Jibei (now south of Changqing, Shandong), selected their elites and organized them into Qingzhou soldiers; he also successively recruited some powerful landlords to arm themselves. In the first year of Jian'an, he moved Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty to Xu County (today's east of Xuchang, Henan Province), and gained the power to hold the emperor hostage in order to disobey his ministers; he also cultivated fields and accumulated grain to accumulate military supplies. In the fifth year of Jian'an, the armies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought in the Battle of Guandu. Cao Cao defeated the strong with the weak and annihilated the main force of Yuan's army. He also took advantage of the contradiction between Yuan Shao's two sons to capture Yuan's Yecheng, and successively occupied the four prefectures of Qing, Ji, You, and Bing. land, unified the Central Plains region. In the twelfth year of Jian'an, Cao's army came out of Lulongsai (now northwest of Zunhua, Hebei) and defeated the Wuhuan who invaded the north.

In the thirteenth year of Jian'an, Cao's army went south and captured Jingzhou where Liu Biao's son Liu Cong was based. Liu Bei, relying on Jingzhou, fled south. Lu Su in Jiangdong was ordered by Sun Quan to meet with Liu Bei to discuss countermeasures. Zhuge Liang was ordered by Liu Bei to form an alliance with Sun Quan in Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to resist Cao's army. The combined forces of Sun and Liu defeated the larger forces with less, and defeated Cao Jun's navy in Chibi (generally believed to be northwest of Puqi, Hubei Province, on the south bank of the Yangtze River), forcing Cao Jun to retreat to the Central Plains. This was the Battle of Chibi that led to the formation of the Three Kingdoms. After Cao Cao returned to the north, he used troops in Guanzhong and Longxi to expand the unified scope to the entire north.

In the 16th year of Jian'an, Liu Bei led his troops into Yizhou and gradually occupied the original territory of Liu Zhang (son of Liu Yan). In the twenty-fourth year, Liu Bei captured Hanzhong from Cao's army. Guan Yu, who was defending Jingzhou, also launched an attack on Cao's army. However, Sun Quan sent troops to attack Guan Yu, occupy most of Jingzhou, and maintain a stalemate with Liu Bei's army across the Three Gorges.

In the first month of the first year of Yankang of the Han Dynasty (AD 220), Cao Cao died; in October, his son Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor (ie Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei), the country was named Wei, and the capital was Luoyang. It was founded at the beginning of Huangchu. In 221 AD, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu (i.e. Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of the Han Dynasty). His country was named Han, and the world was called Shu, also known as Shu Han. Jianyuan Zhangwu. Sun Quan accepted the title of Wei State in 221 AD and was called King of Wu in Wuchang. In 222 AD, the Shu army came out of the gorge to stalemate with the Wu army in Yiling (now Yidu, Hubei Province). In the battle at Xiaoting, they were defeated by Wu general Lu Xun and returned to Shu. In 229 AD, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang (namely Sun Quan, the Great Emperor of Wu), and later moved the capital to Jianye (see Jiankang) to establish the Kingdom of Wu. Shortly after the Battle of Yiting, Shu and Wu restored their alliance and fought against Cao Wei.

Although there were still wars between the north and the south, sometimes on a relatively large scale, generally speaking, the forces were generally balanced, and the tripartite power had been maintained for more than forty years.

The territory of the Three Kingdoms generally includes Wei in the north, Shu in the southwest, and Wu in the southeast. Wei established the states of Si, Yu, Yan, Qing, Xu, Liang, Yong, Ji, You, Bing, Jing, and Yang. Among them, Liangzhou led Wuji Xiaowei to protect the Western Region; Youzhou reached Liaodong; the southern states were roughly connected to Shu and Wu respectively based on the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River. Shu established Yizhou, from the Qinling Mountains to Nanzhong (south of the Dadu River in present-day Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, so named because it was south of Ba and Shu). Wu has three states: Yang, Jing and Jiao. Among the household registrations of the Three Kingdoms, Wei has more than 660,000 households and a population of more than 4.4 million; Shu has 280,000 households, a population of 940,000, 40,000 officials, and more than 100,000 soldiers; Wu has 520,000 households There are more than 2.3 million people, more than 30,000 officials, and 230,000 soldiers.

Answer: yttbk - Probation period level 5-22 21:56

Three Kingdoms (220-280 years in a narrow sense, 184 years, 190 years or 208-280 years in a broad sense) ) is a period in Chinese history with three kingdoms: Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Sun Wu. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the wars between the Three Kingdoms continued, which caused the population to decline and the economy to suffer. All three countries attached great importance to economic development. Due to war needs, various technologies have developed greatly.

Time scholars at the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period have different opinions, which are generally divided into narrow and broad senses. In a narrow sense, in 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty to abdicate and founded the Cao Wei Dynasty, which led to the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Generally speaking, it is generally believed that the Yellow Turban Rebellion of the Eastern Han Dynasty began in 184. This originated from the state pastoral system established by Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty to resolve the Yellow Turban Rebellion. This system led to local separatism and the division of the world. Other views include: It started in 190 when Dong Zhuo left Luoyang with Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, when the Eastern Han Dynasty had collapsed; it started after the Battle of Chibi in 208, when the prototype of the Three Kingdoms was formed. Historians pay more attention to the formation and process of the Three Kingdoms. Since 184, the Eastern Han Dynasty has begun to lose the political entity and the heroes have separated themselves. The prototype of the Three Kingdoms was formed until the Wei Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the period from 184 to 220 is often included in the Three Kingdoms period for discussion. .

The Three Kingdoms period was full of talented people, and later generations often remember the influential figures at that time. A large number of Three Kingdoms contents appear in Tang and Song poetry. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the deeds of the Three Kingdoms became more popular and became a common topic in drama and folk art and literature. Luo Guanzhong in the Ming Dynasty used this period of history as a blueprint to compile the historical novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which became one of China's four great classics. Its rich and colorful historical connotations have also spread to Asia and other parts of the world, influencing these regions. "Three Kingdoms" written by Chen Shou in the Jin Dynasty was later annotated and quoted by Pei Songzhi, which is of great reference value. To this day, the famous figures and events of the Three Kingdoms are still familiar and have become one of the themes of TV, movies or games.