What are the characteristics of Yunnan?

Introduction to Yunnan

Yunnan, referred to as "Yun" or "Dian", is located in the southwest border of China, with the Tropic of Cancer running through the south. The total area is 394,000 square kilometers, accounting for 4.1% of the country's total area. It borders Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guizhou Province in the east, is bounded by Jinsha River in the north, faces Sichuan Province across the river, is connected to the Tibet Autonomous Region in the northwest, is closely related to Myanmar in the west, and borders Laos and Vietnam in the south and southeast respectively. The land border is 4060 kilometers.

Natural conditions

Altitude

The terrain of Yunnan Province is higher in the north and lower in the south, with a large altitude difference. The altitude in the south is generally between 1500-2200 meters, and in the north between 3000-4000 meters. The highest point in the province - Kagebo Peak in Meili Snow Mountain is 6740 meters above sea level. In the east is the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with the terrain gradually becoming gentle, with an average altitude of 76.4 meters.

Natural resources

Yunnan is rich in natural resources and is known as the "Kingdom of Plants", "Kingdom of Animals", "Kingdom of Non-ferrous Metals" and "Hometown of Medicinal Materials". Plants: Yunnan is the province with the most plant species in the country. There are not only tropical, subtropical, temperate and cold temperate plant species, but also many ancient, derived, endemic and introduced plants from abroad. There are nearly 30,000 higher species in the country. Among the plants, there are 18,000 species in Yunnan, accounting for more than half of the country's total.

Minerals

More than 150 types of available minerals have been discovered, accounting for 93% of the types of minerals discovered in the country. The potential value of guaranteed reserves can reach 3 trillion yuan, of which fuel minerals Accounting for about 40%, metal minerals account for 7.3%, and non-metallic minerals account for about 52.7%. There are 86 types of minerals with proven reserves and 2,700 mineral locations. Among the mineral reserves, 13% are among the top in the country, and two-thirds of the minerals are important in the Yangtze River Basin and southern regions. Location. Among them, the minerals ranking first in the country include zinc, lead, tin, cadmium, indium, thallium and blue asbestos.

Water resources

Yunnan Province has abundant rainfall, numerous rivers and lakes, and an annual flow of 200 billion cubic meters, equivalent to three times that of the Yellow River. The transit water volume is 160 billion cubic meters, and the total per capita ownership of the two items is more than 10,000 cubic meters, which is four times the per capita ownership in the country. The abundant water resources have formed abundant water energy resources and become the greatest energy advantage.

Tourism resources

Yunnan has rich and colorful tourism resources, pleasant climate, poetic natural scenery and colorful folk customs, forming a beautiful and moving picture. .

Population and Ethnic Groups

Demographic Statistics

At the end of 1998, the total population of the province was 41.44 million.

Population growth rate

At the end of 1998, the natural population growth rate of the province was 12.10‰.

Average life expectancy

In 1995, the average life expectancy of the province's population was 65.1 years for men and 67.7 years for women.

Ethnic distribution and population proportion

Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China, with 25 of the 56 ethnic groups in the country. Yunnan has a total population of 41.44 million, of which 38.07% are ethnic minorities, including Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Miao, Su, Hui, Lahu, Wa, Naxi, Yao, Tibetan, Jingpo, Bulang, and Pumi. , Nu, Achang, Jinuo, Mongolian, Dulong, Manchu, Shui, Buyi and other more than 20 ethnic groups, the population exceeds 8,000. The distribution of the ethnic minority population in Yunnan is diverse: some ethnic groups have certain settlement areas and live scattered among other ethnic groups; some ethnic groups are highly concentrated in one place, state or even one county or township; some ethnic groups are mixed They live scattered in towns and along transportation lines, and live in villages; some ethnic groups live scattered in towns. There are 25 ethnic groups with a population of more than 5,000 and certain settlement areas. There are 10 ethnic groups including Hui, Manchu, Bai, Naxi, Mongolian, Zhuang, Dai, Achang, Buyi and Shui, which are distributed in the border valleys. The population is about 4.5 million; Mainly living in the mid-level mountainous areas are Hani, Yao, Lahu, Wa, Jingpo, Bulang, Deang, Jinuo and other 8 ethnic groups and some Yi ethnic groups, with a population of about 5 million; Mainly living in the high mountainous areas are Miao, Lisu, There are 6 ethnic groups including Tibetan, Pumi, Nu and Dulong and some Yi ethnic groups, with a population of about 4 million.

There is no county with a single ethnic group in the province. Hui and Yi people are distributed in most counties in the province.

Education level

In 1998, the number of people with college education or above in the province was 419,800; the number of people with high school education (including technical secondary school) was 2.1087 million people; the population with junior high school education is 8.304 million, the population with primary school education is 18.2485 million, the province's illiterate and semi-illiterate population aged 15 and above is 8.2535 million.

Transportation

Railway

The Nan (Ning)-Kunming (Ming) Railway has a total length of 886 kilometers and is a sea passage connecting the three provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan. , with a line length of 306 kilometers in Yunnan, is a national first-class trunk line and was electrified at one time. The Guangdong-Dali Railway, with a total length of 213 kilometers, is a national secondary trunk line. The Kunyang-Yuzhou Railway from Kunyang to Yuxi South has a total length of 56.3 kilometers. It is a local railway in Yunnan Province built with self-raised funds by the Yuxi area.

Roads

There are 958 kilometers of national second- and higher-grade highways, 7,571 kilometers of third-grade highways, and 52,248 kilometers of fourth-grade highways. Yunnan Province's highways have basically formed a highway transportation network with Kunming City as the center (hub), radiating throughout the province, and connecting roads in Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Tibet and neighboring countries such as Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand.

Waterways

In 1995, the province’s total investment in inland shipping construction was 171 million yuan, adding 807 kilometers of rough-through barge channels, and building an annual throughput of 300,000-400,000 tons. There are 2 terminals and 4 terminals with a throughput of 100,000 tons, forming a comprehensive transportation capacity of 2 million tons of freight and 2 million passengers.

Aviation

Flights outside the province include Kunming to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Haikou, Shantou, Chongqing, Shenyang, Harbin, Wuhan, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Hangzhou, and Xiamen , Nanning, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Changsha, Guilin and other 19 domestic routes; flights to the province include Kunming to Jinghong, Mangshi, Simao; routes to foreign countries and regions include Bangkok, Yangon, Vientiane, 4 routes in Hong Kong. Kunming Wujiaba Airport is a national first-class airport. Xishuangbanna, Mangshi and Simao airports are national second-level airports.

In Yunnan, the ancients used the term "Colorful Yunnan" to refer to this mysterious Yunling Plateau. "Different ethnic groups in one mountain, different skies in ten miles." On this red soil plateau, 26 ethnic groups that are constantly striving for self-improvement live and multiply. Due to their different natural environments, they present different social and cultural forms.

The rich and colorful customs and customs of various ethnic groups in Yunnan are a living history museum. Each ethnic group's clothing, food, housing, transportation, marriage and love, funerals, childbirth, festivals, etiquette, language, writing, totems, religion, taboos, and aesthetics are all integrated into a distinctive cultural chain; the Dongba of the Naxi people Culture, Dali's Bai culture, Dai's Beiye culture, Yi's Bema culture... Water Splashing Festival, Torch Festival, Knife Festival, Flower Arrangement Festival... Myths, epics, songs and dances, paintings, operas, ancient music... all of them are unique Unique, deep and remote.

Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in my country. There are 56 ethnic groups in the country. In addition to the Han, Yunnan is home to 25 ethnic groups with a population of more than 4,000. These ethnic groups are: Yi, Bai, Hani , Zhuang, Dai, Miao, Lisu, Hui, Lahu, Wa, Naxi, Yao, Tibetan, Jingpo, Buyi, Pumi, Nu, Achang, Deang, Jinuo, Shui, Mongolia, Brown, Dulong, Manchu. The province's ethnic minority population accounts for nearly 1/3 of the total population. As early as the clan society period, there were three major ethnic groups living in Yunnan: Qiang, Pu, and Yue. They were the earliest ancestors of Yunnan and were collectively called "Southwestern Yi" during the Qin and Han Dynasties. After generations of continuous migration, differentiation, evolution, and integration, the distribution and characteristics of each ethnic group became stable in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Yi people are mainly distributed in the vast areas of northeastern, central and northern Yunnan; the Bai people are mainly distributed around the Erhai Lake and adjacent areas; the Zhuang and Miao people are mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Yunnan; Lisu, Nu, Dulong, Hani, Dai and Lahu The , Wa, Jingpo, Bulang, Naxi, Tibetan, Achang and De'ang ethnic groups are mainly distributed in the vast areas of western, southern and northwestern Yunnan. In addition, the three-dimensional distribution of residences of various ethnic groups is also obvious.

The Bai, Zhuang, Hui, and Naxi ethnic groups mostly live in Pingba; the Dai and Achang live in low-heat valleys; the Yi, Hani, Lahu, Wa, Jingpo, Bulang, Yao, and Deang mostly live in the mid-mountainous areas; the Miao mostly live in alpine mountainous areas; Tibet and Pumi They live in the northwest Yunnan Plateau; the Lisu, Nu and Dulong people are distributed in the mountainous areas on both sides of the Nu River and Dulong River.

Beautiful and fertile Yunnan is a treasure land in the southwestern frontier of the motherland. It

has vast land, magnificent mountains and rivers, and rich resources. It is an important birthplace of mankind

One, with a long history and ancient civilization. Yunnan means "south of Yunling

", also known as "Dian", with its splendid culture and numerous historical sites.

Various ethnic groups with different customs, vastly different three-dimensional climates, and world-wide civilization

Rare birds and animals, exotic flowers and plants, underground treasures, rich products and the gateway to India,

The geographical advantages of Southeast Asian countries give it a rich and mysterious charm. In addition to its well-known reputation as "the animal kingdom, the plant kingdom, and the king of non-ferrous metals

In addition to "the country", Yunnan is also known as the "hometown of spices", "natural gardens" and "treasure house of medicine

.

Yunnan Ethnic Group

As early as the clan society period, there were three major ethnic groups living in Yunnan: "Qiang, Pu, and Yue". They were the earliest ancestors of Yunnan. They were collectively called "Southwestern Yi" during the Qin and Han Dynasties. After generations of continuous migration, differentiation, and evolution, Integration, it was not until the Ming and Qing dynasties that the distribution and characteristics of various ethnic groups became stable. Now, in addition to the Han, Yunnan has a population of more than 4,000 and there are 25 ethnic groups living there:

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The No. 1 strange thing in Yunnan is that eggs are bought on skewers with straw.

The eggs are so packaged that they are not easily broken and look like a unique piece of art.

The No. 2 thing in Yunnan Weird, pancakes are called "bait cakes".

Pounded and then baked, and smeared with sauce, they are very fragrant. This convenient and delicious food is called "bait cakes".

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Eighteen Monsters of Yunnan

The third monster of Yunnan, three mosquitoes stir-fry vegetables.

In the forest, in the grass ditch, the branches and leaves are lush, and they are raised Mosquitoes are extraordinary in size.

The fourth strange thing in Yunnan is that rocks grow to the sky.

The stone forest is one of the most beautiful scenery in the world, and its uncanny craftsmanship is incredible.

Eighteen Monsters of Yunnan

Yi.

The fifth weirdo of Yunnan takes off his straw hat and uses it as a pot lid.

A hat woven from straw serves as a pot lid. Not only is it tightly covered, but it can also give the food a fresh fragrance.

The sixth strange thing about Yunnan is that clothes should be worn in all seasons.

The climate with constant temperature all year round has created a unique style in people’s clothing. Colorful.

Eighteen Monsters of Yunnan

.

The Seventh Monster of Yunnan, there are many old ladies who are experts in farming.

Dangerous The plateau has created hard-working and brave people of all ethnic groups, among whom women are particularly capable.

The eighth strange thing in Yunnan is that bamboo tubes can be used to make hookahs.

This thing is quite scientific and maintains the tradition of dry tobacco. It has a mellow aroma, and uses water to filter out other impurities, and the sound is very pleasant, "Gudong, Gudong".

Eighteen Monsters of Yunnan

The ninth monster of Yunnan, the pocket pony is capable.

The animals born and raised here are small in size, but they are capable of carrying loads and climbing mountains.

The tenth monster in Yunnan, grasshoppers can be used as food and drinks.

Put The grasshoppers are made into delicious food, fried until brown, and when you open your mouth and bite: "Click——".

Eighteen Monsters of Yunnan

The Eleven Monsters of Yunnan produce good vegetables and vegetables in all seasons.

The land is fertile and the climate is mild, and any vegetable can be produced almost at any time.

Twelve strange things about Yunnan are that good cigarettes are smoked but not sold. Yunnan people feel proud of the first-class cigarettes they produce. I am proud, but also confused that I can’t buy it at my doorstep.

Eighteen Weird Things in Yunnan

Thirteen Weird Things in Yunnan, thatch is sold well at home and abroad.

Everything in the mountains is a treasure, and reform and opening up have given them a new life.

Fourteen strange things in Yunnan, trains are not as fast as cars.

High mountains and dangerous roads often make modern The means of transportation are too strong to be used.

Eighteen Monsters of Yunnan

Fifteen Monsters of Yunnan, a boy who goes out with a baby

People lead.

It has become a fashion for men here to love their wives and children, and "model husbands and excellent fathers" can be seen everywhere on the streets.

There are sixteen strange things in Yunnan, and the caves can compete with fairyland.

The caves developed in recent years are larger and more beautiful than the last.

Eighteen Monsters in Yunnan

The Seventeen Monsters in Yunnan, everyone has rice noodles across the bridge Love.

Boiling hot chicken soup paired with raw meat, lettuce and rice milk make up the most famous flavor of Yunnan: a kind of "thread", "crossing the bridge rice noodles".

< p>Eighteen strange things in Yunnan, flowers bloom all year round.

Oh, beautiful Yunnan, the frontier of the motherland, flowers that are always blooming welcome a brighter tomorrow!

Yunnan finally The Pure Land is doomed

The "China Youth Daily" reported that the Xiagui Hot Spring in Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province is a typical geological landscape formed by hot springs in modern times. It is of great ornamental value and scientific research value. Fumarole (thermal) vents are particularly rare. However, during the tourism development process, without understanding the geological structure and laws of the fumaroles, developers attempted to turn the fumaroles into "sauna" places, resulting in serious damage to the rare tourist geological landscape. Another underground spring in the county, Tianshengqiao "Caiquan", has lost the natural conditions for the reproduction of "Caiquan" due to "modern" decoration. Some environmental experts are worried about this and say that now, the last pure land we have is being turned into a tourist and leisure boutique. All lifestyles and cultural forms that are different from the mainstream must serve the needs of tourism. Not knowing what our nature, in the hands of hungry developers, will leave for future generations? To put it mildly, various developers are both builders and destroyers, but they cannot and cannot monopolize all profits, whether they are profits from destruction or construction.

Eupatorium adenophora, native to Central America, invaded Yunnan, my country, in the 1980s, and quickly spread northward, invading agricultural vegetation, occupying pastures and logging lands...

"Biological invasion" triggers an ecological crisis, which urges people to understand the unpredictable nature more deeply.

Having green eyes is sometimes not necessarily a good thing.

He Ping, an engineer from the Animal Husbandry Bureau of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, was really angry and helpless when talking about the Eupatorium adenophora that spread all over the mountains and plains. The green disaster caused by this kind of grass to the local livestock industry and ecological environment is even more terrible than floods and droughts.

Eupatorium adenophora was first discovered in Liangshan Prefecture 11 years ago. He Ping recalled: “Overnight, this poisonous weed suddenly appeared, along the winding mountain roads, on hillsides, on roofs, beside ditches, beside pastures, in farmland... Now they are everywhere. . ”

Faced with this strange weed that came from distant Southeast Asia and entered the Liangshan area of ??Sichuan via Yunnan, people initially ignored it. It has thick, fluffy green leaves and small dandelion-like flowers. Gotta go fast. As for green, wouldn’t it be better to have one more plant? But people didn't expect that this beautiful name would cause so much trouble to the locals. Because its invasion was ignored at first, within a few years, it had spread all over the mountains and plains, like an army of thousands of horses sweeping away the forests and pastures of more than a dozen counties across the state. Wherever it went, the original plants were "crowded out". All the grasses that cattle and sheep like to eat have disappeared, except for Eupatorium. When people found that sheep that ate this grass quickly lost hair, became sick, and ewes became infertile and died one after another, it was too late to eradicate it.

At that time, Yunnan Province had also realized the dangers of Eupatorium adenophora, and spent more than 800,000 yuan every year to eliminate Eupatorium adenophora, but it was growing wildly and was helpless.

Eupatorium adenophora (denounced as smelly grass by locals) caused Liangshan Prefecture to lose more than 60,000 sheep in 1996, and the livestock industry suffered a loss of more than 21 million yuan. In the five years since the discovery of Eupatorium adenophora in Yanyuan County, 15,213 sheep have died. The Yi people, who were still in extreme poverty, were not willing to let their cattle and sheep go without help. Every household, old and young, came out to pull weeds and then threw them on the road to die in the sun. But those who pulled the weeds suffered from headaches and dizziness, and some were even poisoned. But people are still reluctant to use pesticides because they may kill poisonous weeds but harm cattle and sheep.

In order to come up with an eradication plan, experts from the Sichuan Provincial Grassland General Station and the Liangshan Prefecture Animal Husbandry Bureau visited Yunnan, collected more than 30,000 words of information, and investigated the areas where Eupatorium adenophora spread rapidly in the state. 430,000 acres of grassland were occupied in 120 townships.

Analysis found that the wind-fluttering crests of Eupatorium adenophora carry grass seeds into Liangshan along railways, highways, and rivers. Eupatorium adenophora seeds may be carried on the soles of people's shoes, clothes, wheels and in river water. The total weight of one thousand seeds of this kind of grass is less than 0.45 grams, and it is almost invisible to the naked eye. One Eupatorium clump contains 700,000 mature seeds. It can also reproduce asexually. It is extremely adaptable to the environment and can grow in arid and barren slopes, walls, rock ridges, and in rock crevices. He Ping said that once there is Eupatorium adenophora in a pasture, the sunlight, water, and fertilizer are all its own, and no grass can compete with it. When it entered the banana forest, the banana trees were 1 meter shorter. When it entered the pepper forest and mulberry forest, the production of pepper and silkworm cocoons was reduced by 8% that year.

In less than 10 years, this alien species has covered 15 counties in Liangshan Prefecture, leaving only two counties with an altitude of more than 2,500 meters unaffected.

In 1997, the state government issued a special document to eliminate Eupatorium adenophora, mobilizing cadres and masses across the state to "fight a people's war." Slogans are written and materials are distributed throughout the state. Village radio and state television stations, government agencies and schools are everywhere talking about the dangers of Eupatorium adenophora. Each county submits a prevention plan. Every winter and spring, before Eupatorium adenophora blooms, state agency cadres and the masses They all went into battle to dig out and burn them. People have come up with various weed control plans: replacing it with artificial vegetation; establishing isolation zones to prevent its spread; introducing eating flies that eat adenophora from Tibet; planting fast-growing eucalyptus trees in disaster areas to suppress the growth of poisonous weeds; looking for their usable value and promoting their elimination. But after a few years, the results of weeding were almost invisible. On the contrary, the person who pulled it out became dizzy, the cow's feet became inflamed and ulcerated when used as a washer, and the soil was chronically poisoned when used for retting. The worst part is that the grass grows faster the more it is pulled out.

Eupatorium adenophora is still advancing northward at a rate of 30 kilometers per year.

Liangshan Prefecture has set its own goal of a "green mutton base" in its "Western Development" plan, but now it has encountered the most serious ecological disaster in history.

"We will eventually come up with a way to overcome it," livestock experts are still confident. But a lack of research funding has stalled efforts to control weeds.

Experts from the Chinese Academy of Sciences said that Eupatorium adenophora is the most typical example of an invasion of alien species causing a serious ecological crisis. It would not be so difficult if we had the knowledge and awareness to prevent these pests and remove them when they first appear. At present, similar problems occur in all parts of our country. When returning farmland to forests and grasslands, returning farmland to lakes, and restoring vegetation, it is even more necessary to popularize relevant knowledge, prevent it first, choose local plants and fish that are suitable for the local environment, and avoid planting single species. and breeding, in order to effectively protect the local ecological environment.