Knowledge of classical Chinese grammar about Chinese language

Morpheme

Definition: The smallest phonetic-semantic combination in the Chinese language.

Classification: (1) Monosyllabic morphemes: such as: mountains, water, lamps (expressing a complete meaning independently)

(2) Bisyllabic morphemes: one is a legacy from ancient times The continuous words, such as: dragonfly, pipa, (cannot express the complete meaning when taken apart); the other is transliterated foreign words, such as: tank, sofa, jeep (cannot express the complete meaning, or expression, if taken apart) The meaning is inconsistent with the meaning of the word itself)

(3) Multi-syllabic morphemes: such as potato; mostly transliterated foreign words, such as: amoxicillin, Constantinople

Exercise:

Thinking: Is a Chinese character a morpheme? Give an example

Thinking: Are two Chinese characters definitely two morphemes? Examples

Chinese characters

Definition: Also known as Chinese characters, Chinese characters, and national characters, it is a type of writing widely used in the Chinese character culture circle and is a morpheme-syllabic writing of ideograms. It is the basic unit of writing and is said to have been created by Cangjie.

The evolution of Chinese characters: Its use began in the Shang Dynasty, and has gone through oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, large seal scripts, small seal scripts, Wei stele, Song style, imitation Song style, official script, regular script, running script, cursive script, Kuangcao, Xingkai, Xingcao, etc. Book style changes.

Classification of Chinese characters: Chinese characters can be divided into six types according to their formation methods, namely six books.

The Six Books are the basic principles of Chinese character construction. The Six Books are mentioned in "Zhou Rites", but the specific contents are not explained. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen elaborated on the structural principles of the "Six Books" in "Shuowen Jiezi": pictograms, referents, understandings, pictophonetics, transfers, and borrowings.

Pictogram: This method of making characters is to depict the object according to its appearance characteristics. This is the so-called "draw the object and follow the body to interpret it".

The four characters such as sun, moon, mountain, and water were first used to depict patterns of the sun, moon, mountain, and water, and later gradually evolved into the current shape. Melon is a pictographic character. In the word "gua", the two left strokes represent the vine, the vertical hook in the middle represents the melon, and the 捺 represents the leaf. "The collective name for Cucurbitaceae plants" is the original meaning of "melon". "Shaped like a melon". In real life, there are many things that are like a melon. For example, a "melon-skin hat" is a type of hat; a "melon-skin boat" is a type of boat. "Like cutting a melon", the fate of the melon is to be cut, and this meaning is derived from this. People use "carve up" to mean division or distribution. It also refers to the alliance of several powerful countries to divide the land of weak or underdeveloped countries. "Fool" means not smart. This word comes from the ancient "Guazi tribe". People surnamed Jiang who lived in Guazhou (Dunhuang, Gansu) during the Spring and Autumn Period were called the "Guazi tribe". They were very hard-working and would always be employed when they were hired. They work non-stop, but some people regard their honest custom as "stupid", so they become "fools".

Referring to things: This refers to the method of expressing abstract things, using symbolic symbols, or adding symbols to hieroglyphics to represent a certain word. The so-called "everyone refers to his own thing and thinks so" is the same. For example, people write "upper" on it, "lower" or "blade" below it. Adding a point on the edge of the knife means that it is the sharpest here, which is the edge of the knife, etc.

Phonetic: a specific shape (root) in a text represents a unique sound. For example Hu. This character can also be a root. Combined with different attribute roots, it can be synthesized into: Butterfly, Butterfly, Lake, Gourd, Hu, Hu, etc., and with the same pronunciation (some only have the same initial consonant), they express different meanings. thing. Phonograms are the most common way to create characters and charm in Chinese characters. Arrogance means "stinky", "rich" means people with land, "poor" means working with "strength", and the traditional form of "mean" is "mean", the two on the right "Ge", fighting for money, is naturally "cheap".

There are three combinations of the phonetic and phonetic characters:

Left phonetic and right phonetic: finger, poem, estimate, case

Left phonetic and right phonetic : save, apologize, sword, qin

Upper form and lower sound: empty, dew, flower, brand

Upper sound and lower form: Yu, goods, marriage, base

Inner shape and outer sound: hearing, asking, dull, flap, braid, debate

Inner sound and outer shape: garden, store, disease, heart, pavilion, box

Sound account Yijiao: felt, far, escape, logic

Xing occupies one corner:

Some pictophonetic characters, with the reform of Chinese characters, the pronunciation of the phonetic part has changed, and they no longer have the pronunciation. It works. If you read more than half of it, you will be a joke. Now "scholars can read half of the characters" has become a satire on the "scholars" who read the wrong characters.

Knowing: This method of character creation is to use two or more characters to form a character and combine the meanings of these characters into one meaning.

For example, when "sun" and "moon" are combined, sunlight plus moonlight becomes "bright". The word "人" and the word "言" are combined into the word "信", which means that a person is faithful to what he has said in the past, that is, this person abides by what he has said. "Xiu", "人" and "木" are combined together to form a A person leaning against a tree means resting.

Some ideographic characters are formed by overlapping two or several identical characters. Those with two overlapping characters are mostly left and right side-by-side structures, while those with three overlapping characters are mostly tower-shaped upper and lower structures, which look like stacked arhats in gymnastics. For example, three "people" form "zhong"; three "fire" form "焱"; three "wood" form "sen"; three "日" form "jing"; three "zhi" form "chu" ;Three "水" form "Miao"; three "口" form "PIN", etc.

Because the glyphs of ideographic characters have changed so much, their etymological origins are no longer visible. For example, why is there a crooked mountain next to the character for "woman"? The correct etymological analysis can only be seen from the traditional Chinese character "女". The word "女" on the left side of the word "女" refers to women, and the word "broom" next to the word "女" means broom. Together, it means women working at home with a broom. "Women, brooms are for women" and "power, fields are for men" are in line with the social situation at that time of "women inside and men outside" and "men farming and women weaving". There are quite a lot of these characters whose origins are not easy to see, and they are called "broken-style characters". "She" is a personal pronoun commonly used in modern Chinese, specifically referring to the female third party. This word did not exist in ancient my country, and it only appeared in the 1820s.

Annotation: This is used when two words are annotations for each other. They are synonymous with each other but have different shapes. Xu Shen in the Han Dynasty explained: "To build a similar poem, we agree to accept each other, and it is always the same thing." How do you say this? These two words, "kao" in ancient times, can be used as "longevity". "Lao" and "kao" are connected and have the same meaning. That is to say, the old person is Kao, and the person who is Kao is old. "The Book of Songs, Daya? Pu" also says: "The longevity test of the king of Zhou".

Borrowing: In short, this method is to borrow a word to express something else. Generally speaking, if there is a new thing that cannot be described, a root with similar pronunciation or similar attributes is used to express the new thing. For example, "you" originally meant the right hand (first seen in oracle bone inscriptions), but was later borrowed to mean "also". Another example is "smell", which originally means to listen with ears. In "The Great Learning", there is "turn a blind eye without seeing, hear without hearing, eat without knowing the taste", which was later borrowed as a verb for smell.

Summarize the above six books - the first two items are "methods of creating characters"; the middle two items are "methods of forming characters"; the last two items are "methods of using characters". All in all, the above principles are philological theories summarized by the collective efforts of ancient philology scholars. The Chinese character composition rules contained in them are not created by one person. They are evolved over a long period of time during people's use and are the crystallization of collective wisdom from generation to generation< /p>

Word

1. Definition: A word is the smallest sentence unit composed of morphemes.

2. Classification:

(1) From the perspective of composition, it can be divided into:

①Simple word: a word composed of one morpheme, free Monosyllabic morphemes and all disyllabic and multi-syllable morphemes can form simple words. Such as: mountain, water, sky, earth, people, there, soil, red, together; as if, vast, centipede, glass, jagged, wasted; dichlorvos, aspirin, saxophone, microphone, etc.

② Compound word: a word composed of two or more morphemes.

From the perspective of parts of speech, it can be divided into:

①Content words, words with actual meaning, including:

. Noun: a word that expresses the name of a person or thing .

Nouns for people: such as students, masses, old men, women, comrades, uncles, Uighurs, drunkards, etc.;

Nouns for things: such as pen, fir, snail, cheetah, Otto, baseball, fighter jets, Pluto, thought, middle school, physics, process, etc.;

There are time nouns: such as morning, past, future, midnight, third watch, A and W, century, etc.;

Nouns with orientation: such as southeast, above, front, inside, middle, etc.

. Verb: a word that expresses action, behavior and development.

There are action verbs: such as running, singing, drinking, knocking, shouting, staring, kicking, smelling, listening, and touching;

There are development verbs: such as growing, withering, sprouting, Result, lay eggs;

There are psychological verbs: such as like, hate, anger, feel, think, disgust;

There are existential verbs: such as disappear, appear, have, lose, Disillusionment;

There are command verbs: such as make, let, order, prohibit, and command;

There are willing verbs: such as will, willing, can, able, and rather;

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There are verbs of tendency: Tathagata, Go, Up, Down;

There are verbs of judgment: Tathagata, for, and nai.

. Adjectives are words that express the nature and appearance characteristics of things.

Things with appearance: such as big, tall, fat, flat, thin, strong;

Things with appearance: such as sweet, good, fragrant, beautiful, smooth, witty, Monotone;

Some express state: such as fast, thick, full, much, quickly and quietly.

. Numerals are words that express the number of things.

There are definite numbers: such as 1, 2, 3, one, two, three, one, two, three, one-half, 3.45; there are approximate numbers: such as a few, some, left and right, below, Remaining; ordinal numbers: such as first, second, oldest, third oldest, ninth day, tenth day.

.Quantifier represents the unit of things or actions.

Nominal quantifiers: such as feet, inches, miles, kilometers, kilograms, liang, cars, jiao, yuan;

Various quantifiers: such as bar, times, trips, xia, hui , sound, feet, building, seat.

) Pronouns are words that can replace the names of things.

Personal pronouns: such as me, you, it, them, everyone, us;

Interrogative pronouns: such as who, what, how, where, why, how;

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There are demonstrative pronouns: this, that, there, over there.

②Function words, words without real meaning. Including:

Adverbs are words that modify or limit verbs or adjectives, and express degree or scope.

There are adverbs of degree: such as very, extremely, extremely, too, too much, etc.;

There are adverbs of time: such as already, just, only, will, and so on;

There are scope adverbs: such as all, all, total, only, only, etc.;

There are modal adverbs: such as exactly, as expected, just right, still, completely, quietly, etc.;

There are modal adverbs: such as quanbao, indeed, no, no, qi, can, especially, even, absolutely, etc.; there are repetitive adverbs: such as again, again, still, still, etc.

2) Prepositions are words used before nouns, pronouns or noun phrases, and together they represent directions, objects, etc. Such as: from, to, in, when, to, to, with, for, to, compared to, with, by, due to, apart from, etc.

3). Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases or sentences. Such as and, with, with, not only, but also, as long as, and, with it, still and so on.

4). A particle is a special function word that is attached to the back of other words, has poor independence, and has no real meaning. In Chinese

There are structural particles: Ru De, Di, De, Suo, etc.;

There are dynamic particles: Ru Zhu, Le, Guo, etc.;

There are Mood particles: such as what, bar, what, yo, mile, ah, what, etc.

5). Interjections are words that express exclamation or call for agreement. Such as ah, hey, oh, oh, hum, bah, ah, ah, etc.

6) Onomatopoeia, words that simulate the sounds of things.

Such as whizzing, booming, pattering, thumping, crackling, whizzing, ticking, oooh, booming, meowing, chirping, chirping, snapping, etc.

③The phenomenon of multiple meanings and multiple uses of a word in Chinese. Such as (1. Why does he (personal pronoun) (interrogative pronoun) return (modal adverb) or not (modal adverb) come (action verb) (interjection)? (2. Next time (quantifier) ??I (personal pronoun) return ( Repeat adverb) come. (3. Have (present verb) borrow (action verb) have (present verb) return (action verb), and then (repetition adverb) borrow (action verb) not (modal adverb) difficult (adjective) .

[Instant Practice] 1. Determine which of the following words are content words? Tell them their specific parts of speech:

1)

Words that express laughter:

Laugh with laughter, laugh with joy, smile with joy, smile with joy

laugh with joy and smile with joy

2) Expression Angry words

Fussy, furious, furious, furious

3) Words to express happiness:

Blissful, happy, ecstatic, smiling

4) Words expressing sadness:

Downcast, depressed, foggy, full of sorrow, full of worries, full of sorrow

Sorrowful, full of knots, sorrowful of heartache

Sorrowful, broken intestines, nine broken ileums Nine turns of the ileum

A hundred sorrows are in my heart, my mind is full of worries, my mood is gloomy and worried, my heart is full of worries

My worries are like frying, my mood is full of sorrow, I am worried that I can’t eat, my intestines are full of twists and turns

I don’t think about food and tea. Tears in the belly, frowning, sad, sad

Sad, sad, sad, sad

Phrases (phrases)

Definition of phrases: Words are combined to form a phrase.

2. Types of phrases: There are two ways of forming phrases from words, either according to a certain word order, or by relying on the connection of function words. From the structural relationship point of view, phrases can be divided into subject-predicate phrases, partial phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, parallel phrases, preposition-object phrases, verb phrases, etc. These types are mainly introduced below.

(1) Subject-predicate phrase

A subject-predicate phrase is a phrase composed of words that express the relationship between the statement and the statement. For example:

The wild geese return, they are stubborn by nature, the dewdrops are crystal clear, and the awareness improves the liberation of the mind

The sun is shining, the mood is good, today is Wednesday, tomorrow is National Day

(2) Positive phrases

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A partial phrase is a phrase composed of a noun, verb or adjective and a modifying component in front of them. It is used to express time, direction, place, object, etc. Such as:

My mother’s bright pearls move forward slowly and think independently

Very elegant, the land of the motherland, a camellia is beautiful

(3) Verb-object phrase

A verb-object phrase is a phrase composed of a verb and the following components controlled by the verb. The component governed by the verb is the object.

Such as:

Open up a smile, enlighten the heart, revere nature, destroy the enemy, put down the burden

Leave it behind, develop production, fight, deceive trust, and restore calm

Love liveliness, be determined, and have humor Sense

(4) Verb-complement phrases

Verb-complement phrases are phrases composed of verbs, adjectives and subsequent components that serve as supplementary explanations. The component that plays a complementary role is a complement. There are two types: verb + supplement and adjective + supplement. For example, the first group below is verb + supplement, and the second group is adjective + supplement:

The first group: look at it carefully, go there, pick it up and rest for a while

The second group: Group: so red, so purple, so hot, so hot, so high, so anxious, so anxious

The structural particle "get" is a sign of complements, such as: run fast, walk quickly, be clever, be very clever Not breathable.

Pay attention to the difference between "verb + complement" and verb-object phrases: "verb + complement" can answer "how you did it" or "how long you did it", while verb-object phrases can only answer "what you did" , "bin" is the "moving" object.

For example: Eat enough (how well you eat, "full" supplements the degree of eating - dynamic tonic phrase)

Wash clean (how well you wash, "clean" supplements the explanation of washing The result of - verb-complementary phrase)

Eat (what to eat, "rice" is the object of "eat" - verb-object phrase)

Wash clothes (what to wash, "clothes" " is the object of "washing" - verb-object phrase)

(5) Parallel phrases

Parallel phrases are phrases composed of two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives in parallel. , there is an equal combination between words, and there is no distinction between priority and importance. Such as

Newspapers and magazines, reform and opening up, observation and research on absurd and funny culture and education

Today or tomorrow will be brilliant, I and him will be everywhere for generations to come

Factory, countryside, spring, summer, In autumn and winter, men, women, old and young get close to literature and love literature

(6) Prepositional phrases

Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition followed by an object (usually a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase) to act as a phrase composed of. For example:

To serve the people (to serve) To the masses (to speak) From now on (from) About classroom discipline issues

To (handle) according to regulations Push the door (to open) When dawn comes Time

Chinese sentence components:

1. Definition: The components of a sentence are called sentence components. In a sentence, there are certain combination relationships between words. According to different relationships, the sentence can be divided into different components. Sentence components are served by words or phrases. Chinese: There are six general sentence components in modern Chinese, namely subject, predicate, object, attributive, adverbial and complement.

Subject

1. Definition: The subject is the object of the sentence statement, indicating who or what. Indicates "who" or "what" the sentence is about. The subject is the subject who performs the behavior or action of the sentence 2. Characteristics: A. It is often played by nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases. B. Generally indicates "who" or "what" the predicate is talking about. 3. Symbol: double line ═.

Predicate

1. Definition: Used to describe the subject of a statement.

2. Characteristics: A. Often used as verbs and adjectives. B. Generally expresses the subject "how" or "what".

3. Symbol: single line _____.

4. Predicate is an essential component in a sentence. Predicate is composed of simple verb or verb phrase (auxiliary verb or modal verb + main verb). Predicate is divided into simple predicate and compound Predicate

Object

1. Definition: A linguistic unit that represents the object involved in the predicate verb.

2. Characteristics: A. Often used as nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases. B. Generally expresses the predicate "how" or "what".

3. Symbol: wavy line ﹏﹏.

4. All voluntary verbs, such as "hope, think, can, say", are generally treated as objects.

Attributive

1. Definition: A language unit used in front of the subject and object to modify and restrict. 2. Characteristics: A. Often used as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and pronouns. B. Generally, the attributive and the central word are connected by the word "的". 3. Symbol: parentheses ( ).

Adverbial

Definition: A language unit used before verbs and adjective predicates to modify and restrict.

Characteristics: A. Often used as adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns and locative words expressing place and time. B. The general adverbial and the central word are connected by the word "地".

Symbol: square brackets [ ].

Complement

1. Definition: The additional component after the predicate, which supplements the predicate and answers "how", "how long", "how much" (time, place, result) and other problems.

2. Characteristics: A. Often used as verbs, adjectives and adverbs. B. Generally, the complement and the head word are connected by the word "de".

3. Symbol: single book title 〈 〉. Generally, the arrangement of the complete sentence components is: Attributive (modifies the subject) Subject Adverbial Predicate Complement Attributive (modifies the object) Object Sentence component symbols: Subject = Predicate - Object ~ Attributive ( ) Adverbial [ ] Complement < >

Rhyme

Subject, predicate, object, definite form complement. The trunk, branches and leaves are clearly separated. The main component, subject, predicate, object, branch and leaf components, the definite form complement, the attributive must be in front of the subject and object. The trunk, branches and leaves are clearly separated. The attributive must come before the subject and object, and the predicate is preceded by the predicate and the predicate is supplemented by the predicate. Adverbials sometimes precede the subject and are separated by commas.