Public security police

(1) A brief study of the concepts of police and public security.

China has had police behavior since ancient times. The words "police", "cha" and words related to "police" appear repeatedly in Chinese pre-Qin classics and later history books. However, in ancient times, "police" was mostly a verb, and no public security organ named after "police" was found. In ancient Chinese, "police" mainly refers to warning, warning, alert, urgent situation or news, keen and sensitive; [1] "Inspection" mainly refers to observation, careful observation, investigation, recommendation after investigation, election and other meanings. [2] In short, as a verb, warning it in advance is called warning; Finding out the cause afterwards is called inspection, that is, "the police are first, and the inspection is later." There are three verbs related to "police" in ancient China: first, there is a word "Fa Cha" in the pre-Qin classic "Zhou Li" ("When you are just old, you can observe the law and guard the officials"); Second, Yan Shigu, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, used the word "police" at the beginning of his annotation for Hanshu ("the emissary police don't want to disclose it"); Third, the word "police inspection" is used in the biography of Cai Tingzhuan in the Song Dynasty ("Hebei is full of thieves, so we can know Bozhou well by carefully choosing the county guards. Zhongzhou belongs to Yan Baowu, a county, and has several people who stop raping and stealing, and they make up for the officials, so that they can inspect the police and steal every hair. ").

China used terms related to "police" to name public security organs in ancient times, which first appeared in the "police patrol court" in Liao Dynasty. The People's Republic of China was founded in the Liao Dynasty in 97 AD, and the "Police Patrol Court" was established in the capital in 916 AD, with police patrol officials, deputy envoys and judges. They wore special uniforms and took charge of prison litigation, police patrol and inspection. Jin and Yuan dynasties inherited and attacked it. The official naming of public security organs by "police" in China began in the late Qing Dynasty and after the Revolution of 1911. After the Opium War broke out in 184, imperialist powers carved up China and set up concessions in coastal trading port cities. The administration, industry and commerce, taxation and public security in the concessions were controlled by colonial countries. China people call the power of maintaining social order established by imperialism in the concession "patrolling". After China's war against Eight-Nation Alliance failed in 19, the Qing government established the "Patrol Police Department" in 195. After the Revolution of 1911, the Beiyang warlord government and the Republic of China government formally followed Japan's example to establish a public security organ named "police". In modern Chinese, "police" refers to "the armed forces of the state to maintain social order and public security. It also refers to members who participate in such armed forces. " [2]

in the west, the word "Police" is English for police, French for LaPoLice, and German for DiePoLizei, which mostly comes from Greek ∏oλlTεα and Latin Politia. In ancient times, this word refers to the state affairs, including politics, religion and other extensive contents, meaning organized management, civil administration and so on. In the Middle Ages, politics and religion were separated, so the word Politia specifically referred to politics and excluded religion, but the political concept at that time included military and justice. After the 17th century, the police gradually separated from the military and the judiciary, and the word "police" in the western language only specifically refers to "internal administration", but it is still different from the later "police". The word "police" in modern Spanish only refers to a specific part of internal affairs administration, not all of it. Now, according to its broadest concept, it can be interpreted as the process of policing in English, that is, the process of maintaining social order, which refers to the process in which the government controls, restricts and regulates citizens' behavior. In the Oxford English Dictionary, there are two definitions of Police organization: (1) The police organ is the government law enforcement department responsible for maintaining social order and security, and its terms of reference are very different in different countries and different periods; (2) Police organs are administrative forces that maintain social order, prevent and punish illegal acts and investigate criminal acts; It also refers to all members of the police department or all police or security forces in a certain area.

In ancient China, there was no concept of "public security" in the sense of police or public order, only the name of the county (namely, the public security county in Hubei Province) and the name of the literary genre in the late Ming Dynasty (namely, the literary genre headed by three brothers Yuan Zongdao, a native of the public security county in Hubei Province at that time). In Modern Chinese Dictionary, "public security" refers to "the public security of the whole society (including social order, public property, civil rights, etc.): ~ bureau ~ personnel." Literally, "public security" mainly refers to "public security" and "public peace". In Modern Chinese Dictionary, "Gong * * *" means "belonging to the society; Public and public. " "Peace" means "normal order, no harassment"; "(The mood) is stable and quiet." "Safety" means "no danger; Free from threats; There is no accident. " Generally speaking, a stable state of development in which social order operates normally and national security, public property and civil rights (including citizens' personal safety, personal freedom and legal property, etc.) are not threatened and infringed upon is "public security". However, since the revolutionary war years, especially since the liberation of the mainland, our party has unified the naming of police organs and public security work with "public security". Therefore, in the society and within the police organs, it is given the customary meaning of "public security" to refer to "police" or "public security".

in western languages, there is no word directly corresponding to "public security (personnel, ranks, organs, work)" in the sense of China modern people's police. According to the English version of French Police, the so-called "Public Security Committee" in French history, its original text is General Safety. General is general and general, and Safety is safe and free from danger. The two words are merged into "overall security" and "overall peace". This is related to and different from the word "public security" that China used to use in the sense of police. As for the unique Constable in Britain, some scholars think it can be translated as "public security", and at the same time, because Constable is the name of the British grass-roots police, it should be translated as "public security officer". However, when consulting most English-Chinese dictionaries published in China, Constable(=Policeman) is generally translated into police, police officer and patrolman. The word "Public Security" in our country is unified as public security when translated into English, that is, public security. In modern western languages, the General safety officer (that is, "public security officer") mainly refers to the personnel engaged in environmental protection work. In order to avoid misunderstanding in foreign communication, the word "public security" in the sense of Chinese Police is generally directly translated into English "police". For example, the English symbol of the word "public security" in the armband of the 89-style uniform of Chinese public security POLICE is "police". The 99-style police uniform simply changed the Chinese word "public security" in the armband to "police", making its English and Chinese symbols more standardized and unified. In fact, as early as 195, when Chinese mainland began to establish a unified public security organ, with the approval of Premier Zhou Enlai, the public security personnel were named China People's Police for short. Since then, China's public security organs have also been called "people's police organs". In 1957, China promulgated the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on People's Police. In 1992, the China Police Academy was established. In 1992 and 1995, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) successively passed and promulgated the Regulations on the Police Rank of the People's Republic of China and the Police Law of the People's Republic of China.

(2) the connection and difference between the concepts of "police" and "public security".

the above investigation shows that there are both connections and differences between the two concepts of "police" and "public security". Its contact point or similarity lies in that the term "public security (personnel, team, organs, work)" used in the sense of police in China, like "police", refers to the specialized institutions, personnel forces and their action practices of the state in managing and maintaining social security. The differences are mainly manifested in two aspects:

1. Looking at the concept of "police" in ancient and modern China and abroad, it can be used as both a noun and a verb. As a noun, "police" refers to the specialized institutions and personnel forces established by the state or government to be responsible for social security administration and criminal law enforcement functions. As a verb, "police" refers to the professional behavior or practical activity process of specialized institutions and personnel forces responsible for social security administration and criminal law enforcement functions in the country or government. The concept of "public security" is just a state noun, which means "public security" or "public peace", indicating the state of social order and peace. In this sense, it is connected with "public security". Not only can "public security" not be used as a verb, but it is hard to say that it refers to "police" without subject words such as "personnel", "team", "organ" and "work". In other words, "police" can be used as an independent and clear concept in any country and any place. The word "public security" can refer to "police" only when it forms a corresponding phrase with "personnel", "team", "organ" and "work". In fact, in China's public security organs, it is much more scientific to refer to public security personnel as "public security policemen" than "public security policemen". For a long time, the word "public security policemen" has been used in the documents of public security organs and leaders' speeches in China, and its meaning is "cadres of public security organs and (ordinary) policemen". After careful investigation, this idiom has two obvious disadvantages: first, the professional identity of cadres in the establishment of public security organs is first of all the police; The (ordinary) policemen in the establishment of public security organs are also customarily called national cadres in their political identity. Secondly, artificially dividing the whole police force into cadres and (ordinary) police officers will easily lead to the psychological imbalance of the majority of (ordinary) police officers. Therefore, we should stop using the term "public security policemen".

2. Differences in scope of use. "Police" is a concept commonly used in many historical periods and most countries. However, "public security (personnel, teams, organs, work, committees)" is only used in a few countries represented by China and Japan. That is to say, "police" is the title of public security specialized institutions, personnel strength and their action practice in most countries in the world (including the history of China). However, "public security (personnel, team, organs and work)" in China only refers to the modern people's police organs, people's police teams and their functional work established since the establishment of the socialist system in the mainland. Therefore, the relationship between "police" and "public security (personnel, ranks, organs and work)" is a whole and part. The "public security (personnel, ranks, organs and work)" in modern China is a part of the world's "police" and a special form of the world's "police".