What is a descriptive method?

Description is one of the basic skills in literary creation. Description is description, and writing is imitation. Description is the author's concrete description and depiction of people, things and environment. The following is what I carefully sorted out. Welcome to reading. I hope you will like it.

Description is the author's concrete description and depiction of people, things and environment. Authors generally use description, narration and other methods to create images. Descriptive method is a way to describe people, events and scenes in vivid language, giving readers an immersive feeling. Description is one of the basic skills in literary creation. There are six main methods of character description, namely, general description, portrait description, language description, action description (action description), psychological description and detail description; Scenery description includes static and dynamic, objective and subjective, contrast and contrast.

portrait

1. Appearance description: a description method to reveal the character's character through the description of appearance, posture, clothing and tone. For example, she has black hair and a pink coat sets off her watery face.

2. Action description: it is a description method to reveal the character by describing the personalized actions and actions of the characters. He strode forward.

3. Language description: it is a description method to express and portray characters through personalized monologues (monologues) or dialogues (talking with others). He said sincerely, "I'm sorry I hurt you."

4. Psychological description: it is a description method to explore the characters' thoughts and feelings by analyzing their psychological activities (such as inner feelings, psychological activities, intentions, wishes, thoughts, ideological struggles, etc.). ), thus depicting the inner personality characteristics of the characters. For example, he thought, if I have money, I can buy a car!

5. Expression description: different from appearance description. Expression description depicts people's facial expressions, which can highlight people's personality characteristics. He frowned and looked disgusted. Expression description is also called expression description.

Environmental description

1. Description of natural environment

It is a description of the location, season, climate, time and scene of people's activities. It has the functions of setting off the emotions of the characters, rendering the atmosphere at that time, promoting the development of the story, pointing out and highlighting the center.

2. Description of social environment

Generally speaking, it refers to the description of social background, atmosphere of the times and regional characteristics. Write about the different social backgrounds at that time, paving the way for the following characterization.

It can also be divided into landscape description, static object description and dynamic object description.

Several common description methods and skills;

First, metaphorical description. That is, the use of metaphor and other rhetorical devices to describe. Writing scenes, images and situations in this way will make things clearer, more vivid and more vivid, thus generating strong appeal. For example, a passage in Liang Heng's Summer:

What pervades the whole summer is a tense, warm and urgent melody. As if a pot of cold water on the stove was bubbling and finally boiled, the fine sandy grass on the hillside gradually grew into thick hair, and the faint smoke on the forest belt also condensed into a long black wall. ..... The fiery red sun is baking a golden land, and the wheat waves roll and beat the cars on the highway, like waves rushing to the ships.

In this passage, the author closely follows the scenery and shows the second change from late spring to early summer and midsummer through appropriate metaphors. It accurately shows the characteristics of summer from different aspects, giving people an immersive feeling, which is the advantage of metaphor. Metaphorical description is the most commonly used description method. It can make the vague things clearly visible, and the abstract things concretely sensible. "Big strings are like rain, small strings are like secret words, and big strings are like big and small pearls." (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip) No one will be impressed by this description. This effect comes from the metaphor of the novel.

Second, line drawing. Sketch is one of the methods of painting. All the lines are outlined, not false, concise and lively. In literature, it has become a descriptive skill. Lu Xun summed up this method as: "If it is meaningful, just whitewash it, be less artificial and don't show off." (Writing Skills) It simply reflects the characteristics of things with ordinary words, without modification or exaggeration. Although there is not much ink, it can be poor and complete. Many famous artists use line drawing as a common method.

For example, it was a severe winter, with dense clouds and a strong north wind, but it began to snow the next day. (Shi Naian's Water Margin)

Because the time is deep winter; As we approached our hometown, the weather was gloomy again, and the cold wind blew into the cabin, purring. Looking out from the gap in the canopy, there are several desolate villages in the yellow world, far and near, lifeless. I can't help feeling sad inside. (Lu Xun's hometown)

The above two paragraphs have always been regarded by critics as extraordinary and wonderful descriptions and straightforward words without any modification. Although there are no gorgeous words, no exquisite decorations and no means of comparison, the momentum of flying snow and the emptiness, desolation and loneliness of "hometown" are like pictures before our eyes.

Third, the description of contrast. Contrast is also the traditional name of China's painting techniques. When painting those light-colored things, they are often rendered with ink or light color, which makes the objects stand out obviously. This is the way to see the moon through the clouds. The purpose of using this technique in description is to set off the description by describing another thing. The description of Luo Fu in "Shang Mo Sang" can be regarded as the most typical example: "... the traveler sees Luo Fu with a moustache; When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and put on his head. The tiller forgot to plow, and the hoe forgot to hoe. When they came back to complain, they sat and watched Luo Fu. " Judging from the behavior of walkers, young tillers, hoes, etc. After seeing Luo Fu, the author highlighted the beauty of this girl and received artistic effects that can't be achieved by positive description. If you want to express something that is very abstract, not only difficult to draw, but also difficult to understand figuratively, this kind of comparative description is more useful. Look at a passage in Zhu Ziqing's Green:

I have seen the poplars in Shichahai, Beijing, and I can't get rid of the yellow background. It seems too weak. I have seen a tall and dense' green wall' near Hupao Temple in Hangzhou. The endless grass and green leaves seem too thick. As for the others, the waves in West Lake are too bright, and those in Qinhuai River are too dark.

What the author wants to show is the mysterious and surprising "green" unique to plum rain pool's water, which is difficult to express through direct description. Through the description of other well-known colors, the author shows that the green color of Meiyu pool is moderate in light and shade, suitable in shade and just right in green. After reading it, people feel that Meiyu Pool is just around the corner.

Fourth, dynamic description. That is to say, the description from static to dynamic. Most of the scenic spots are still life. Silence means no potential, and no potential means no movement. Therefore, we should try our best to make still life move and shock people's hearts, and let readers and authors create beautiful songs. Kong Fu described the Buddha statue and moss in "The Scenery Before the Buddha in Longquan Cave, Qianfo Mountain": "He smiled, watching the moss climb on his toes/he smiled, listening to the moss jump on his knees/he smiled, and let the moss invade the Buddha's head ..."

The Buddha is sitting still, and even the growing moss is still at the moment when people see it. The author uses verbs such as "smile", "look", "listen", "climb", "fall" and "invade". Buddha and moss seem to be alive and energetic. And there is some kind of tacit understanding between them, which connects the pure and inaction Buddhist world with the noisy world. Another example is Xu Chi's description of Dunhuang frescoes in Under the Qilian Mountains: As soon as he entered this cave, he fell into the dye vat, and the whole thing fell into the world of colors, with horses running around. Swans are spinning in the air. Flowers and plants lose their gravity and float. Xiaolong flies with people. Warm red tone is the keynote. Thousands of colors whirled around him.

The author uses dynamic words to describe the scenery on the mural, vividly reproduces the posture of galloping horses, swans, flowers and dragons, and makes the still picture lifelike.

5. Description with imaginative factors. When describing, we often not only record what we see truthfully, but also mix imaginary factors into it to supplement the description. If the description is imaginative, it will be more vivid, richer and more literary. For example:

The most rare thing is that there is a stone box under the stone cliff in the northwest of the vegetable field. The stones and soil in the stone box are dug out and the spring water flows out from the gap. The stone table is not big, and a pile of water can just finish watering the vegetable fields. When the accumulated water is used up, a meal can be filled again. When the water is full, it will be clear to the end, without overflowing or flowing. Very rich, or very much like Aquarius in fairy tales. Water is still used when it is used, and it is always full when it is not used. Spring water can be used to water fruit trees, not vegetables, but also to wash hair and clothes. ..... (Wu Boxiao's Notes on Gardens)

The author writes the stone cave very simply, saying that it is "like a vase in a fairy tale", which is a factor of imagination. It reminds us of many fairy tales about "Aquarius" and "Treasure Gourd" in memory, which enriches our feelings for the stone case and enhances the vividness and richness of the description.

Sixth, emotional description. Sometimes it is objective when describing, but sometimes it is inevitable to be subjective, mixed with your own thoughts and feelings. Emotional descriptions are often more infectious. For example:

On February 16, another friend gave me six carnations, three red ones, three white ones, and several bracken flowers in the middle.

When I came back and lay on my pillow, waiting to walk out of the corridor, I suddenly saw some pink flowers on the table. Three white ones feel nothing, and three red ones are pitifully red!

Under the bright lights, red velvet petals, overlapping with tiny shining eyes, are surrounded by a few thin green leaves of Pteris multifida beside the flowers, which means they are dull at the intersection.

At this time, I don't know whether it is' flower' or' red'. The feeling of love in my heart is vague and strong ...

(Bing Xin's past (2))

The author describes carnations from the perspective of feeling, and both "pitifully red" and "sluggish meaning" are from the perspective of feeling. Description is emotional, even if it is not used as a lyric tool, this writing is more vivid and touching.

The above briefly introduces several description methods, but they are not independent of each other. Describing the same thing can be not only a metaphor, but also a sketch; You can write not only what you see, but also what you feel; You can write not only static, but also dynamic; Not only write the main body, but also pay attention to foil and so on. The key is that no matter how you describe it, you should aim at highlighting the characteristics of things and enhancing the appeal, so as to give readers a deep and vivid impression. In addition, where to describe and where not to describe, we should start with expressing the theme and depicting the characters, and we must not be arbitrary. Too much description and rhetoric can not achieve good results, but will hurt the expression of content. Proper description and seeking truth and nature are what we require.

Environmental description method

According to the emotional writing environment expressed in the article

The article should express a certain emotion, and the environmental description should be coordinated with this emotion, otherwise it is a joke. For example, the environmental description in the lesson "Little Match Girl" says: "It's cold, it's snowing, and it's dark again. This is the last day of the year. In this dark and cold night, a little girl with bare head and bare feet is walking in the street. " Rendered a sad atmosphere and sad feelings, which is consistent with the feelings expressed in the article.

A child wrote a composition "Sacrificing to Sweep the Martyrs' Tomb", and arranged the following description of the environment: "Today, the weather is particularly sunny, Wan Li is clear and Wan Li is cloudless, and the flowers on the roadside are smiling at us, and the birds on the tree are singing happily, as if welcoming us with songs ..." This is incompatible with the solemn atmosphere that the martyrs' tomb should have, and it should not be.

Grasp the characteristics of writing environment

When it is necessary to describe the environment, we must grasp the characteristics of the environment to write. For example, the description of the environment in the lesson "Grassland" says: "Under the sun, it is thousands of miles away, but it is not endless. Surrounded by mountains. The ground is green, and so are the hills.

Sheep go up the mountain and down the mountain for a while, and everywhere they go, they embroider big white flowers on the horizon. "This kind of environmental description, only grasslands, mountains, hills, deserts and so on is impossible. The environmental description here captures the characteristics of the prairie. Write vividly and concretely, which is consistent with the emotion expressed in the article.

Write the environment according to the focus of the article, not the environment that has nothing to do with the development of things.

Environmental description serves the development of things and the expression of central ideas. So write the environment according to the focus of the article.

For example, the lesson "Dong Cunrui laid down his life to bomb the bunker"1On May 23, 948, the siege cannon shook the whole Longhua City, and the battle to liberate Longhua started. Soldiers flooded into Longhua Middle School where the enemy headquarters was located. "

"Dadada ... suddenly, six flames spewed from a bridge, blocking our army's way forward. The bridge is located on a dry river outside the wall of Longhua Middle School. The cunning enemy built fences on both sides of the bridge and added covers on the top, forming a dark castle. The stormtroopers were crushed on a small slope and could not lift their heads. " This environmental description reveals the importance of bombing bunkers, which is closely related to the development of things. Not if you don't write.

The same is true of several other environmental descriptions in this paper. Many children read the text and other articles and think that the environmental description is good, so it is one of the common problems for children to arrange the environmental description in their compositions whether they need it or not. For example, "It's sunny today and there are no clouds in Wan Li. The breeze is blowing on the small trees by the roadside. The little tree is waving to us, and the birds in the tree are chirping. ...

I hurried to school and was late. "The environmental description here has nothing to do with being late for school and should not be written. If you write a happy mood or a happy thing, it is ok to describe it in such an environment.

Write about the changes brought about by the development of things to the environment.

As things develop, the environment will change. For example, the lesson "My Comrade Qiu" is like this. As soon as the latent troops came into contact with the foothills underground in the "9 1 March" highland, the environment was: "More than 60 meters ahead is the enemy's outpost. Not only can you see bunkers and shelters, but you can even hear the enemy's voice. The enemy is condescending, and of course it is easier to see us. "

With the intensification of the fighting, the environment has changed: "The weeds in our community caught fire, the flames spread with a bang, and the hay was stripped all over the floor." "The flame took advantage of the wind and a fire burned on him for more than half an hour before it gradually went out." The change of environment strongly shows Qiu's revolutionary heroism.

Some environmental descriptions are placed at the beginning of the article, sometimes in the middle of the article, sometimes at the end of the article, and some are scattered around the article. Where to put it finally depends on the development of things and the need to express the central idea.

Narrative description method and function

First, the positive description:

Directly describe the appearance, language, psychology and movements of the characters.

1) Character description: reveal the identity, circumstances and social environment of the characters, and vividly express their inner world and personality characteristics.

2) Action description: Show the mental outlook of the character and directly reflect the character. It plays an important role in character description. )

3) Language description: express characters' feelings, reflect characters' personality characteristics, and reflect the characteristics of characters' times.

4) Psychological description: it is the psychological activity of the characters in a specific environment. Reveal the character's heart and portray the character.

Second, the introduction description:

Render the atmosphere and compare the characters from the narratives and descriptions of other characters and events.

1) environment description

Description of natural environment: contrast the emotions of the characters; Point out the season and place; Express the relationship between characters; Show the role.

B description of social environment: in a narrow sense, social environment refers to place, background, atmosphere, etc. A place where people are active; In a broad sense, it refers to the sum of social life and interpersonal relationships in a certain historical period.

2) The reaction and evaluation of people around you.

Third, the details:

Grasp the subtle and specific typical plots in life and describe them vividly and meticulously. The function is to enrich the characters' images, so that the characters' descriptions have flesh and blood and soul. Writing about a person is like seeing that person, and writing about a scene is like being there.

In addition:

Static description: a plane static description of a person or a scene.

Dynamic description: describe things in a dynamic way or personify things.

Fourth, the scene description

Scene description is a description of the overall situation of many characters' activities at a specific time and place. It is often a comprehensive application of narrative, description, lyric and other expression methods, and it is a concentrated expression of natural scenery, social environment, character activities and other description objects. Common scenes include labor scenes, battle scenes, sports scenes and various meeting scenes.

Pay attention to four points

1. Find out the background of the scene.

Such as the time, place and environment of the event site, let people know what kind of social or natural environment the scene is in.

2. Write something specific on the basis of overall writing.

When writing a scene, you should make a general summary of the scene, so that readers can understand the overall appearance. But at the same time, the scene should also have a key part, which should be written in detail, specific and comprehensive.

3. Write the atmosphere.

Atmosphere is an emotion or feeling that people see or feel in a certain environment. No matter what the scene is, there will be an atmosphere, such as a celebration scene with a happy atmosphere; The atmosphere at the game site is tense; Farewell to the scene has an inseparable atmosphere and so on.

4. Write the scenes in order.

The scene is a comprehensive picture composed of people, events, scenes and things, and it is impossible to write it all at the same time. Therefore, you should arrange the order when writing the scene. Generally speaking, scene descriptions can be arranged from face to point. For example, to describe the celebration of Teachers' Day, you can first write the general atmosphere of the celebration and outline the situation of "face", and then write the performance of the principal, teachers and classmates respectively. So that they can be combined and organized.

Key points:

In the description of scenes, there must be more characters than one, with the description of characters as the main part and the description of scenes as the supplement. Scene description should serve the character performance and highlight the center. Scene description is inseparable from scenery, psychological activities and language of characters. Note: Group description+individual description.

The function of narration

First, how to analyze the function of the opening paragraph of the narrative (to analyze the function of a sentence or a paragraph in an article, we need to start from two aspects: content and structure)

1 content:

(1) Opening scene, setting the background for the story.

(2) The opening scene is recalled by the following direct scene.

(3) The opening point always leads the whole article.

④ Laying the emotional tone of the full text.

⑤ Explain the cause of the story and pave the way for the following, which is the premise of the full-text story.

⑥ Explain the narrative elements.

⑦ Explain the story background.

⑧ Introduce the character quality (or characteristics of things) of the characters, and always affect the whole body.

Pet-name ruby briefly introduce the characteristics of the characters (or opening scenes), and compare with one of the following contents.

2 structurally:

① Summarize the whole article (take the whole article as a whole); (2) cause the following suspense; (4) paving the way; 2. How to analyze the function of the paragraph at the end of the narrative (to analyze the function of a sentence or paragraph in an article, we need to start with the content and structure).

1, content:

(1) Point out the center (reveal the center, reveal the theme, point out the theme, and make the finishing point).

(2) Reveal the main idea implicitly, and arouse readers' attention and thinking about the problems in the article.

③ Deepen the center (deepen the theme and sublimate the thoughts and feelings of the article).

Point to the topic and reveal the topic.

⑤ Summarize the full text and comment on the characters.

6. Cleverly reveal the truth.

Sometimes, at the end of an article, there will be a supplementary narrative to supplement the content related to the article and make the story more interesting.

Complement the integrity and highlight the significance of the events in the text (or the far-reaching influence of the characters).

2 structurally:

(1) Take care of the beginning (take care of the topic, take care of the previous article) and make the article well structured.

② Collect the full text to make the structure of the article complete. Third, analyze the structural function of a sentence (or a paragraph) (first look at the position of this paragraph in the text)

1, if this passage is at the beginning of the article, then analyze it:

(1) leads the full text; (2) Responsible for the whole article; (3) Start the following article; (4) the bedding stage; (5) Clever suspense.

2. If this passage is in the middle of the article, analyze it:

(1) the transition between the preceding and the following (this is the role in most cases, and there are few other roles);

② Summarize the above ③ Put forward the following.

(Note: The function analysis of the middle paragraph of the article is often only to analyze the structural function. If the exam questions ask this sentence,

The function of the content may be: point a. B to lyrical discussion and reveal the center. Lyrical discussion, from things to people, from

Matter and reason, from matter and reason. The role of middle paragraphs in the content is rarely tested. )

If this passage is at the end of the article, analyze it.

(1) Take care of the beginning (take care of the topic, take care of the previous article), and make the article structured.

② Collect the full text to make the structure of the article complete. Fourth, what is care?

If we want to analyze the structure and function of the two sentences before and after the exam, then these two sentences must have written the same thing.

(a scene) (a feeling), its function is: to give consideration to both the front and the back, so that the article structure is rigorous.