What other folk cultures are there in Guanzhong? Please introduce it in detail.

Let's introduce it from five aspects: Guanzhong Festival Shehuo, Guanzhong Temple Fair, Guanzhong Cuisine, Guanzhong Oral Culture and Guanzhong Folk Craft.

Festivals and social fires in Guanzhong area

Guanzhong social fire is simple and generous, rich and colorful, with various categories and broad spirit. The performance of social fire is different during the day and at night, and so are the plains and mountains. Generally speaking, there are two types: social fires in Gao Tai and local social fires. There are stilts, core, horse fire (including cow fire), car fire, mountain fire, blood fire and so on. There are lions, dragon lanterns, bamboo horses, dry boats, ground wanderers, back fires, fire accidents, big-head monk dance dance drama Liu Cui, carts, pulling donkeys and so on. In addition, there are some special artistic categories, such as "playing crooked officials", "He", "Master Niu", "Playing lazy girls", "Matching boards", "Ancient warships", "Celadon boats" and "Fighting between bulls and tigers". Social fire is inseparable from gongs and drums. In some places, beating gongs and drums alone is also a kind of performance, such as the "gongs and drums" in Heyang and the gongs and drums competition in folk temple fairs.

Guanzhong temple fair

The sources of Guanzhong Temple Fair mainly include the following aspects:

1. Heritage of primitive beliefs and totem worship. Such as mountain gods, land, ox king, horse king, water god, dragon king, Tai Sui, tree god, tiger master and fox fairy.

2. The development of ancestor worship. Such as Nu Wa, Huangdi, Yan Di, Jiangyuan, Hou Ji, King Wen, Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong.

3. Deification of historical figures. Such as Ziya Temple, Wuhou Temple, Guandi Temple, Zhangye Temple, Zixu Temple, Fusu Temple and Chenghuang Temple. Most of the city gods in various counties have been transformed into historical figures. Huxian county has the saying that "three city gods make Huxian county", and one of the city gods is Ji Xin, a general of the Han Dynasty. Even a small god like Master Si Su, who reported quickly in the Town God Temple in Fengxiang, was deified only after the death of a famous minister with a clean surname. In this area, Su Ye's influence is very great, even surpassing the city god.

4. Belief of industry founders. Such as Saint Cang Xie, immortal teacher Lu Ban, imperial doctor Hua Tuo, drug king Sun Simiao, Brewmaster Du Kang, the originator of Liyuan, Tang Xuanzong, etc.

5. Taoist immortals. Shaanxi is one of the birthplaces of early folk Taoism. There are the Louguantai where Laozi gives lectures, the Longmen Cave where Changchun people cultivate themselves in early autumn, the Jintai Temple where Zhang Sanfeng is active, and the Eight Immortals Temple, the sacred place of the Eight Immortals. Wang Zhongyang, the founder of Quanzhen religion, is from Xianyang. His disciple Quanzhen Qizi is active in Guanzhong. Besides Qiu Changchun, there is also a Hao Datong who is the founder of Huashan Sect of Quanzhen religion. When Louguantai was in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were 10,000 Taoist priests, forming a famous Louguantai school. In the Tang Dynasty, the ruling class worshipped Taoism, and Li's surname worshipped Laozi greatly, especially Taoism. Emma Wu Zetian, the first female emperor in China, was once cited as a Taoist, and there were many princesses immortal by Taoism.

6. Buddhist gods. Xuanzang became famous in ancient India, and also prospered the Buddhist culture in China. Even the Buddhist bones are treasured in Famen Temple, which helps the wind, and the "Yanta Morning Bell" has become one of the eight scenic spots in Chang 'an. Such as Buddha, Bodhisattva, King Kong, Wei Tuo and Eighteen Arhats. So far, many famous temples are well preserved, and even Tibetan Buddhism Lamaism has the largest temple in the ancient capital Xi 'an. Old people in rural areas regard chanting "Amitabha" as a popular aphorism to persuade good and guard against evil, which is widely spread among the people through classics and songs.

In the past, temple fairs were large in scale and even developed across counties and provinces. Although many contemporary temple fairs have become cultural entertainment and material exchange meetings, they are still named after temple fairs. For example, the temple fair in Grain Rain, Cang Xie, even the agreed date has not changed. Famous temple fairs, such as Yaoshan Temple Fair, Lishan Mother Temple Fair, Huashan Temple Fair, Big Wild Goose Pagoda Temple Fair, Taibai Temple Fair, Tiantai Temple Fair, Longmendong Temple Fair, Diaoyutai Temple Fair, Zhougong Temple Fair, Louguantai Temple Fair, Nanwutai Temple Fair, Wang Yao Temple Fair, Wuhou Temple Fair, etc. Others, such as Master Temple Fair, Huatuo Temple Fair, Jade Master Temple Fair, City God Temple Fair and Giant Buddha Temple Fair, are hard to count.

Guanzhong catering

The general diet includes tea, wine, rice, vegetables, soup and fruit.

Tea has a long folk tradition in the daily drinks of Guanzhong people. As the saying goes, "seven things to open the door: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea." Visitors must have cigarettes, wine and tea. Tea rice, tea rice, it is often said in the rural areas of Guanzhong that "whoever has good tea rice will have bad tea rice." Tea and Guanzhong people's diet are closely related to this. Although Guanzhong does not produce tea, it is common for people to drink tea, both in urban and rural areas. In addition to brewing and drinking, there is also a pot of tea in Xifu Mountain area, which belongs to the Qiang people's legacy. According to folklore, tea was discovered by Shennong when he tasted a hundred herbs. This Shennong was born with a crystal belly, bright, and his liver and heart can be clearly seen. He is the ancestor of human farming and the earliest inventor of Chinese medicine. "Shennong distinguishes doctors, and Tiandi Chemical Counselor." Once, he tasted a small green leaf, which was sharp and tender. When this leaf goes down, I can only see it scouring from top to bottom and from bottom to top in my stomach, wiping all parts of my stomach clean and refreshing. Just like up and down inspection, Shennong called it "check". Later people called it white and called it "tea". Shennong tasted a hundred herbs and was poisoned every day, so he used tea to detoxify. Later, I accidentally ate the money grass, and before I had time to eat tea, my stomachs broke and died one by one.

Wine is one of the earliest drinks invented by our ancestors. Guanzhong people can't live without wine in their daily customs. There are many kinds of wine and many stories about it. The legend of famous wine, filled with refreshing fragrance, spread all over the world. Baishui County is Du Kangshi's hometown, and there is a legend of Du Kang's drunken Liu Ling. Xifeng liquor, a national famous wine, is known as the "drunken bee butterfly". Today, Xifeng, Du Kang, Taibai, Chenggu Tequ, Xi 'an Liquor, Schisandra chinensis, wine, black rice wine, Huang Gui thick wine and yellow wine are popular in markets and rural towns. Among them, Huang Gui thick wine, which enjoys an international reputation, was well-known as early as the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai, a poet of "Hundred Poems of Fighting Wine", and his drinking buddy "Eight Immortals in Wine" often go to Chang 'an Hotel to drink Huang Gui thick wine and write poems and papers. Since ancient times, wine has always been indispensable in Guanzhong people's etiquette, festivals, sacrifices, marriage and social activities. When people talk about wine, the most easily overlooked thing is yellow wine. Yellow rice wine is not only a drink, but also a good seasoning and medicine, so Guanzhong people are also called "cooking wine". The famous wine in yellow rice wine is xie cun wine from Yangxian County, southern Shaanxi Province.

Shaanxi famous dishes have a long history and a wide variety. China Cooking Book (Shaanxi Volume) lists 20 1 species. Therefore, it is known as "Chang 'an Cuisine, China Ancient Cuisine". Shaanxi cuisine is represented by Guanzhong cuisine. Taking pork and mutton as the main raw material, it has the characteristics of heavy taste, rich aroma, fat, sour and spicy, and its unique style is single raw material and pure taste. Traditional dishes include elbow, cucurbit chicken, stewed tremella with Lycium barbarum, shredded pork skin (pigskin, chicken skin and jellyfish skin), boiled fish in milk soup, crispy mushrooms, shredded squid, stewed three fresh vegetables and Phnom Penh cabbage. Soups include spinach tofu soup, hot and sour pork belly soup, golden needle ear soup, shredded pork soup, shredded chicken soup and egg soup. The world's first bowl of mutton bread in soup is popularized in meals. In recent years, the combination of food and rice has also developed "Imitation Tang Banquet", "Chang 'an Eight Scenes Banquet", "Dumpling Banquet", "Soup Bag Banquet" and "Mutton Paomo Banquet". Xi is the snack kingdom of China. Beef and mutton breast, rice noodles, fried cakes, golden silk oil tower, Huang Gui persimmon cakes and Qishan whistle noodles are all well-known time-honored foods. Adapting to the western development, Guanzhong cuisine is still innovating.

When it comes to diet, it is inseparable from dried and fresh fruits. Pomegranate and Huojing persimmon in Lintong were first popularized in Guanzhong area. Others such as Guanzhong Red Star, Binxian Golden Jujube, Sanyuan Jixin Yellow Persimmon, Fuping Lizhuang Hulao, hua county Strawberry, Tongzhou Watermelon, Zhouzhi Kiwi Fruit and Dali Peanut are all famous traditional fruits in history.

Guanzhong oral culture

Guanzhong has a long history, profound cultural accumulation, extremely rich oral culture, and extremely rich songs, proverbs and stories. Let's take a single story as an example to briefly explain it. The oral stories of the people in Guanzhong area are relatively complete, selected from China Folk Tales Integration? From Shaanxi Tales Volume II, there are six groups: myths, legends of people, local legends, customs legends, fantasy stories and life stories. At the same time, there are a certain number of animal and plant legends, local legends, animal stories, humorous character stories, fables and jokes. The main body is prominent and the structure is symmetrical, which embodies the unique personality of Guanzhong folk culture.

Although there are various folk stories circulating in southern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi to varying degrees, they all have their own merits. Relatively speaking, Guanzhong Plain is rich in myths due to its profound primitive culture, which naturally forms the radiation center of myth circulation. More than 900 primitive cultural sites of Paleolithic and Neolithic Age have been discovered in the whole province, among which "Lantian Ape Man", "Jiangzhai Site" and "Banpo Civilization", which occupy a very prominent position in the archaeological history of China, are all in the hinterland of Qinchuan. Although the myth that followed has experienced the process of historicization, religiousization and secularization of class society, the myth that retains the core of primitive culture still has more circulation. In ancient mythology, the hometown of Nu Wa, Huang Di, Jiang Yuan and Hou Ji are all here, and the activities of breaking mountains, creating characters day by day and carving dragon gates by Yu are also here. As the saying goes, "Pangu created the world, and three emperors and five emperors came to this day." The Three Emperors and Five Emperors have long been history. However, Pangu still retains its original form among Guanzhong people. The story of creation is different from the philosophical abstract records in the May 3rd Calendar and the May 5th Calendar, and still retains the heroic image of an ancient pioneer. In the old days, there was a community fire in Guanzhong. Pangu was dressed as a long-lived old man riding on an old cow in sheep's clothing, with a ball in one hand and an axe in the other. This is a vivid explanation of creating the world. The myth that the rooster crows the sun is very common among ethnic minorities. In the past, people always thought that it belonged to the inherent cultural concept of southern minorities. But in Guanzhong, people think this chicken is located in Baoji, Xiqin. So far, a pair of tall iron chickens stand on the top of Qinling Mountain in Baoji City. Huangdi, the "ancestor of mankind", has been circulated among the people for a long time as a primitive myth because of its historicization and immortality. After the wind and his compass still have great influence among the people. Most myths about the origin of plants are related to Yan Di Shennong and Hou Ji, but they are just like the origin of soybeans, wheat and peaches? Shoutao? These representative works, such as kiwifruit and Shennong apricot, have already become legends. As the sun god, the god of agriculture and the god of medicine, Yan Di Shennong is believed to have been born in Jiangcheng Castle on the outskirts of Baoji, leaving many scenic spots and legends about him in Tiantai Mountain. In Jinjiang Castle and Tiantai Mountain, there are grand temple fairs to commemorate this "tauren" human ancestor. The myth of flood and human reproduction has the greatest influence in Guanzhong. It is the story of Nu Wa's marriage with Fuxi's brother and sister, which has its original cultural background. In particular, Nu Wa created people around Lintong, forming a series of legends and rich folk customs. In China, there has been a legacy of "wearing the sky" since ancient times, but it is still passed down as a folk custom. The masses say that the 20th day of the first month is "mending the sky and the land".

. On this day, some places spread steamed cakes and some places spread pancakes. Before eating, one piece is covered on the seepage well (or water) and the other piece is thrown on the roof, which is called "mending the sky and the ground". Especially the rural old lady with very pious psychology. Expanded to a larger scale, "steamed cakes" and "pancakes" have become one of the unique foods of Guanzhong people in summer. In ancient mythology, her spread and influence are unparalleled. Lintong people once proudly said: "Mount Li is not Zhoushan, but Nu Wa Niangniang came from here. She came to make up the sky and make man." For a long time, Lao Mu Li Shan and Notre Dame Jiangyuan have formed an old grandmother and a godsend in the east and west of Guanzhong, and the temple fairs in both places have the remains of ancient sorghum. These myths provide valuable cultural historical materials for the mutual influence and integration of North and South cultures. Myths such as White Day, Yu Chisel the Dragon Gate, and A Genie Break the Mountain all have obvious remains. Huashan Mountain left the fairy palm and footprints of a child prodigy, and the Japanese sacrifice transformed Taolin into an ancient Tongguan area, which cut through the Longmen of Hancheng. The plots of these oral works are different from those recorded in ancient books and exude attractive local flavor. The myth of creation exists among all ethnic groups, and the word Saint Cang Xie is recognized in the vast Han areas of China. The legend in Cang Xie is that Baishui people in Shaanxi have tombs and shrines. A series of works by Cang Xie are circulating in Baishui, the most representative of which is Cang Xie Jujube. The common people have become the greatest gods in the local people's beliefs, and have formed a strong cultural atmosphere and folk customs under certain norms.

Myth is an ancient memory left in people's minds. Because the time is too long, it will naturally flood. Legends are different. Because they lead to literature at one end and history at the other, they complement each other with historical classics and have strong vitality. And with the pace of historical development, new legends are still emerging. If the ancient Chinese civilization is a legendary country, then Guanzhong has a long history and culture, and the richness of its legends and stories has reached an alarming level. There is its shadow in myth, its blood in history, its seeds in science, its image in geographical features and its footprint in the pace of human social and cultural progress. Among many kinds of legends, the legends of historical figures occupy a dominant position. Because of the large number of people, the people are used to telling people's stories. It seems that it is difficult to separate independent historical legends from historical figures and major historical events, and often a series of legendary stories are formed. Among them, the legends of emperors and generals, sages and honest officials, military commanders and literati and famous doctors are the most in Guanzhong. Because the imperial capital is in Guanzhong, the ancient tomb is in Guanzhong, and many people's hometown is also in Guanzhong. For example, the legends of Wu and Zong Songzu in Qin and Han Dynasties are mostly centered on Xi 'an and Xianyang in Guanzhong, and the people gave positive comments on Ming Di's generation such as "the first wife is the second mother, the Chinese Emperor" and "Emperor Taizong admits mistakes and respects morality" with simple historical materialism. Many emperors' empresses with different merits and demerits and different birth experiences have also been portrayed in many aspects. Some excellent legends fill the gaps in the history books. The legend of Jiang Ziya took root in Xiqiao and spread all over the world through the romance of ghosts and gods. With his fishing in the Diaoyutai of Panxi, there are temples and temples with a long history. Liu Yinshu, a native of Hancheng, was a scholar in Qing Dynasty. He lived in the court and made outstanding achievements. He has a great influence among the ethnic minorities in southwest China. During the China People's Party's Gui Jun's stay in Hancheng during the Liberation War, the chief executive ordered that it was forbidden to disturb the people, because it was the hometown of "Gong Liu and Liu Po". "Liu Fuyuan sells bridges" has been going on for more than 300 years, and local people always like to mention that he has benefited the people and left no privileges for future generations. Dang Chongya's hometown is in Baoji County, and there are many legends about Dang Ge's later years in Baoji area. The legend of caring about the sufferings of the lower classes, such as "the party hall always sells wooden sticks", is almost a household name. Working people have created a large number of images of honest officials with their own lives and wishes, such as the strike banquet in Kou Zhun, the legend of Master Yang Jiao, the Palace Lantern in Tibet, and Yan Dan's early sleep shop. Among the legends of military commanders, legends about Wei Chijingde, Feng Yuxiang and Yang Hucheng are widely circulated. Sun Simiao, a famous doctor, was born in Huayuan, Jingzhao (now Yaoxian) in the Tang Dynasty. He is a master of medicine in China after Zhang Zhongjing, the medical sage of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with far-reaching influence and beyond the territory of China. Sun Simiao's noble medical ethics, sincere and realistic style of study, innovative academic spirit and superb medical skills make him a banner and model for people in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. Later generations worshipped him as the "King of Medicine". In his hometown, there are many touching legends about his saving lives and saving the suffering, which adds a lot of color to the long-established Yaowangshan Temple Fair in Eryao County on February 2nd.

Guanzhong is one of the holy places of Taoism and the center of the peak period of Buddhism development in China. In addition to the advocacy of the feudal ruling class in history, Taoism and Buddhism have a far-reaching influence, especially Taoism. In addition to the legend of the Eight Immortals, Qiu Chuji is the founder of the Longmen Sect of Taoism, and is known as the real person in Changchun, so there are many legends about him in Longmen Cave and other places in Longxian County. Guozhen has a saying, "After ten years of drought, Gaolongwan can't be dry." This area is located at the foot of the "Moshan" where Qiu Zhenren practices. There are many mountain springs, and crops are not short of water. Legend has it that these water springs were sprinkled by Qiu Zu with Taoist robes. Zhang Sanfeng, a famous Taoist priest in Ming Dynasty, once lived in Jintai Temple, Baoji City, so many magical legends were formed, and his image resembled that of Jigong. Louguantai is the place where Laozi gave lectures and the Taoist holy land of Louguanpai in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Huashan Mountain is the representative cave of Taoism, so there are more legends of Taoist figures. Chang 'an is the starting point for Master Xuanzang to learn and translate scriptures. There are many distinctive legends about Journey to the West among the people, similar to The Journey to the West rather than The Journey to the West. Toad calf has created a special image for Tang Priest.

The ancient capital is a step-by-step culture, and Guanzhong scenery is all over the world. The mountains, rivers and waters here are full of affection, and no mountains, no water and no scenery have almost become legends. In local legends, many of them intersect with myths, fairy tales, character legends, life stories and fantasy stories. The most representative story is "Why Guanzhong is called Qinchuan". The formation of Guanzhong mountains and rivers is mainly the product of the long-term evolution of natural terrain. However, people have different opinions. Some people say that it has something to do with the child prodigy breaking the mountain, while others say that it has something to do with subduing the demon and fu long. This legend also linked it with Qin Shihuang's governance of Qin State. These different viewpoints not only reflect the changing process of Guanzhong landform in twists and turns, but also reflect the historical accumulation of human overcoming natural memory. They are not only oral documents, but also have certain scientific value. The most magical is Lumu Temple, which records the activities of the ancient Qiang people in the west of Guanzhong with the love story of the Qiang prince and the deer girl. Others, such as "Cutting Mountain to Save Mother" and "Burning Thirteen Villages", are all touching legends with strong fantasy. Xian Tou misinterprets the origin of Bao Mian's place names, but it is different from novels and operas. It is thought-provoking to say that Mr. Bao did not observe the truth for a while and killed the nephew of an honest official.

Custom legends are legends about customs and habits such as food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals, festivals, religious beliefs and so on. Guanzhong customs and legends are extremely rich, and its historical characteristics are also outstanding. Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, was born in Hancheng and now has Sima Temple. The local people revered Sima Qian as a "poet", and many of them had legends about the hardships and persecution in writing Historical Records, which led their descendants to change their surnames to Feng and Tong to escape the disaster of genocide. The local people also left a special custom of "Runtai Opera". "Hancheng Runway Drama" is a record of people's oral tradition. Others, such as running a dry boat, commemorating Dayu's flood control, the legend of the door god deified Wei Zhi, a famous figure in the Tang Dynasty, and Taigong was a legend of a god.

There are few fantasy stories in Guanzhong, but there are many life stories with wide contents and various forms, which are the most realistic. They include stories of long-term landlords, love and marriage, stepmother, filial piety to the elderly, making friends, production experience and so on. The stories of witty characters also have outstanding characteristics in Guanzhong. Since the pre-Qin philosophers, the folk fables and jokes of the Han nationality have entered a large number of historical classics and note novels, but there are still a large number of folk jokes in Guanzhong, and new jokes are still being produced.

Guanzhong people artistically completed the casting of various folk stories with their high imagination, rich social life, strong struggle thoughts, special regional style, astute wisdom and creative spirit.

Guanzhong folk craft

In folk cultural activities, folk arts and crafts are an important category with the greatest development potential and the easiest industrialization. It also occupies a very important position in international cultural exchanges. There are many kinds of folk crafts in Guanzhong, with outstanding regional characteristics. Generally speaking, there are three central points. Xifu is the hometown of folk crafts. Woodblock New Year pictures, clay sculptures, colored sculptures, weaving and embroidery, paper-cutting of window grilles and social fire masks all have historical inheritance and representativeness. Dongfu is the hometown of noodles and horses. Flour is steamed bread. The tiger culture flowers in hua county, the temple fair flowers in Dali, the festival flowers in Heyang and the sacrificial flowers in Chengcheng enjoy high reputation both inside and outside the province. As for this kind of horse-tied pile, it is an outdoor accessory decoration of residential buildings in history, which is found all over the province, but Dongfu is the most famous. Mainly distributed in Chengcheng, Pucheng, Hancheng, Dali, Heyang, Fuping and other counties north of Weihe River. Its practical value lies in the pile body and its artistic value lies in the pile head. The pile head is carved with animals, figures and plants. The most common is the squatting lion, whose prominent feature is "stability". It makes the majesty of the lion attractive and hairless, and the "movement" condenses into "purity", which has folk culture connotation. "Stability" gives the tied horse pile a sense of stability, standing there, "town" living in the courtyard, "tied" living in wealth, and "stability" greatly enhances the decoration, which has the stylized characteristics formed by folk craftsmen in the art generation. This kind of horse-piling with rich artistic connotation suddenly attracted people's attention in the 1980s and 1990s, and set off a wave of horse-piling fever. The region is collecting, the province is collecting, and even scrambling to collect. At one time, there were many Mazar-e piles in the courtyards of Weinan area mass art museum and provincial mass art museum. But few people have conducted in-depth research. The third center is Huxian peasant painting, which has become a main window for China peasant painting to go to the world. In addition, the clay sculpture and root carving of contemporary intellectuals, the shadow play with a long history and the jade carving in Lantian are also the main wealth of Guanzhong folk crafts.