Where is the "Hundred Flowers Tomb" in Guangzhou? What are the allusions?

Yangcheng's beautiful "Liangzhu" Baihua Tomb is full of romance.

Gu Feng scratched my chin and sat up to play the piano. It is difficult to write the meaning of childe into the heart of beauty.

This is a poem by Chen Zizhuang, a patriotic poet in the late Ming Dynasty. In the poem, she is compared to the beauty of "Gu Feng", saying that Zhang Qiao, a famous singer in Yangcheng, is as famous as Liu in the late Ming Dynasty. Praise Zhang as an unusual woman with "Gu Feng".

There is a famous "Baihua Tomb" in Meihua 'ao (now Shahemei Garden) of Baiyun Mountain, which is Zhang Qiao's tomb. Zhang Qiaonian lost his fragrance when he was only 19 years old. /kloc-more than 0/00 literati from Yangcheng came to offer their condolences, each holding a flower and offering it to the grave. Because flowers surrounded his grave, it was called "Hundred Flowers Tomb". The tragic love between Zhang Qiao and Panyu celebrity Peng Mengyang was called "Liang Zhu" by later generations. Unfortunately, the stars have shifted, the years have been long, and the loess has sheltered the wind. Now even the locals in Guangzhou know very little about Baihua Tomb.

Due to the long history and few historical records, Baihua Tomb was once lost, and its site was unknown. Cultural relics workers and some people with conscience bury their heads in papers and consult them in vast historical materials; It took half a century to climb cliffs in the wild and find flowers in Baiyun Mountain, and finally unveiled an old story that has been sealed for a long time in Guangzhou. ...

Be of humble birth

Beautiful and free from vulgarity, self-proclaimed "Er Qiao"

Huang Zhangmiao, director of Guangdong Folk Arts and Crafts Museum (Chenjiaci Museum), has a deep research on Zhang Qiao and Baihuazhong. He told reporters that Zhang Qiao was originally from Jiangsu, and his mother was a famous prostitute in Suzhou. She was good at singing and dancing and was very popular with officials. Later, he moved to Guangzhou and gave birth to Zhang Qiao after marriage. Zhang Qiao is born beautiful and has a beautiful face. Under the guidance of his mother, he is proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, poetry and songs. Later, unfortunately, I lived in a brothel and Pan Hao Street. Zhang Qiao is smart, sensitive and studious, especially good at poetry and painting, and is deeply loved by celebrities and scholars.

According to Panyu County Records, Baihua Tomb is the tomb of Zhang Qiao, a geisha in Guangzhou in the late Ming Dynasty. "Zhang Qiao (A.D. 16 15~ 1633), whose real name is Qiao Jing and whose real name is Er Qiao ... is beautiful and smart, and he can remember songs when he was young, which is a very good poem."

It is said that on one occasion, when Zhang Qiao was reading Mutu's poem "Red Cliff", he could not help but sigh and admire Xiao Qiao's heroic husbands like Sun Ce and Zhou Yu when he read that "the east wind does not follow, and the bronze sparrow terrace locks Er Qiao in spring". After sighing, he used the metaphor of "Er Qiao". Someone asked her, "So' Er Qiao' refers to two people. Why do you call yourself' Er Qiao'? " Then she pointed to herself in the mirror and said, "Isn't there another Joe in the mirror?" Since then, the name "Er Qiao" has spread all over Yangcheng.

Although this talented woman is in Yanhua Lane, she is completely self-loving, beautiful and free from vulgarity, and does not sell herself. She has made friends with people with lofty ideals who love the country and the people all her life. There are often dignitaries who covet their beauty and want to marry them, but Zhang Qiao is not greedy for wealth. For example, his poem "Mountain in Spring" is rainy in February, and kapok in Ruyan Liu is like fire. Making tea loves the water in the sky, so you don't have to open the door to get water from the spring.

In the "Guangdong Cultural Relics" published in Hong Kong in the1940s, Zhang Liren's poems and paintings also recorded an anecdote that showed that Zhang Qiao did not follow the trend and flatter the powerful: there was an imperial coach in the Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi, who was a frivolous person who liked to pursue happiness with red powder and play with the moon. He heard Zhang Qiao's name for a long time and knew that she was good at painting, so he was arty and asked Zhang Qiao to paint her poems. Unexpectedly, Zhang Qiao refused, so he threatened him with force.

Zhang Qiao was very entangled, but he still made a picture for him angrily, which was a scene of bamboo forest, and the picture was dying. The poem says: "There were many leaves in the wind last night, and the trees sang a lamentation. Destroy Tang Shengmeng and get the official □□□□□. " (The last three words are missing). The soldier with developed limbs and simple mind got his wish, and looked proud after reading this satirical poem and painting. He also specially asked someone to frame the painting and hang it in the lobby of his house, as if it were an arched wall. Soon after, the coach was transferred to the capital because he had some holidays with someone who spread the poem and the painting everywhere and laughed at the coach for his developed limbs, simple mind and ignorance. Between the capitals, it was a joke for a while. At this time, the coach just woke up from a dream and thought he was a court official, but he was teased by brothel red powder. He flew into a rage and threatened to go back to Guangzhou immediately and kill Zhang Qiao. Later, the coach died suddenly due to illness, and Zhang Qiao survived.

Proficient in poetry and painting

Make friends with patriotic and caring people.

Zhang Qiao lived in the late Ming Dynasty with turbulent situation and frequent wars. At that time, the eunuch party dictatorship, in the court against honest ministers, North Korea is at stake. The post-Jin regime is eyeing the Central Plains. 162 1 year, the late Jin sent troops to capture Shenyang and Liaoyang, and more than 70 cities east of Liaohe were occupied by the late Jin. 1625, Nurhachi moved the capital to Shenyang and changed its name to Shengjing. When the border was in an emergency, eunuchs often changed the border generals and killed the generals stationed in Liaodong, and Daming Jiangshan was in jeopardy.

At that time, Chen Zizhuang, assistant minister of does and bachelor of attendance, was also dismissed from office and returned to his hometown of Guangzhou. Building a villa in Baiyun Mountain and restoring Nanyuan Poetry Society, composed of Li Suiqiu, a famous scholar in Yangcheng, etc. 12 people, is known as "Nanyuan stamina" and "Nanyuan twelve sons" in history. They deeply felt that the political situation of the country was unstable in the late Ming Dynasty, and the land of China was filled with smoke, but they were struggling to serve the country. So they get together, talk about state affairs in the morning and evening, and often cry. Since then, when the country was in danger, the "twelve sons" have forgotten their homes for the country. Some of them died in battle, some died calmly, and some retired from the mountains. None of them is greedy for money. Their loyalty and loyalty have been passed down to this day. Every time these twelve boys get together, they invite Zhang Qiao to serve wine. Zhang Qiao admires their talents and their loyalty, so she often attends poetry club meetings, plays the piano as a backup singer for these patriotic poets, and paints for fun. On one occasion, Chen Zizhuang wrote a poem on a Chinese cymbidium painted by Zhang Qiao:

Gu Feng scratched my chin and sat up to play the piano. It is difficult to write the meaning of childe into the heart of beauty.

Zhang Qiao not only loves himself and is free from vulgarity, but also writes many poems, mostly about flowers and trees. His poems are sad, touching, charming and full of love for life and enthusiasm for patriotic poets. In the 6th year of Chongzhen (1633), scholars from Li Suiqiu North Examination and Nanyuan Garden gathered to present poems, and Zhang Qiao also presented poems to express his inner sadness and sincerity.

Beautiful women (often) have an unhappy life.

Mourning at Baihuahuan Tomb

Among the scribes who associate with Zhang Qiao, there is a generous chivalrous man named Peng Mengyang, and his name is Rizhen. One day, Zhang Qiao and his mother went to the street and were bullied by a group of powerful men and young villains. He happened to meet Peng Mengyang, a famous person in Panyu, passing by and shouting at everyone. Since then, Zhang Qiao and Peng Mengyang have always hit it off. Although Peng Mengyang is a scholar, he is not as rich as the prince, but his poems are brilliant and well-known. Zhang Qiao has a good impression on Peng Mengyang. After this incident, the two fell in love. Peng Mengyang knew that Zhang Qiao's mother and daughter lived in poverty, so she often gave them alms. Zhang Qiao also regarded Yang Meng as a bosom friend, and presented poems to Lang Peng many times to show his affection. To this end, he wrote a "thank you", which is very helpful for Dumen to thank the guests.

Unfortunately, the beauty is unlucky.

In the autumn of the sixth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1633), Zhang Qiao took all geisha to a certain place to attend the God's Fair, and stayed at Erwang Temple at night, only to dream that the king hired her as a princess. After waking up, she patted the bed with her hands in despair, sometimes singing, sometimes crying, and she was extremely sad. After that, Zhang Qiao was ill and bedridden. At this time, Peng Mengyang, who is in Zengcheng, is also ill in bed and can't come back to visit Zhang Qiao for a while. And Zhang Qiao also expected that his illness was difficult to heal, so he wrote "Dongzhou Send Yang Meng". When Peng Mengyang came back, Zhang Qiao was very ill. Soon, he died at the age of 19. On his deathbed, Zhang Qiao said to Peng Mengyang, "Now there is smoke in the north, and the people are trapped in the quagmire. I'm just a weak woman, and I can't ride the battlefield. I only feel depressed and angry, but I feel helpless ... "

Although Peng Mengyang had no engagement with Zhang Qiao, he didn't want his lover to be buried in the name of "geisha", so he raised money to redeem Zhang Qiao in various ways.

In order to remember this talented woman, Peng Mengyang chose an auspicious place in Baiyun Mountain, buried Zhang Qiao and held a very strange funeral for him. On the day of the funeral, 100 more than one literati from Wuyang City came to attend the funeral, each holding a flower and planting a poem according to the flowers planted in the cemetery to express their grief. There are nearly 100 kinds of famous flowers, such as red plum, crape myrtle, kapok and smiling face, planted in the tomb around the ring, so it is called Baihua Tomb. At that time, Li Suiqiu, known as the "peony champion", wrote an epitaph and a hundred flowers tomb for Zhang Qiao.

At one time, Zhang Qiao and Baihua Tomb were famous, and Cantonese people went to see them. And in spring and autumn, many ladies in Yangcheng will come to pay homage.

Zhang Qiao has 130 poems, all of which are beautiful and graceful and touching. Peng Mengyang collected and published "Lotus Fragrance Collection", which means no mud.

Folk memorial hall

As famous as Wang Zhaojun's cemetery.

As a famous prostitute, Zhang Qiao has a beautiful figure. According to the famous Lingnan poet Qu Dajun's Guangdong Xinyu Grave, Zhang Erqiao was buried in Mei 'ao, Baiyun Mountain. At that time, "people spend all kinds of flowers in front of the grave, and they all get a hundred copies. They look across the' flower field', which is also called' Hua Zhong'". It not only tells the origin of the tomb name, but also depicts the scene that many people miss Joe and plant flowers in the cemetery. As a singer, if it is just gorgeous, it is probably difficult to win the love and nostalgia of so many people.

Qu Dajun has a poem about "Hua Zhong": "The north is like a grassy hill, and the south is like a fragrant slope. After the soul of the ancients, it is the Han family. "

The "green grass tomb" mentioned in the poem (also called "green tomb") refers to the tomb of Wang Zhaojun in the Han Dynasty. The contrast between the north and the south in Qu's poems reflects his admiration for the tomb owner. He also compared Hua Zhong to Su Xiexin (also known as Huatian), the tomb of Nanhan imperial concubine, but Huatian only buried Nanhan imperial concubine, while undertaker was only "lonely". The owner of the tomb of "Hua Zhong" has won the love of many people, and all kinds of flowers and plants donated by people are in full bloom on the tomb, which is obviously more meaningful than the single jasmine flower in the "flower field".

In addition, there is an orchid painted by Zhang Qiao in Qu Dajun, on which Qu wrote a poem: "Vanilla is the most affectionate person, and it is loyal and clear. In the hands of beautiful women, I have been distracted until today. Only a few stems make gestures, and one has a heart. The ruler is in the air, which is embarrassing and admirable. " Admire to the extreme.

According to reports, the Baihua Tomb was repaired in the Qing Dynasty and has been well preserved so far. Forty years after Qianlong (1775), Yao Chenglie rebuilt the tomb gate and erected a monument. In Guangxu 16 (1890), Baihua Tomb was renovated and another monument was erected to engrave the tomb table. However, during his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Baihua Tomb was destroyed by war.

During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Ye Gongchuo, an expert in literature and history, took refuge in Hongkong. He once called a gathering of intellectuals to commemorate Zhang Qiao's birthday, and wrote the song "Tomb of Hundred Flowers" to promote Zhang Qiao, Chen Zizhuang, Li Suiqiu and other people with lofty ideals in the late Ming Dynasty and inspire national integrity. After the founding of New China, Ye Gongchuo suggested rebuilding the mausoleum, and the Guangdong Provincial Museum of Literature and History also sent people to Baiyun Mountain, but they couldn't find it anywhere, and finally gave up because they couldn't find the site.

"A Brief Introduction to Lingnan Painting School" once recorded the location of Baihua Tomb: "Panyu County governs seventeen miles, going straight north from Dongmen Mountain Pass, crossing a stream, turning west, crossing a snake pit, crossing Suzhuang, crossing a stone bridge, and then turning north to west. It is true that the local name is like a pit, and Xiaomei is depressed. " The epitaph map and orientation drawn in Lianxiangji, and the Baiyun Mountain map drawn in Panyu County Records are all in the same position as this record.

Until 1984, according to Lian Chun, a local octogenarian, Mr. Guo Jiyong from Longdong Primary School in Baiyun District accidentally discovered the "Hundred Flowers Tomb" that had disappeared for many years in Shahe Meiyuan. At that time, the tomb of Baihua Tomb had been destroyed, leaving only 1 granite dressing table stone about 3 meters high. There is a powerful official script "Baihua Tomb" on the front of the top, with the word "Zang Xin" engraved on the back and three lines of fine print on the left. The first line only recognizes the word "Shan Zhang". The word "Baihua Tomb" in the rubbings (64 cm long and 90 cm wide) collected by Guangdong Provincial Museum is exactly the same as this stone carving. Peng Mengyang wrote three vigorous Chinese characters.

According to the illustrations in Zhang Qiao's collection of poems "Lotus Fragrance Collection", there is a stone tablet in front of the tomb, engraved with the words "Zhang Liren's Tomb" and epitaph. Today, the tombs and monuments are gone.

Zhang Qiao's original works are extremely rare. 194 1 There was a Zhu Lan painted by Zhang Qiao at the Guangdong Cultural Relics Exhibition held in Hong Kong, which was later lost. The collection of poems entitled "Scholars from the South Garden Send Li Meizhou to the North" in Guangzhou Art Museum includes a regular script poem by Zhang Qiao: "The spring rain tide is 100 feet high, and the brocade sails are expensive to hang on the river." Swallows can chase each other gently, fearing that the shrike will fly west. "The font is beautiful and beautiful, just like people. A Zhu Yin's Fairy History of Qionghua and a White Yin's Love Zen. This volume was collected by Ye Gongchuo and donated to Guangzhou Art Museum. It is the only handwriting of Zhang Qiao.

Selected poems of Zhang Qiao

(selected from lotus fragrance series)

Zhang Qiao is fortunate to be with the poet, sensitive and eager to learn, and also sings with the poet. He wrote many poems, mostly about rivers and landscapes, romantic flowers and trees. His poems are touching, delicate and full of charm. She and her lover, Peng Mengyang, have deep feelings and have repeatedly borrowed poems to express their feelings.

Zhang Qiao is interested in getting married with Peng for a hundred years, so he wrote Schumann with deep affection: the fans in Zhumen look down on the past, and it is impossible for the Hou family to say a promise. It is better to marry a scholar than to hide a girl in a golden house.

Unfortunately, not long after, Zhang Qiao was ill in bed. With tears in her eyes, she wrote "A Song of Farewell to Yang Meng": The cold spring on the pillow is seriously ill, and wandering souls have to travel all over the world. See each other for no reason, say goodbye for no reason, and live up to the flowers in front of the court.

After that, her condition took a dramatic turn, and she thought she could not stay with Peng Mengyang forever. She angrily wrote "Dongzhou to Yang Meng": How to say goodbye after swallowing? She lost her life. I left my concubine's lapel and tear scissors, and finally left this for you.