Potato management

Cultivation technology

Potato cultivation technology varies around the world due to different geographical and climatic conditions. Mainly use tubers for vegetative reproduction. To avoid cutting-edge viruses (spindle tuber, X and S mosaic viruses) and ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3 to 3.5 cm should be selected for whole potato sowing. Potatoes are most susceptible to diseases, and fungal diseases include late blight, scab, and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and bacterial wilt. Viral diseases include mosaic disease, leaf curl disease, viroid disease and mycoplasma disease. Insect pests include tuber moths, nematodes, cutworms and grubs. Most cultivars are selected through cross-breeding. In view of the paucity of common cultivated potato variety resources, special attention has been paid in recent years to comprehensively integrating the chromosome sets of closely related potato cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the breeding of high yield, high resistance, high starch, and high protein content of new varieties. The main breeding approaches are: ① Use diploid hybrids that produce 2n gametes to cross with common cultivated species. ②Use new cultivars to hybridize with common cultivars. Potatoes have high yields and strong adaptability to the environment. The main potato producing areas in China are the southwest mountainous areas, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeastern regions. Among them, the sown area in the southwest mountainous area is the largest, accounting for about 1/3 of the country's total area. Heilongjiang Province is the largest potato planting base in the country.

When tubers are used for vegetative propagation, seed potatoes can germinate and grow at a soil temperature of 5 to 8°C, and the optimal temperature is 15 to 20°C. The temperature suitable for the growth and flowering of plant stems and leaves is 16 to 22°C. The most suitable temperature for tuber formation at night is 10-13°C (soil temperature 16-18°C). When it is higher than 20°C, the formation will be slow. During the unearthed and seedling stages, they suffer freezing damage when the temperature drops to -2°C.

1. Pot cultivation technology

Because the prices of agricultural products in the market continue to rise, many people around the world have begun to learn the technology of cultivating crops in small areas at home to grow vegetables at home, and potatoes are relatively It is easy to grow, and because it is a basic food, it is grown by many ordinary families.

Planting can be done in a small area of ??land in the garden, or in container materials with a depth of at least 24 centimeters such as trash cans and large flower pots. Generally speaking, only one potato can be planted in a flower pot; while in large buckets Several can be planted.

The soil used for planting does not have to be fertile, but it must be dry. It is not suitable for planting in wet and heavy clay. It is not a big problem if the soil is alkaline or acidic. If you want high yield, it is best to use nutrient soil (liquid) as planting soil. The nutrient soil (liquid) is prepared according to the fertilizer requirements of vegetables. You can use leaf humus soil, humus soil, peat soil, sawdust, wood shavings, rice husks, etc. Mix it with peat, or you can mix fine river sand or sand, perlite, vermiculite, cinder, etc. with leaf mold soil, compost soil, peat soil, etc. to prepare potting nutrient soil. If conditions permit, group cultivation of seedlings and soilless cultivation can be used.

Dwarf varieties of potted vegetables should be selected for dwarf control management. In the current situation where there are not many dwarf varieties, water must be controlled and planted in the early stage of growth. Water management is based on the principle of not affecting the growth and development of vegetables. At the same time, plants can be adjusted to make them dwarfed. If necessary, growth regulators can be used to control plant growth.

The shaping technology can be used for pruning, framing, shaping and landscaping according to vegetable varieties and market demand. Several plants of the same variety can be combined, or different varieties can be combined for landscaping. For example, potted tomatoes adopt the method of continuous pruning. According to the strong growth potential of tomatoes and the characteristics of axillary buds on each side that can form branches and bloom and bear fruit, double-stem or three-stem pruning can be performed. When the plant is 80 cm tall, the growing points are removed to make the plant It is short and stout, and the fruit matures uniformly; by twisting branches, picking leaves, and breaking branches to create a pot shape, the carrying capacity of the basic branches is increased and the fruiting rate is improved.

Bonsai vegetables that are light in nitrogen and heavy in phosphorus and potassium require short bodies, so they are also particular about fertilizer application. If too much nitrogen fertilizer is applied, bonsai vegetables, especially fruit-appreciating varieties, will grow too fast in the early stage, and the plant shape will be too large due to poor control, and they will lose their ornamental value. Therefore, the principle of light nitrogen and heavy phosphorus and potassium should be followed when fertilizing bonsai vegetables.

Disease and Pest Control Potted micro ornamental vegetables must be pollution-free vegetables, and their pests and diseases should be controlled using pollution-free control techniques. In principle, agricultural control and biological control are mainly used, with chemical control as a supplement.

Some of the non-pollution techniques include - to deal with ordinary small flying insects, you can spray diluted detergent; if there are snails and other soft-bodied insects eating leaves and roots, you can use cantaloupe peels, beer, etc. to attract them The snail changes the direction of eating.

2. Field cultivation technology

The flowering and tuber formation periods are the periods with the greatest water demand in the entire growth period. In case of drought, 15 to 20 tons of water per mu per time is the best way to ensure that potatoes are Key technical measures for high and stable production.

Potatoes generally absorb approximately 6.65 to 11.65 kilograms of nitrogen, 2.8 to 3.3 kilograms of phosphoric acid and 9.3 to 15.3 kilograms of potassium oxide when the yield per mu is 1330 to 1650 kilograms. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, black soil that is loose and rich in organic matter (pH 5.5-6.0) is the most ideal. The density of seedlings per acre should not be less than 4,000.

Atlantic potatoes introduced from the United States have high yield, good quality and significant profits. The planting technology is:

1. Before sowing, prepare the soil by plowing it 24 to 25 centimeters deep and then level it. If the moisture is insufficient before sowing, water should be added 10 days in advance to replenish the moisture.

2. The fertilizer is prepared about 20 days in advance. Add 25kg to 50kg of ammonium bicarbonate evenly to 300kg to 500kg of manure per acre, seal and pile it in a sunny place, mix it after it is fully decomposed, and apply it into the soil when plowing the land deeply.

3. Treatment before sowing seed potatoes

① Disinfection. 120 kilograms of seeds are used per acre, and the original seeds are sprayed with 400 to 500 times of the liquid of R.

②Cut into pieces. Cut each seed potato into 8 or more pieces. Because of its top advantage, try to cut as many pieces as possible at the top with bud eyes, and then soak the seeds with 1 pack of 10 mg/kg gibberellin and 10 kg of water for 5 minutes or spray the seed pieces with 75 kg of water.

③ Germination. Place the potato pieces flat on the soil with suitable moisture content, so that the potato buds face upward, spread 2 cm of soil on top, and then place a layer of seed potatoes flat, repeat 3 to 4 layers, then spread 5 cm of soil on top, and stack them in a sunny place. Cover tightly with agricultural film and sow after 15 days.

The above work should generally be completed before mid-January. Because during the expansion period of potatoes, if the outside temperature exceeds 25°C, the tubers will stop growing and the seedlings will grow vigorously, so it must take 90 to 100 days. During the suitable growing period, sowing should not be delayed.

4. The sowing requirements are to make a trench with a row spacing of 70 cm and a plant spacing of 20 cm, and turn the soil to one side. The trench depth is 6 cm to 8 cm. When placing the seed potatoes, keep the potato buds upward, and then cover the soil with a ridge height of 10 cm to 15 cm. After compaction, cover with mulching film. After the bud top film, break the film and cover with soil.

5. Field management: Pay attention to aphids when the seedlings have 3 to 5 leaves. Topdressing is done once each in the early budding stage and in the full flowering stage. Generally, 500 times of Schreidispora plus urea or 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus swelling hormone is used. Pay attention to strengthening field irrigation during the potato tuber expansion period to increase yield.

6. Timely Harvest Potatoes have the best quality in mid-June and should be harvested in time. ?Excerpted from: "Rural Practical Science and Technology", Issue 11, 2002

Edit this paragraph

Spring Management

1. Break membranes and inoculate seedlings in time. After the beginning of spring in our province, the temperature gradually rises. It is necessary to check the emergence of potatoes covered with mulch film from time to time to ensure timely harvesting of seedlings. Break a small hole in the mulch film at the place where the seedlings emerge to lead out the seedlings, and seal the film holes with moist soil to prevent moisture from escaping and lowering the temperature inside the film. Do not break the film too late and burn the seedlings.

2. Apply early seedling and potato fertilizer. When field potatoes enter the seedling stage, quick-acting seedling fertilizer should be applied once, using 200 kilograms of decomposed human excrement per acre, or 25 kilograms of ammonium dihydrogen carbonate per acre plus 5 to 8 kilograms of potassium sulfate mixed with water for strip application; Apply potato fertilizer once during the budding stage, and apply 10 to 15 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer per acre around the plants. Be careful not to apply chemical fertilizers to the leaves or directly contact the roots to prevent damage to the seedlings.

3. Timely fight against drought and eliminate waterlogging. For fields with "white" drought on the surface, timely irrigation should be carried out to resist drought. The half-furrow horse water method should be used for irrigation, and the water should be drained immediately after the soil is moist; for the spring rain season when there is a lot of rain, ditches should be cleared and drained in time. Especially in the later period, water management should be strengthened. Drought or stagnant water can easily cause potato deformities and cracks, which will affect the quality.

4. Build soil early and build high ridges. Potato soil cultivation can increase the number of nodes buried under the soil of the plant, increase the number of stolons, form more and larger tubers, and prevent drought cracking and tuber skin turning green when exposed to light. At the seedling stage, when the plant height is about 10 to 15 centimeters, the first appropriate soil cultivation should be carried out in combination with cultivating and weeding, so that the ridge backs are hoeed, close to the ridge eyes, and the weeds are removed without damaging the roots and seedlings; when the seedling height is about 25 centimeters, , perform the second cultivating and cultivating the soil, cultivating the soil to 5 to 7 cm; perform the third cultivating and weeding before flowering, and cultivating the soil high to facilitate potato formation.

5. Prevention and treatment of low temperature and freezing damage.

Potatoes in our province are often affected by low-temperature freeze damage caused by late spring cold, which can cause severe frostbite and death of seedlings. The following measures can be taken in cultivation to prevent or reduce potato low-temperature freeze damage.

1. Chemical regulation. During the budding stage, spray 35 grams of 15% paclobutrazol plus 60 kilograms of water evenly per acre to prevent potato plants from growing too much, dwarfing the plants, thickening the leaves, thickening the stems, deepening the leaf color, enhancing cold resistance, and effectively Reduce frost damage, while promoting underground growth, accelerating tuber enlargement and increasing yield.

2． Apply more thermal fertilizers. Appropriately add thermal fertilizers and potassium-containing fertilizers, such as plant ash, burned soil, etc. Because thermal fertilizers can increase ground temperature, potassium can affect cell permeability and increase cell concentration, thereby enhancing cold resistance.

3． Cover with grass to keep warm. Before the cold wave comes, cover potato plants with grass to keep them warm and prevent frost damage.

4. Fill with water and keep warm. 1 to 2 days before the onset of cold wave cooling, fill half of the furrow with water and keep the furrow surface moist to increase the heat capacity of the soil and reduce thermal conductivity, increase ground temperature, and reduce freezing damage. Drain the water immediately after the cold wave.

5. Smoke drives away frost. On the night when the frost comes, put rice husks or sawdust in a stove or old iron barrel, pour a small amount of waste diesel or waste engine oil on it, cover it with a little soil, put 5 to 6 pieces per acre, smoke it, change the microclimate, and achieve frost prevention. Purpose.

6． Wash off frost in time to reduce frost damage. After frost, you should inspect early. If you find that there is frost on the plants, spray water to wash the frost in time before defrosting in the morning. This can not only clean the frost water but also reduce the temperature difference, prevent physiological dehydration and reduce freezing damage.

6. Strengthen pest and disease control. To prevent and control potato diseases and insect pests, we should adhere to the plant protection policy of "prevention first, combining prevention and control", strengthen fertilizer and water management, control field humidity, and create an environment that is conducive to plant growth but not conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases.

1. Prevention and control of late blight:

First, use protective agents for prevention. When the seedling emergence rate reaches 95%, protective drugs should be sprayed in time, namely: 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 175-225 grams per mu per application; or 70% Antaixin, per mu per application The dosage is 150-200 grams; or 75% fierce killing, the dosage per mu is 125-150 grams; or 68.75% Yibao, the dosage per mu is 75-94 grams, and the prevention effect is very good.

The second is to promptly apply therapeutic agents for prevention and control. When late blight center diseased plants are found in the field, use 60 to 75 ml of 68.75% silver (fluorobacteria·propamocarb) per acre; or 100 grams of 72% gramin (permodiuron·manganese zinc); or 52.5% 27 grams of Yikuaijing (oxaproxil·cymoxanil); or 80 to 100 grams of 85% Kepudine (Bordeaux mixture·cymoxanil), etc. And apply it repeatedly every 7 to 10 days, 4 to 5 times in a row. Pay attention to the alternate use of agents for better control effect.

2． Prevention and treatment of viral diseases:

If diseased plants with symptoms of shrunken mosaics, rolled leaves, or leaf wilting appear in the field, they should be removed in time. The uprooted plants must be transported out of the seed potato field in soil-tight containers or plastic bags and burned. It is strictly prohibited to dump or bury them directly to prevent the spread of pathogens through soil or groundwater.

3． Underground pest control:

Mainly control cutworms, mole crickets, etc. First, use Lothben granules, quick-kill granules for groundworms and base fertilizers mixed and spread in the fertilization ditch (or combined with soil cultivation). Use poison to kill underground pests that harm the seedling stage; secondly, use 90% crystalline trichlorfon 800-1000 times solution or 50% phoxim or high-efficiency cymethrin 2000 times solution to protect the seedlings when combined with the first fertilizer application.

4. Aphid control:

After the seedlings are planted and before flowering, use 20 grams of 2.5% aphid wettable powder per mu or 15 grams of 10% aphid net + 500~700 times of virus A, mixed with 50 kilograms of water. Spray 2 to 3 times.

Edit this paragraph

Pest and disease control

The main disease of potatoes is late blight. The prevention and control measures include, first of all, strict quarantine and no planting from diseased areas; Second, we must do a good job in seed potato processing and plant whole potatoes. If they need to be cut into pieces, pay attention to disinfecting the cutter; third, during the growth period, if plants with late blight disease are found, they should be sprayed in time to prevent and control them. 50% For control, use 1000 times of mancozeb wettable powder or 800 times of 25% redoxia wettable powder. Once every 7 days, spray 3-4 times.

Pictures of potato diseases and insect pests (5 pictures)

Potato pests are mainly aphids, 28-spotted ladybugs and underground pests. The main control methods are: 40% omethoate 800 for aphid control 28-star ladybugs can be controlled with 80% trichlorfon 500 times liquid or dimethoate 1000 times liquid spray, and control can be started as soon as adult insects are found; The underground pests are mainly mole crickets, grubs and cutworms. Dissolve 500 grams of 80% trichlorfon wettable powder in water and mix it with 20 kilograms of fried cotton cakes or vegetable cakes or wheat bran as poison bait, and sprinkle it on the ground in the evening. Trap on the ground near the roots of seedlings, or use phoxim granule 812 powder and apply it to the soil with sowing for control.

Potatoes are also called potatoes, ground beans, etc. They are native to Peru and Chile in the Andes Mountains of South America. In the mid-16th century, potatoes were brought to Europe from South America by a Spaniard. At that time, people always admired the beauty of its flowers and regarded it as a decoration. Later, a French agriculturist-Ann. Through long-term observation and personal practice, Obamanchi discovered that potatoes can not only be eaten, but can also be used to make bread. From then on, French farmers began to cultivate potatoes on a large scale. In the early 19th century, when Peter the Great of Russia traveled to Europe, he spent a lot of money to buy a bag of potatoes and planted them in the palace garden. Later, they gradually developed into private cultivation.

Diagnosis and treatment of potato late blight: brown necrosis, and finally the diseased potatoes rot. Late blight can also cause potatoes to rot during storage. 2. Seeds can be soaked in 200 times liquid formalin solution. Then pile them up and cover them tightly, plant them for 2 hours, and then spread them out to dry. 4. Strengthen cultivation management. Selecting seed potatoes before sowing and eliminating infected tubers can reduce the number of diseased plants in the center of the field. Building soil during the later stages of potato growth can reduce the chance of zoosporangia infecting potato tubers. In years when the disease is prevalent, it is appropriate to cut the vines early and harvest the potato tuber 2 weeks later to avoid contact between the tuber tuber and diseased plants and reduce the infection rate of the tuber tuber.

Edit this paragraph

Storage

Potatoes can be stored until the second autumn after harvesting. They are generally covered with straw and stored in dark, cool and dry conditions. , prevent freezing in winter and avoid sprouting in spring.

Potatoes and apples can be placed together for long-term storage, because ripe apples will release a plant hormone-ethylene, which can promote the ripening of plant fruits and the shedding of organs. When potatoes and apples are put together, the ethylene produced by the apples will inhibit the cells in the eye of the potato sprouts from producing auxin. If the auxin does not accumulate to a sufficient concentration, the potatoes will naturally not germinate. Ripe bananas should also have this effect.