Airport architectural development planning and design?

According to the latest statistics, there are more than 500 civil airports of various types in mainland China. Among them, the number of airports used by fixed flights has increased from 166 in 2009 to 188, and the airport density has reached 1? 6/100,000km2. However, compared with the United States, which has a similar land area, the number of public airports in China is only 1/17 of that of the United States, and the number of flight transportation airports is only 1/5 of that of the United States. At the same time, Japan's airport density is 23.3/100,000 km2. Compared with other developed countries, my country's airports are small in number, relatively small in scale, extensive in operation and management, low in commercialization, low in economic benefits, insufficient in airport construction funds, unbalanced development, and low in business quality. These are the shortcomings of my country's airport construction. Therefore, China's airport construction has a long way to go. After nearly 60 years of development, the world's modern airport architecture has achieved unprecedented development in both functional mode and architectural form. This article summarizes and studies this development trend, seeks its potential laws, captures its surging information, and transforms it into design strategies so that it can be applied in practice. The design trends of contemporary airports can be summarized as follows: 1) Traffic intensification promotes the emergence of multi-layer three-dimensional models; 2) Improve comfort and ensure high-quality environmental places; 3) Establishing a city gateway image requires iconicity; 4) Increase The design is flexible to adapt to development and changes; 5) focus on energy-saving design and "green airport" research; 6) focus on business planning to increase non-aeronautical income. We will comprehensively consider the above aspects to analyze and discuss the design and development of airport buildings, and summarize the following thinking points to provide some strategies and inspiration for future airport design.

1 Function

The airport is a highly functional building. It organizes circulation lines and solves functions well, emphasizing the unique transportation of the building, which can make it vivid. .

1?1 Model: Is it to adopt a huge terminal or to combine multiple terminals or terminal units? This is a problem that will be encountered in the design of every large airport. At present, most of the new terminals in the world take the form of a terminal, mainly due to the efficiency of system use and the grandeur of a terminal. Such as Abu Dhabi Airport (picture omitted), Beijing T3 Airport, etc. However, while such a design brings sensory shock to people, it has also been criticized for neglecting the walking distance of passengers. This requires designers to try to balance the two aspects of the contradiction when designing. From a design perspective, there will not be too many technical problems in the design of one terminal or multiple terminals, and they can all be solved well. But the difference between the two is also obvious.

1?2 Connecting with urban traffic Parking lots and transportation centers are aspects that cannot be ignored in modern airport design. They are points of direct connection with urban traffic and also reflect the current status and planning of the urban traffic system. They can have their own unique form. The objective basis of this form is its functional requirements. The size and form of parking lots corresponding to airports of different sizes are different.

1?3 Combination of moving lines and space As a typical transportation building, the terminal building can be combined with the indoor space through the design of the flow line to achieve an ideal and exciting indoor effect. In the design of the T3 terminal of Wuhan Tianhe Airport, a traffic axis is set up from the traffic center to the welcome hall, and a volume with a strong sense of direction is inserted into the huge and open space. The T2 terminal of Shanghai Hongqiao Airport is usually simple in appearance, but the interior space is rich, layered and fluid, making it a masterpiece. A large number of overpasses are set up in the hall to connect traffic in all directions, making the indoor space very dynamic.

2 Spatial Form

The terminal building has its own characteristics when analyzing its spatial form. It is also an entry point for us to think about when designing.

2?1 Rooftop terminals are subject to aviation height restrictions. They are usually lower in height and generally controlled within 40m. Compared with its huge extension, this height is undoubtedly too small, and the entire shape will appear too flat in terms of facade shape. Therefore, the form of its roof is extremely important in terms of architectural shape and spatial perception. 1) The roof of the unit combination: the constantly repeating rhythm and rhythm is suitable for large airport terminals.

Unit assembly is not suitable for smaller terminals, as it makes the building lose scale and appear smaller. A unique roof form can achieve a strong iconicity. For example, Calatrava designed the super-scale structure of Bilbao Sondica Airport in Spain: with its simple and simple form, graceful line control, super-scale volume, and dazzling colors and textures, it obtains a kind of shock. The effect on people's hearts. Such as Kansai International Airport and Beijing T3 Terminal. 3) Large overhanging eaves: Large-scale overhanging eaves not only give people strong visual tension, but also have the practical effect of shading the sun and rain. Such as Beijing T3 Terminal.

2?2 Optics Valley and Open Space Modern airport terminals have huge spaces, and the spatial effects they pursue are also openness, permeability, and fluidity. However, the middle part of the building, especially the lower space (such as the arrival hall, baggage claim hall, etc.), lacks light due to its huge scale, making it appear depressing. This problem can be cleverly solved by setting up skylights on the roof, a spacious dining room, or digging a light valley at an appropriate location, making the space open and flowing. The Kuala Lumpur International Airport (picture omitted), known as "the airport in the forest, the forest in the airport", has set up a huge central garden in the center of the satellite building, which not only echoes the ecology, but also provides a good indoor environment. The space provides a natural feel, allowing the airport and the interior and exterior to penetrate and merge with each other.

2?3 Indoor structure system The interior is the place that gives passengers the most direct experience. The standard unitized space structure and the large-scale space form without visual obstruction can purify the use space and increase the flexibility of the space. . The indoor structural system is not only the structure that supports the huge roof, but also becomes the most expressive element. The common interior structural approach is to design a long-span steel structure in the departure hall, and follow an ordinary conventional column grid in the ground floor space. However, in modern airport design, these traditional practices have slowly emerged in different forms: 1) Combination of roof structure and wall: The originator of this approach is the New York JFK Airport Terminal designed by Saarinen (pictured) slightly). 2) Tree structure: Norman Foster first used this pioneering approach at London Stansted Airport (not shown) and Hamburg Airport, and many subsequent architects have learned from it. 3) Strengthen the roof and weaken the columns: When the roof is expressive enough, the vertical structure can be appropriately weakened. The representative of this aspect is the indoor space of Beijing T3 Terminal.

3 Formal significance

The terminal building is undoubtedly the highlight of the entire airport. It is the door to the world for one’s own country, and is the symbol and measure of a country’s successful economic development. It is a window to show one's own culture, especially for those countries whose economy is taking off. Therefore, the terminal building is bound to bear this huge significance, and it is also a topic that architects must face.

3?1 Modern and flying feeling 1) Streamlined. The dynamic appearance, (such as Wuhan T3, not shown), is shaped like light flowing water, or a strange space vehicle, or a curved or wavy arc-shaped roof, elegant and light, all of which represent modern, future and high-tech buildings. An interpretation of technology. 2) Sense of flying. San Francisco International Airport (picture omitted) and Shenzhen Baoan Airport have a symmetrical structure, and the unfolded curved roof forms a shape like the wings of a bird, expressing human beings' desire and pursuit of flying, which is reflected in the form of the terminal building It also seems to be a perfect fit.

3?2 Regionality If all the airports in the world were of an international type, it would also confuse passengers and embarrass people in this country. Reflecting regional culture in design can make people perceive, feel, and even be moved. Abstract elements—it is a common practice to abstract regional elements and express them in a modern form. The representative work in this regard is Xiamen Gaoqi Airport (picture omitted). The appearance of the terminal building, which is composed of traditional residential structures, shows a strong sense of regional identity. Contrast between tradition and modernity - This is a bold counter-trend approach. The form of the building is traditional, but the facilities and spaces contained therein are modern, creating a sense of time confusion.

The masterpiece of this approach is the San Pablo Airport in Seville, Spain (picture omitted) designed by Rafael Moneo. The huge honeycomb-shaped roof shows a strong Moorish architectural style. The newly completed Hangzhou Xiaoshan Airport terminal building tells people that this is a well-deserved "paradise on earth" with its integration with the surrounding lakes and mountains and its light blue wave shape. The slightly smaller Haikou Meilan Airport and Changsha Huanggang Airport each have distinctive regional characteristics.

4 Technical Measures

Technology has always been the backbone supporting architecture. The power of technology can bring about great changes in the appearance and form of buildings, and can also make the space where people live more comfortable and reasonable. Technology can also become the starting point and means of design, and the "technical expression tendency" in architectural creation has gradually become an important practical activity in the field of architecture. Because technological changes often transcend the limitations of various external factors of architecture such as culture, art, and genres, it will have a great impact on architectural creation, thereby making a new leap forward in contemporary architectural design methods and design methods, creating a Architectural works required by the times.

4?1 Structure Structure technology is the most common, basic and expressive technical means. It has been described in the previous article and will not be repeated here.

4?2 Green Technology With the intervention of ecological environmental protection concepts and sustainable development concepts in the construction field, the tendency of "green technology" is also introduced in airport buildings. Whether it is high-tech means or low-tech measures, problems can be solved better. The key is to establish this kind of "technical thinking." 1) Energy-saving design. In the Kuala Lumpur Airport designed by Kisho Kurokawa, each roof unit is like a hat brim, tilting downward at 15 degrees from the top to reduce heat gain. It showcases not only construction techniques but also the climate characteristics and atmosphere of Malaysia. In the design of Chicago Terminal 1, in order to maximize energy efficiency, the indoor space on the first floor of the terminal basically uses natural lighting, which greatly reduces energy costs. The daylight illumination in the hall is also controllable. Another distinctive feature of this terminal is the vaulted roof of the hall. The roof uses a set of special panels, spray-insulated aluminum alloy sandwich panels and silicone-sealed glass prefabricated panel components. Double-glazed prefabricated panels also have thermal insulation properties and are composed of double-glazed clear glass or an outer layer of clear glass and an inner layer of composite glass. The application of skylights, efficient building exterior wall materials and highly automated machinery and equipment make Terminal 1 a highly energy-saving building. Its energy consumption is only 50~60% of the energy consumption of Chicago Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. 2) Sustainable development of functions. In terms of overall planning, the terminal building functions can not only meet the needs of current use, but also take into account future development and expansion. Some terminal buildings are designed in the form of a central hall connecting multiple terminals. This unit design is very beneficial to future expansion. 3) Renewable, low energy consumption building materials. In the design of the T3 terminal of the Beijing International Airport, in order to realize the regeneration and recycling of materials, aluminum alloy interior and exterior wall panels, indoor large-area metal ceilings, metal cylinders, etc. are all included in the selection of materials. Renewable building materials can reduce human demand for mineral products; pollution-free green building materials are used as ground materials; in the use of granite floors, special testing centers are used to control radioactive substances harmful to the human body.

In every city, as an important gateway, the airport is inevitably required to be designed as a city's logo. Of course, the government and architects also have the same dream and hope to rely on their own understanding. Build an architecture of heroism. Airport architecture is a huge project from the perspective of urban planning, construction and design. The design requires a balance between function and peripheral environment, caters to the development trend of airport construction, and considers its layout, structure and Rational utilization and breakthroughs in materials are the direction that future airport buildings should take.

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