Brief Introduction of Wang Zhen, an Agricultural Mechanic in Yuan Dynasty. What did Wang Zhen make clear?

Wang Zhen, the hometown where the characters lived, was already a gathering place for feudal literati in the early Yuan Dynasty. As early as the Wokuotai era, there were already thousands of families in Dongping who were "promoting learning and training scholars". Celebrities at that time, such as Li Chang, Wang Pan, Xu Shilong and Li Xi, successively set up accounts and set up apprentices in Dongping, and trained a group of talents who served the feudal dynasty. Yan Xu, Shen Tu Zhiyuan, Meng Qi and others are famous. Among them, Meng Qi served as an agricultural and sideline ambassador in Shandong West Road in the seventh year of Zhiyuan (1270) and participated in the compilation of the book "Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry". Wang Zhen may be influenced by it and begin to contact agronomy. In Wang Zhen's Nong Shu, he quoted many materials from Nong Sang Ji. There are few well-documented historical materials about Wang Zhen's life activities. According to historical records, he served as County Yin twice. 1. Yuan Zhenyuan (1295) served as Yin in Jingde County (now Jingde County, Anhui Province) in Xuanzhou for six years; Second, Dade (1300) was transferred to Yin, from Yongfeng County, Xinzhou (now Jiangxi).

Work Attitude Wang Zhen is conscientious, impartial, diligent and pragmatic, and serves the people. During his tenure as Jing Deyin, he did many good things for the people. According to "Jingde County Records", he lived a frugal life and often donated his salary to local schools, building bridges, repairing roads, delivering medicines, and teaching farmers to plant and tree art. At that time, he was well received by people and praised him for "benefiting the people and doing something". Jingde county is mountainous, and most of the cultivated land is mountainous. One year there was a severe drought, and the seedlings were dying of drought. The farmers were very worried. Wang Zhen saw water in many rivers and streams in Jingde County. I remember when he came to Jingde County from his hometown Dongping, he saw a kind of water tumbling on the road, which could pump the water into the mountains. Wang Zhenli immediately used his brain, drew a pattern, and called carpenters and blacksmiths to organize farmers to fight drought. In this way, the water turned into a rollover, saving the seedlings in the tens of thousands of acres of mountainous areas in Jingde County.

Wang Zhen inherited the traditional thought of "agriculture-oriented", and thought that the primary political affairs of the country from the central government to the local government were to focus on agricultural production. Whether in Jingde or Yongfeng, Wang Zhen has made great achievements in persuading farmers. The method adopted is to require farmers to plant several mulberry trees every year; For crops such as hemp, grass and millet, the methods from sowing to harvesting are given one by one; Draw patterns of various farm tools for people to imitate and try. At the same time, Wang Zhen "takes the lead" and "takes the lead in farming". In Yinren, Yongfeng County, Wang Zhen's main task is to reward agriculture and education. He often buys mulberry seedlings and cotton seeds, teaches farmers to plant and encourages them to plant crops well. People in Jingde County and Yongfeng County respect him very much and will never forget him.

Eating is the top priority of the people. Wang Zhen believes that food is the most important thing for the people, so as a local official, he should be familiar with the knowledge of agricultural production, otherwise he will not be able to shoulder the heavy responsibility of persuading farmers to mulberry. So he paid attention to farming, observed everywhere and accumulated rich agricultural knowledge. We spread advanced agricultural technology everywhere, introduced excellent crop varieties and popularized advanced farm tools. These practices have accumulated rich materials for the later writing of agricultural books.

Continuous improvement of production technology During the Yuan Dynasty, agricultural production technology was continuously improved, production experience was richer, and agricultural production also developed greatly. In the process of unifying China, feudal rulers gradually saw that agricultural production was beneficial to feudal exploitation. During Kublai Khan's reign, Yuan Shizu began to take some measures to develop agricultural production, such as setting up agricultural persuasion officers and establishing institutions specializing in agriculture, mulberry and water conservancy, which promoted the compilation of agricultural books to some extent. Therefore, in this historical period, several agricultural scientific works were produced.

The Book of Agriculture was written when Yin was in Jingde County, and it was not completed until he was transferred to Yin in Yongfeng County. In the second year of Yuan Renzong Qing Dynasty (13 13), Wang Zhen prefaced this book and published it officially.

During Zhenyuan (1295), he served as Yin (county official) in Jingde County, Xuanzhou (now Jingde County, Anhui Province), and during Dade (1300), he was transferred to Yongfeng County, Xinzhou (now Jiangxi Province) as Yin. During his tenure in Yinxian, he did many good things for the people. According to Jingde County Records, during his tenure in Yinjun, he lived a very simple life and never collected people's wealth. Not only that, he also donated part of his salary to run schools, build altars and temples, build bridges and set up many public welfare undertakings that benefit the people. In addition, he also used drugs to help the poor and the sick, which was praised by the local people.

Wang Zhen, a clean and honest county official, is not only a clean and honest county official, but also an agronomist who persuades farmers to promote mulberry and actively develops agricultural production. He believes that as a local official, if he is not familiar with agricultural production and does not understand agricultural knowledge, it will be difficult to fulfill his responsibility of persuading farmers and mulberry. He not only collected previous agricultural books, studied diligently, but also often observed agricultural operations and agricultural machinery in various places, which laid a solid foundation for him to write agricultural books. He mercilessly attacked those corrupt officials who only know fish and people: these people themselves don't understand "agriculture" and "safety can persuade people" They often use persuading farmers as an excuse to go to the countryside to extort money. The so-called "loving the people" is actually harmful to the people. He also said that these officials only regarded "arrogance as a fact" and never thought that every inch of silk and food they enjoyed came from "Ye Fu's blessed hands". They extorted money and tried to enrich themselves. His words and deeds are full of deep sympathy for the poor.

Wang Zhen, one of the four famous agronomists, is one of the four famous agronomists in ancient China, and he is as famous as Jia Sixie in Wei and Jin Dynasties and Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty. Wang Zhen's agricultural books occupy an extremely important position in the agricultural history of China. He inherited the achievements of predecessors in agronomy research, summed up the rich experience of agricultural production practice before Yuan Dynasty, and comprehensively and systematically expounded the content and scope of agricultural production in a broad sense.

The agricultural books of the pre-Qin period in China only preserved some fragments of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. There are only 3,700 words left in The Great Victory of Hanshu, so we can't get a glimpse of it. Although Qi Yaomin's Book at the end of Wei Dynasty has the nature of an agricultural encyclopedia, it is not as complete and systematic as Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book. Generally speaking, it has only two articles, namely "plowing the fields" and "harvesting seeds", and there is no special article on manure fields and irrigation. As for the "agricultural map", it is even more lacking. Although the book Chen Nong Shu in the Southern Song Dynasty has an important development in theoretical system, due to geographical limitations, it only deals with rice planting, cattle raising and sericulture in the southern region, and it does not yet have the nature of an agricultural encyclopedia. Nong Sang Ji was 40 years earlier than Wang Zhen's Nong Shu, and it was an agricultural book written by officials in the early Yuan Dynasty. It is mainly edited according to the agricultural books before Yuan Dynasty, and there are few new ones, mainly to meet the needs of the north.

There are two versions of Wang Zhen's agricultural books, one is 37 episodes, including 6 episodes of Nong Sang Tong Zhi, 100 Valley Spectrum 1 1 set, and 20 episodes of Agricultural Instrument Atlas. One is 22 volumes, including 6 volumes of Nong Sang Tong Ji, 4 volumes of Gu Pu, and Atlas of Agricultural Instruments 12. The contents of the two books are basically the same, except that the latter combines the valley spectrum of 1 1 into four volumes and the atlas of agricultural instruments of 20 episodes into 12 volumes. The book is about 136000 words, with 28 illustrations1piece.

Wang Zhennong's book has four outstanding features:

Firstly, the part of "agriculture, mulberry and communication" in Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book is comprehensively and systematically discussed in a broad sense, which can be said to be a general theory of agriculture. It comprehensively and systematically discusses the content and scope of broad-sense agriculture. The first chapter, with the topics of "Farming Begins", "Niu Geng Begins" and "Sericulture Begins", narrates the origin of farming and sericulture, links the agriculture in Wang Zhen era with historical agriculture, and regards the agriculture in Yuan Dynasty as a part of historical agriculture, making it a link between the past and the future. Then, under the guidance of the theory of "three talents", all aspects of narrow agriculture are comprehensively and systematically discussed. Firstly, the complexity and regularity of the objective environment of agricultural production are discussed with "time" and "location", and the importance of "time" and "location" in agricultural production is emphasized. Under the condition of respecting the natural laws such as weather and geographical location, this paper comprehensively and systematically expounds all aspects of personnel, including reclamation, harrowing, sowing, weeding, fertilization, irrigation and harvesting, and summarizes various problems in agricultural planting. "Agriculture, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry. He also publicized the feudal government's idea of attaching importance to agriculture and measures to persuade agriculture with articles such as "filial piety", "persuasion and help" and "accumulation of virtue". After reading Nong Sang Tong, people can have a clear understanding of the content and scope of agriculture in a broad sense, as well as the objective regularity and subjective initiative in agricultural production. This is a major feature of Wang Zhennong's book.

Secondly, the similarities and differences between North and South agriculture are analyzed and compared. Several important agricultural books before Wang Zhennong's book, such as Bi Sheng's Book, Qi Yaomin's Book, Nong Sang Yao Ji, etc., are all works summarizing the experience of agricultural production in the north. Chen's Agricultural Book is devoted to South China's agriculture, and only Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book is devoted to North and South agriculture. The similarities, differences and functions of the two are analyzed and compared in detail. The difference in agricultural technology and tools between the north and the south is another important feature. Wang Zhen was born and raised in Qilu, the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China, where the economy and culture were developed in ancient times, and later worked as a local official in the south for a long time. This condition made him familiar with the agricultural production in the north and south of China, so he could comprehensively and systematically expound the agricultural production from the whole country.

Third, there is a relatively complete Atlas of Agricultural Tools. Before Wang Zhen's agricultural book, the book about agricultural tools was the Lei Ji Classic written by Lu Guimeng in Tang Dynasty, in which the agricultural tools introduced were mainly Jiangdong plough, harrowing, grinding and scarifying, and there was no map. Zeng Zhijing's Catalogue of Agricultural Tools in the Southern Song Dynasty (lost) not only has fewer agricultural tools than Wang Zhen's Catalogue of Agricultural Tools, but also has no map. Important agricultural books after Wang Zhen's agricultural books, such as The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, Timing General Examination, etc. Although there are also "farm tools maps", most of them are copied from Wang Zhen's agricultural books, and there is not much new content. It can be seen that the Atlas of Agricultural Tools in Wang Zhen's agricultural books is a great creation of Wang Zhen in ancient agricultural books. It accounts for about 4/5 of the book's length, with more than 200 illustrations, involving farm tools 105, which can be said to be colorful, magnificent and unique.

The fourth is the description of plant characters in Baigupu. The Hundred Valley Spectrum in Wang Zhennong's book discusses the cultivation of various crops. These include cereals, genera, vegetables, fruits, bamboo, miscellaneous items and so on. Compared with other ancient agricultural books, this part describes more plant characters, which is also a pioneering work of Wang Zhennong's book. For example, sorghum in cereals is described as "its grains, its stems and leaves are like millet, its grains are not as good as millet, and its ears are hairy"; There is a description in the genus Panicum that "the stem is more than ten feet high, the ear is as big as a broom, and the grain is as black as paint, such as mussel eyes"; The Chinese wax gourd is described as "actually born under a vine, the big one is as long as a bucket, the skin is thick and hairy, the newborn is green, the frost is as white as powder, and the meat seeds are also white"; ■ Taro is described as "lotus leaves, long but not round, slightly purple stems, hollow stems, white roots, and purple ones, which are as big as liters, sweet to eat, with many side leaves, and will continue to rise after being pulled out"; ■ It belongs to the genus Cockroach, and has the description of "leaves are like lotus, wrinkled and prickly, flowers bloom to the sun, and flowers bear fruit"; In the vegetable genus, there is a description of "the leaves are as broad as leeks and the roots are rich and white"; Leek is described as "overgrown, rich, Julia, slender and white near the roots".

There are new creations in the principle of major contributions. In order to implement the principle of "timely" in agricultural production, Wang Zhen made a "seasonal map", which made a concise summary of calendar and seasonal issues. At the same time, he also pointed out: we should use solar terms to determine the month, not the month recorded in the almanac, so as to correctly express the seasonal changes; Secondly, the cultivation of each month listed in the figure is only applicable to one area, and other areas should change according to latitude and other factors. If all localities can make such agricultural calendars according to local specific conditions, it will be of great help to implement the principle of "timely" in agricultural production. In order to implement the principle of "land suitability" in agricultural production, Wang Zhen has drawn a map of the national agricultural situation. This picture is based on the local customs and agricultural knowledge all over the country. It can help people distinguish different soils in different places, so as to follow the principle of "adapting to local conditions" and implement planting because of soil and enriching because of soil.

Excellent traditional experience has been summed up (1). Northern dryland agriculture emphasizes deep ploughing and fine harrowing. Wang Zhen believes that only "intensive cultivation" can "grow old together". He not only thinks that "deep ploughing is work", but also emphasizes that "harrowing is all work". He added, "Raking is hard, but it is also hard to look at beautiful crops." He also summed up the new experience of shallow ploughing and stubble cleaning, and then deep ploughing and harrowing. (2) Summarized the farming system of dry land in the north and paddy field in the south. Wang Zhen summarized the farming system in the northern dryland as "ploughing, harrowing and ploughing". The so-called "cultivator plows and harrows it, wants its soil to be fine, plows and harrows it again, and then uses labor, which is nothing more than labor"; The so-called "after ploughing, there is a rake, and the rake has the meaning of dredging channels, and labor has the power to cover and grind". These are the generalizations of the farming system of dryland farming in the north. At the same time, Wang Zhen summarized the farming system of rice fields in southern China as "ploughing, harrowing and ploughing". The so-called "southern paddy field, if it is turned over, it will be harrowed, and it will be destroyed without work."

Wang Zhen summed up the new experience of interplanting dry land in northern China, and put forward that "in cultivated land, two plows should be plowed together first, both of which are inclined inward, and the combination of the two plows is called floating, starting from floating, going out, and at the end of this period, it is called paying one, paying the other, and then interplanting. After ploughing, the next payment will be made between the three payments, but it will be paid to the center for one payment. " The rest want to plow the plain, and the rate is like this. "This is a new experience summed up by Wang Zhen in reducing the opening and closing of ridges and improving the quality of farming in the northern dryland, thus pushing the farming level in the northern dryland to a new stage.

(4)

This paper summarizes the new experience of "ditching" in dry farming of rice fields in southern China. The south is known as the "water country". Therefore, when rice is harvested and converted to dry farming in southern rice fields, "water is the most taboo", which is a major obstacle to the implementation of double cropping of rice and wheat. After a long period of exploration, around the Yuan Dynasty, people began the experience of "ditching" and soil preparation and drainage. Wang Zhen first summed up this experience in his "Agricultural Book": "Early maturity in Takada, dry farming in August, planting two wheat. Its method: from ■ to ■, between two ■, form a plot, after ploughing for a period of time, cut it with a hoe to drain its water, which is called waist ditch, harvest the second crop of wheat, and then level the ditch and dig it deeply, which is commonly known as multiple cropping field. " This experience has made an important contribution to the double cropping of rice and wheat in southern rice fields, and it is still one of the key measures to realize double cropping and high yield in southern rice areas.

Emphasis is placed on the principle of autumn ploughing, supplemented by spring ploughing. The dry land in the north has the climatic characteristics of drought and windy in spring and rainy in summer and autumn. In order to adapt to this climate feature, it is necessary to conserve moisture and fight drought. Wang Zhen quoted the experience summarized in "Han Zhi said": "Except for planting wheat, all fields should be cultivated in autumn. There is little land and weeds in autumn, which is very labor-saving. For example, cows are not as powerful as cows, so they can't do autumn ploughing. In addition to planting fields, other places such as beans can also be cultivated in spring. " The principle of autumn ploughing as the main and spring ploughing as the auxiliary was put forward.

Open up special articles on "manure" and "irrigation" and put fattening irrigation in an important position to increase agricultural production.

In Wang Zhen's previous important agricultural works, most of them did not put fertilizer and irrigation in an important position. For example, in the general part of agriculture in Bi Sheng and Qi Yaomin's Book, fertilizers and irrigation are not mentioned, but are found in all parts, which shows that the problems of fertilizers and water still do not occupy a decisive position in increasing agricultural production. By the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a special article on "Suitability of Manure Field" in Chen■ Agricultural Book, but it focused on theoretical elaboration and was not practical. Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book not only puts "manure" and "irrigation" in the important position of the general theory of "agriculture, mulberry and mulberry", but also has new development in theory and practice.

The new development of manure theory The essential difference between natural soil and agricultural soil is that natural soil has only natural fertility, while agricultural soil not only has natural fertility, but also has artificial fertility, and "manure field" is the main content of artificial fertility. It can be seen that the profound meaning of the word "dung soil" lies in its expression of the essential characteristics of "agricultural soil". As Wang Zhen said, "Tian Liang is thin and fat, so farming and fertilization are urgent. Manure, so thin the field into fertile land and turn fertile soil into fertile soil. " It also inherited and carried forward the theory that "the soil fertility is always new" put forward in Chen's Agricultural Book. He pointed out: "all fields, planted every year, are poor in soil and gas, and organisms are unsuccessful." If they are farmers, they will store manure and rot, and the soil fertility will always be new and solid, but the harvest will not decrease. " Wang Zhen also expounded for the first time that fertilization is to turn useless into useful. He said: "The accusations and decadent things removed by her husband have been ignored, and the fields have been nourished, only those who work know."

The new efforts to broaden the source of fertilizer must broaden the source of fertilizer to increase the application of manure. The sources of fertilizer mentioned by Wang Zhen are seedling fertilizer, grass fertilizer, fire fertilizer, excrement, urine, mud fertilizer, old wall soil, plant ash, chaff, chaff, rotten grass, rotten leaves, swill, horseshoe horn ash, fish water, muddy water, rice soup, animal hair and muscle-strengthening products. It is much bigger than that mentioned in previous agricultural books. Wang Zhen not only pays special attention to the application of green manure, but also calls cultivated green manure "seedling manure" and wild green manure "grass manure", and distinguishes them for the first time.

In order to increase the accumulation of feces, Wang Zhen proposed a new measure to build a perennial feces accumulation vehicle. He said: "If you want to collect feces in a farmhouse, you must use a person, a cow or a donkey to drive a two-wheeled carriage and transport feces everywhere. After a long time, many a mickle makes a mickle, and the harvest of sowing can be doubled. " In order to make the manure mature and improve the fertilizer efficiency, Wang Zhen put forward the idea of retting the manure in the field head: "In the family that manages farmland in the south, brick pits are often set in the field head, and the fields are beautiful when they are ripe. Farmers in the north should also benefit from it, and the profit can be ten times. "

A New Understanding of Farmland Irrigation Wang Zhen specially created an irrigation chapter in Nong Sang Tong Zhi, and put farmland irrigation in an important position. By tracing back to the situation of water conservancy and canal repair in ancient times, he explained that farmland water conservancy construction is a fine tradition in China since ancient times; By enumerating the remains of ancient water conservancy projects and countless small and medium-sized water conservancy projects, it is shown that "promoting waste and repairing poor" is an important way to develop farmland water conservancy; This paper also introduces a variety of water diversion methods, and points out the irrigation methods of water diversion under various terrains. It also summarizes the experience of reclamation and polder fields, and points out the ways to develop water conservancy and eliminate water disasters in the southern "water town Zeguo". Wang Zhen also introduced the water conservancy irrigation tools and appliances such as rollover, truck, cattle rollover, water rollover, high rollover, bucket, scraper, orange peeler and windlass, as well as the functions and practices of water grids, sluices, ponds and ponds. It is also pointed out that these facilities can not only irrigate farmland, but also "turn boats into mills", "fish turtles, water hyacinths and the like" in Beitang to realize the comprehensive utilization of water and the combination of irrigation, shipping, water power and aquatic products.

Important changes in the field method of Tianmen There are three important changes in the field method of Wang Zhennong's book compared with Kang Sheng: First, the field method of Kang Sheng has two ways: strip field and square field, while the field method of Wang Zhennong's book only has square field. Secondly, there are three ways of square field mentioned by Kang Sheng, that is, up, middle and down, while the square field in Wang Zhen is simplified as one way, and the area of 6 to 9 inches square in Kangsheng is changed to 1.5 feet square; At the same time, the distance between road sections is reduced and the land area is expanded. Third, the Yuan Dynasty increased intercropping and multiple cropping in regional fields.

Systematic summary of several special land use experiences in South China. Due to the invasion of Nuzhen fighters to the south, the people of the Central Plains in the Song Dynasty could not bear the intrusion of war and moved to the south in large numbers. "After the suggestion, people in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Guangzhou and Northwest China are full." Because the contradiction between population and land is very prominent, people are forced to compete with water and mountains for land. Therefore, since the Song Dynasty, there have been several special land use methods in southern China, such as enclosure, polder, cabinet field, paving field, shelf field, sand field and terraced field. Until the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen systematically summarized these special land use experiences for the first time in his Agricultural Books. This is one of Wang Zhen's important contributions to agriculture.

It is a pioneering work in ancient agricultural books to actively publicize and popularize the Agricultural Machinery Atlas in the newly created agricultural machinery Wang Zhennong Book. It collects 105 kinds of farm tools in the form of pictures and texts. Their development history, shape and operation methods are introduced in detail, especially the publicity and popularization of newly created agricultural tools, which has played an important role in promoting the development of agricultural production. The following focuses on the agricultural machinery newly created in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and included in the Atlas of Agricultural Machinery.

(1) New farming equipment. ■ Knife is a tool to walk in front of the plow, cut reeds, remove obstacles and improve work efficiency during land reclamation. Tieda, a farming tool suitable for paddy soil in southern China, generally has six teeth or four teeth. Seedling horse is a tool that can walk in mud and is convenient for paddy field operation. Weeding is a farming tool suitable for weeding in paddy fields. A paw, a tool for farming, is put on your finger with a bamboo tube and an iron tip. Hoe, a tool for animal-drawn farming in North China Plain, can farm 20 mu of land a day with high efficiency. Hoe is a tool for weeding in intertillage. It is not easy to hurt seedlings when weeding, because there is no double-edged angle. Manure is an additional device for applying seed fertilizer on lawn mower, which is used for applying seed fertilizer. Seed, put a wooden handle on the seed and a wooden mouth on the seed as a tool for sowing beside the ridge. Planting cars, with stone planting cars after planting cars, can be suppressed along the ditch opened at the foot of planting cars, so that planting soil is close to each other, which is conducive to germination and emergence.

(2) Newly created harvesting tools. The push sickle is a kind of agricultural tool made of wood, which has a cross frame and a long handle. It can be harvested with a small wheel, which can improve the work efficiency several times compared with the ordinary sickle. Wheat straw is a long sickle-shaped wheat straw installed on a dustpan-shaped wheat straw. A rope is tied to the wooden handle and the shaft, and the rope is held in one hand and the shaft in the other, so that wheat can be harvested neatly and quickly. There is a wheat cage, four small wheels and a mop behind the wheat straw. Using this harvester, the harvest in one day is several times more than using other tools, which is very suitable for working on larger plots. Others, such as cymbals for harvesting rice, shovels for cutting wheat ears, and identification knives for cutting wheat ears, have also played an important role in improving harvesting efficiency.

(3) Newly invented irrigation machines and tools. In Wang Zhen's agricultural book Atlas of Agricultural Tools, we can see seven newly invented irrigation machines.

Rollover, that is, dragon bone car, is a tool to lift water high. The rollover system of water vehicles is the same as that of people stepping on it. Dig a narrow ditch on the running water bank, put the car in, make a vertical wheel at the outer end of the pedal shaft of the car, put a wooden vertical wheel next to it, and put two horizontal wheels. The vertical spokes of the upper wheel suitable for the front of the car alternate with each other, which is a hydraulic rollover. Cows turn over and use them where there is no running water. The lower wheel is placed on the bank of the car, and the axle is pulled by a cow, so that the car will roll over and turn with it. This kind of rollover is twice as efficient as manual rollover. Donkey tumbler is a water tumbler, but a vertical wheel is built in the outer end of the rotating shaft, and a horizontal wheel is placed on the shore at one side of the vertical wheel, just like the system that turns the cow into a rollover. This kind of waterwheel is suitable for use in "near the pit" or "deep pool with accumulated water". The height of the dump truck is based on 10 feet, such as the height of the field and the depth of the shore, or the field is on the mountain. When the water turns high, in case there is running water on the shore and high water is needed, you can use this car. Its car is also made of high-turning car, but the lower shaft end is vertical wheel and the horizontal wheel is used to dial. Scraping the car is to install a water wheel, which can be 5 feet high and 6 inches wide in the radial direction. For example, you can use this tool when you go to the fields like water.

The power of these waterwheels: the manpower to scrape the vehicles; Hydraulic power of water on rolling car, water on high car and high turning car; Cattle turn over, donkeys turn over by animal power. It can be seen that irrigation in Yuan Dynasty not only used manpower, animal power and water power, but also widely used mechanical principles, especially wheel trains.

(4) Newly created agricultural processing machinery. The three things recorded in Wang Zhennong's book Atlas of Agricultural Machinery, namely, continuous two-mill, water-to-continuous mill, water-to-flour mill and waterwheel, are all newly created efficient agricultural processing machinery in Yuan Dynasty. If the water is turned into continuous grinding, "or grinding, you can get food every day and get a thousand dollars." The waterwheel can be used to grind, grind and grind three things with one machine.

These creations and innovations reflect the wisdom of the ancient working people in China and their great achievements in the production struggle. Atlas of Agricultural Machinery actively publicized and popularized these newly created agricultural machinery in the form of pictures and texts, which promoted the development of agricultural production at that time.

It has made great contributions to the development of forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery (1). In the aspect of developing forestry, the chapter "Agriculture, Mulberry and Planting" first introduces the successful experience of developing forestry in history, and expounds that developing forestry is an important event of "benefiting Bo" and "rejuvenating the country", which is urgent. Wang Zhen has focused its development on planting mulberry, fruit and wood. Regarding mulberry planting, Wang Zhen introduced the species, characteristics, propagation, fertilization and pruning management methods of mulberry. In the aspect of planting wood and fruit trees, Wang Zhen introduced the "obvious effect" of planting wood and fruit trees in the past and the methods of transplanting trees, and emphatically introduced six grafting methods of mulberry and fruit trees: body grafting, root grafting, skin grafting, branch grafting, rolling grafting and overlapping grafting. Wang Zhen introduced the cultivation methods of pear, peach, plum, plum, apricot, mulberry, jujube, chestnut, persimmon, litchi, longan, olive, pomegranate, orange, tangerine and ginkgo. The book Baigupu Bamboo and Wood introduces the cultivation and management methods of bamboo, pine, fir, cypress, juniper, elm, willow, oak, neem and Broussonetia papyrifera, which provides technical experience for developing forestry production.

(2) In the development of animal husbandry, the article Agriculture and Mulberry Breeding summarizes the experience of raising horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, geese and ducks. In raising horses, Wang Zhen inherited and carried forward the experience of "eating and drinking three meals". In raising cattle, Wang Zhen thought that "if you want to raise cattle, you must have a heart of kindness", and then you can "regard the hunger of cattle as your own hunger; Take the hardship and poverty of cattle as their own hardship and poverty; Treat the plague of cattle like your own disease; Depending on the birth of the cow, if you have a son. " If we can do this, there will be more cows, so what are we afraid of? Wang Zhen thinks that if you want to raise cattle well, you must make efforts in such aspects as "not making cold and heat", "not overworking", "being hungry when you are full" and "combining work and rest". At the same time, we should prepare enough feed to treat cattle in time. In the process of raising pigs, Wang Zhen summed up many new experiences. First, duckweed and other things near water can be used as feed in Jiangnan waters. Second, the land in Jiangbei can grow horse teeth; The third is to eat rubber or medicine seedlings in the mountains; Fourth, the fermented feed was created, that is, "chopped when used, soaked in water such as dregs, and mixed with acid yellow or bran." Wang Zhen also summed up some new experiences in raising chickens, ducks and geese.

In sericulture, fish culture and beekeeping, Wang Zhen summed up his experience in sericulture, fish culture and beekeeping in "Raising Reeling". For example, in sericulture, Wang Zhen summed up his experience in silkworm egg selection and collection, silkworm egg preservation, feeding management, adjusting room temperature and raising silkworms separately. In fish farming and beekeeping, Wang Zhen has also inherited and developed the farming methods summarized by predecessors.

Wang Zhen is knowledgeable and talented in other aspects. He is not only an excellent agronomist, but also an ingenious mechanical designer and an innovator of printing technology, and a poet. Wang Zhen is quite accomplished in mechanical design. He designed and drew a large number of complicated drawings of agricultural machinery, and solicited research from many parties, and restored some machinery that had long been lost, some of which were also reformed. For example, Du Shifa, the magistrate of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, used the "water platoon" blast technology to make iron, which was lost in the Yuan Dynasty. After long-term and repeated research, Wang Zhen finally figured out the structural principle of "water drain", and made a map, which was loaded into the Atlas of Agricultural Equipment. In the process of recovery, he also changed the original raft into a wooden fan similar to a bellows. This not only saves the cost and reduces the labor intensity, but also improves the smelting technology. This kind of reproduction and reform is of great significance in the history of China's ancient iron smelting.

Wang Zhen's innovation in printing technology has made valuable contributions to the development of China and even the world culture. Clay movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng in Northern Song Dynasty was one of the four great inventions in ancient China, but it was not popularized until Yuan Dynasty, when block printing was still widely used. This method is not only labor-consuming and time-consuming, but also the engraved plates are mostly useless once printed. In order to make his agricultural books published as soon as possible, Wang Zhen conducted an experimental study on wood movable type printing on the basis of cement movable type printing in Bi Sheng, and finally succeeded. This method not only saves manpower and time, but also improves printing efficiency. Rotary typesetting is another invention of Wang Zhen. He found that in the process of picking up Chinese characters, thousands of wooden movable types lined up in a row, which brought inconvenience to people to shuttle back and forth, so he designed and manufactured a wheeled typesetting tray, which created conditions for improving the efficiency of picking up Chinese characters and reducing labor intensity.

Won the honor of being selected into the World Paper Industry Hall of Fame in 20 15, which is the second master of paper and printing industry in China to win this honor after Cai Lun.

Literary original literature

[1] (Yuan): Agricultural Books, Agricultural Press 1963.

[2] Wang Yuhu's Note: Wang Zhennong, Agricultural Press, 198 1. Research literature

[3] Wan: Agricultural Books, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962.

[4] Institute of History, Shandong Branch of China Academy of Sciences: "Three Ancient Agronomists in Shandong", Shandong People's Publishing House, 1962.

[5] Ancient Agriculture Research Office of Northwest Agricultural College: Biography of Ancient Agricultural Scientists in China, Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, 1984.