High school learning methods

Introduction to learning methods of high school subjects! ! !

On the Learning Method of Mathematics in Senior High School (Learning Method)

Mathematics learning in senior high school is a crucial period to link the past with the future. Whether many students can adapt to high school mathematics learning after entering high school is an urgent problem for freshmen. In addition to external factors such as learning environment, teaching content and teaching factors, students should change their concepts, raise their awareness and improve their learning methods. This paper discusses this issue.

1, understand the characteristics of high school mathematics. High school mathematics is the improvement and deepening of junior high school mathematics. Junior high school mathematics uses vivid and popular language in the expression of teaching materials, and the research objects are mostly constants, focusing on quantitative calculation and thinking in images, while senior high school mathematics language is more abstract.

2, correctly treat the new difficulties and new problems encountered in learning. Students will certainly encounter many difficulties and problems in the process of starting to learn high school mathematics. Students should have the courage and confidence to overcome difficulties, be arrogant in victory, and be indomitable in defeat, and have the spirit of "newborn calves are not afraid of tigers". They must not let problems pile up and form a vicious circle. Instead, we should seek solutions to problems under the guidance of teachers and cultivate our ability to analyze and solve problems.

3. Improve self-regulation ability. Generally speaking, after a period of teaching practice, due to different understanding of the teaching process, knowledge structure, thinking characteristics, personality tendency, ability and quality, teaching concepts, professional experience and other reasons, teachers show a certain tendency in the adoption of teaching methods, means and strategies, forming their own unique, distinctive and consistent teaching style or characteristics. As a student, it is obviously unrealistic for teachers to adapt themselves. We should optimize our learning strategies, standardize our learning behaviors, adapt our learning methods to teachers' teaching methods, and learn well and quickly based on our own reality.

We should change "teacher-centered" to "self-centered, teacher-led" learning mode. Mathematics is not taught by teachers, but acquired by teachers' active thinking activities. Learning mathematics is to actively participate in the teaching process, often find problems and ask questions, rather than passively accept the knowledge and methods learned according to the teacher's inertia.

5. Cultivate good personality. It is necessary to establish correct learning objectives, cultivate strong learning interest and tenacious learning perseverance, have sufficient learning confidence, have a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, and have an innovative spirit of independent thinking and daring to explore.

6. Develop good preview habits and improve self-study ability. Preview before class, ask questions, listen with questions, feel questions, experience questions and solve questions through the guidance and explanation of teachers, so as to improve the effect of classroom listening. Preview is also called self-study before class. The more thorough the preview, the better the effect of attending classes. The better the effect, the more you can preview the next lesson, thus forming a virtuous circle.

7. Develop a good habit of examining questions and improve reading ability. Examining questions is the key to solving problems. Mathematical problems are composed of written language, symbolic language and graphic language. To achieve the goal, we must "stop for three points" and "don't grab a second". On the basis of existing knowledge and experience in solving problems, carefully examine the questions sentence by sentence, carefully scrutinize them, and avoid unclear questions and rushing into battle. When reviewing questions, we should "translate" the meaning of the questions sentence by sentence and turn the implied conditions into obvious conditions. Sometimes it is necessary to link the topic with the conclusion, dig and build a bridge between the topic and the goal, and find a breakthrough point, thus forming a problem-solving idea.

8, develop the good habit of calculus, check, improve the calculation ability. Learning mathematics is inseparable from calculation. Junior high school teachers often do calculations on the blackboard step by step. Due to the limited time and large amount of calculation, high school teachers often leave the calculation to students. This requires students to use their brains and work hard, not only to write, but also to calculate orally and mentally. For complex calculations, they should be patient, master calculations and pay attention to simple methods.

9. Develop good problem-solving habits and improve thinking ability. Mathematics is the gymnastics of thinking, and it is a discipline with strong logic and rigorous thinking. Cultivating and standardizing problem-solving habits is an effective way to improve the expression ability of words, symbols and graphics, and mathematical language is the basis for developing thinking ability. Therefore, only by taking this as the basis and laying a solid foundation can we gradually improve our thinking ability.

10, cultivate the habit of reflection after solving problems and improve the ability to analyze problems. After solving problems, we should get into the habit of reviewing the following questions without losing time: How do we analyze associations and explore ways to solve problems in the process of solving problems? What is the key to solving the problem? What difficulties have you encountered in solving the problem? How to overcome it? In this way, through the review and reflection after solving the problem, it is helpful to find the key to solving the problem and extract mathematical ideas and methods from it. If we ignore the excavation of it, the ability to solve problems will not be improved. Therefore, after solving a problem, we must always sum up the law of the problem and the solution. Only by diligent reflection can we "stand on the mountain, see far and control the overall situation" and improve our ability to analyze problems.

1 1. We should cultivate the habit of correcting mistakes and improve our self-judgment ability. It is necessary to cultivate the psychological quality of initiative, perseverance, resistance to setbacks and no inferiority, ponder over the wrong questions repeatedly, find out the reasons for the mistakes, correct them, and form good habits, so that many problems will be suddenly enlightened and solved, thus improving the ability of self-judgment.

12, to develop the habit of good communication, improve the ability of expression. In the process of mathematics learning, students should be good at cooperation, express their opinions, discuss with each other, learn from each other's strengths, or actively communicate with teachers and express their views and opinions. In the teacher's teaching, his way of thinking will exert a subtle influence on you. Therefore, only through constant communication can we promote each other, develop together and improve our expressive ability. If you stand still, you will fall into a dead end and waste unnecessary time.

13, we should develop the habit of diligence and thoughtfulness and improve our innovation ability. Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous. In the process of learning mathematics, we should follow the cognitive law, be good at using our brains, actively find problems, think independently, pay attention to the internal relationship between old and new knowledge, grasp the connotation and extension of concepts, do more than one problem, change more than one problem, not be satisfied with ready-made ideas and conclusions, be good at thinking about problems from many aspects and directions, dig the essence of problems, and be brave in expressing our unique opinions. Because only thinking can lead to doubt and doubt, and only thinking can lead to thorough understanding. If a person is in an untitled state for a long time, it means that he is not thinking enough and his studies cannot be improved.

14, form the habit of induction and summary, and improve the generalization ability. After learning each section and chapter, we should summarize according to the logical relationship of knowledge, so that the knowledge we have learned is systematic, organized and thematic. This is also a process of re-understanding, which will play a very good role in further deepening the accumulation of knowledge, flexibly using knowledge and improving generalization ability.

15. Develop the habit of taking notes and improve your understanding. In order to deepen the understanding and mastery of the content, the teacher supplemented many contents and methods. If you don't take notes, once you forget, you can't review and consolidate. Moreover, in the process of taking notes and sorting out, you participate in teaching activities, which strengthens your learning initiative and interest, thus improving your understanding ability.

16, get into the habit of writing mathematics learning experience and improve the ability of inquiry. Writing the learning experience of mathematics is to record the thinking, understanding, experience and lessons of participating in mathematics activities and comprehend the thinking results of mathematics. Expressing what you see, think and realize can promote the formation of your own mathematical experience and consciousness, and systematically classify, generalize, popularize and extend mathematical concepts, knowledge structures and methods, so as to improve your understanding of mathematics from low level to high level and improve your inquiry ability.

In short, students should develop respectful study habits, diligent study attitudes and scientific study methods, and give full play to their main role, not only to learn, but also to learn. This will get twice the result with half the effort.

High school biology learning methods

1. Build a knowledge network. In the process of learning biology, students should first master the basic characteristics of life, clarify the basic knowledge and content of each chapter, organically combine what they have learned with human production practice and daily life, and pay close attention to the latest development of biotechnology.

(1) Grasp the vertical connection of knowledge and connect knowledge together. There is a close internal relationship between biological knowledge. For example, in the second chapter, understanding the material basis of life paves the way for mastering the structural basis of life, while the material basis and structural basis of life pave the way for understanding cell division; Another example is the chapter on heredity and variation. If you don't know the essence of separation phenomenon, you can't continue to learn the law of free association.

(2) Pay attention to the horizontal connection of knowledge to make knowledge more systematic and three-dimensional. There are both progressive and parallel relationships between the chapters of biology, and the contents are interrelated and infiltrated each other. Therefore, students should firmly grasp the main line of the basic characteristics of life, enrich the connotation of knowledge, expand the extension of knowledge, and integrate biological knowledge into a complete network.

2. Improve the theoretical system. There are many biological theories, which run through all chapters, such as cell theory, natural selection theory, gene theory, ecological balance theory and so on. Therefore, in learning biology, in addition to the concept of technical terms, some basic theories are also the contents that students must firmly grasp.

(1) Explain the surrounding things and phenomena with scientific theories. Why do people have albinism and idiocy? Why should consanguineous marriage be prohibited? Why is it that man was not created by God or God, but evolved from ancient apes? Why should humans protect birds? For this kind of problems, students should use the correct theory to make a reasonable explanation, so that people can consciously get rid of superstition and oppose cults.

(2) Pay attention to the connection between theory and basic concepts of biology. Mastering the theory must be based on a correct understanding of many concepts. For example, the premise of understanding the homeostasis theory in vivo is to understand pH value, body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, osmotic pressure, oxygen partial pressure, electrolyte concentration and so on. Similarly, the application of ecological balance theory can not be separated from mastering the concepts of population, community, ecosystem, food chain and trophic level.

(3) Grasp the relationship between theories. Various theories of biology complement each other. With the continuous efforts of biological scientists, the theories are constantly updated and enriched, which makes people's understanding of the biological world closer to reality. Therefore, students should learn to consider a theory in the whole biological theory system, and deepen and expand it through examples, so that their grasp of biological theory is more perfect and their application is more accurate. 4. Improve the ability to solve problems. In recent years, biology college entrance examination questions are mainly divided into multiple-choice questions and non-multiple-choice questions. Among them, non-multiple choice questions include filling questions, analysis and explanation questions, and comprehensive questions within and between disciplines. Different problems have different requirements. In the process of solving problems, students should first pay attention to the examination of questions and find out the teacher's assessment intention for each question; Secondly, we should learn to distinguish between opposing concepts and similar concepts, and understand whether the relationship between concepts is parallel, progressive or inclusive; Then, we should know the special meaning and correct writing of biological symbols; Finally, we should have the ability of analysis, induction, logical reasoning and practical application, and be able to draw inferences from others.

In the process of learning biology, students should not only increase their knowledge and be familiar with theories, but also cultivate their practical ability, strengthen their awareness of science and technology and cultivate their creative thinking ability. First of all, we should improve our hands-on operation ability, make clear the main purpose of the experiment, standardize the operation requirements of the experiment and understand the whole process of the experiment; Secondly, we should learn how to combine knowledge and theory with practice and life to make our knowledge and theory richer, more solid and more comprehensive; Then, have a good sense of science and technology. With the rapid development of biotechnology in the world, many new contents have flooded into the examination questions, such as genetic engineering, cloning technology, genetically modified organisms, environmental eutrophication and so on. Therefore, students are required to master basic knowledge and basic theory, and at the same time, they can care about current events and understand the development trend of science and technology. Finally, students must often carry out divergent thinking and creative thinking training, try to link one phenomenon with another, transfer another knowledge from one knowledge, make their knowledge and theory systematic and three-dimensional, and improve their biological quality in an all-round way.

High school physics learning methods _

(2) Do the problem independently. Do some problems independently with good quality and quantity (meaning not relying on others). There must be a certain number of topics, not too few, but also a certain quality, that is to say, there must be some difficulty. Anyone who studies mathematics and physics can't learn this level well. Solving problems independently may sometimes be slow, sometimes you have to take detours, and sometimes you can't even solve them, but these are normal and the only way for any beginner to succeed.

(3) Physical process. To clarify the physical process, there must be hidden dangers in solving problems if the physical process is not clear. No matter how difficult the topic is, try to draw as much as possible, some can draw sketches, and some need to draw accurate pictures, using compasses, triangles, protractors and so on. To represent geometric relationships. Drawing can turn abstract thinking into image thinking and master physical process more accurately. With this diagram, we can make state analysis and dynamic analysis. State analysis is fixed, dead and discontinuous, while dynamic analysis is alive and continuous.

(4) attending classes. Listen carefully in class, don't be distracted or try to be less distracted. Don't be self-righteous, learn from the teacher modestly. Don't give up listening just because the teacher speaks simply. If this happens, it can be regarded as review and consolidation. Try to be consistent and synchronized with the teacher, and you can't do it yourself, otherwise it will be self-study. After getting started, with a certain foundation, you are allowed to have your own activity space, that is, you are allowed to have something of your own. The more you learn, the more things you have.

(5) Notebook (corrected version). Class is mainly based on listening, and there are notebooks, and some things should be written down. Knowledge structure, good problem-solving methods, good examples, places you don't understand, etc. Should be recorded. After class, you should organize your notes. On the one hand, you should "digest" and on the other hand, you should supplement your notes. Notebook is not only to remember what the teacher said in class, but also to make some reading notes. Good problems found in homework and good solutions should also be recorded in a notebook, which is what students often call a "good problem book". Hard-won notebooks should be numbered, studied later and kept for life.

(6) learning materials. Learning materials should be well preserved, classified and marked. The classification of learning materials includes exercises, papers, experimental reports and so on. Marking refers to, for example, marking exercises. General questions are not marked. Good questions, valuable questions and error-prone questions are marked differently for future reading. Marking can save a lot of time.

(7) time. Time is precious. Without time, there is no time to do anything, so we should pay attention to making full use of time, which is a very superb art. For example, we can save time by "recalling" learning methods. Before going to bed, waiting for the bus, walking on the road, etc. We can recall the lessons of the day section by section, so that we can learn them again and again and achieve the goal of strengthening. Some physics problems are more difficult, and some problems may be solved on foot. People who study physics often have several problems in their minds that they can't do and won't forget. I don't know when they will make a breakthrough and find the answer to the question.

(8) learn from others. We should learn from others, from our classmates, from people around us and see how others learn. We should often have "academic" exchanges with them, teach each other, learn from each other and improve together. We must never be self-righteous. Cann't be conservative Tell others if you have a good method, so that others will tell you that you have a good method. You should have some good friends in your study.

(9) Knowledge structure. We should attach importance to the knowledge structure, master it systematically, and systematize scattered knowledge. From the whole knowledge structure of physics to the knowledge structure of mechanics, even to chapters, such as the knowledge structure of statics and so on.

(10) Mathematics. The calculation of physics depends on mathematics, which is too important for learning physics. Physics is difficult to do without mathematics as a calculation tool. In the physics department of the university, mathematics and physics are equally important. To learn mathematics well, we must make good use of this powerful tool.

(1 1) Sports activities. Healthy body is the guarantee of good study, and vigorous energy is the guarantee of high efficiency in study. You should always take part in sports activities, know one or two kinds of exercise methods, take part in sports activities all your life, and do sports activities continuously. Just because you are interested in fishing for three days and drying the net for two days, it will not do much good to your health. Consciously exercise. To ensure adequate sleep, it is not advisable to increase study time by reducing sleep time. You can't get some good grades at the expense of overdraft health, you can't talk about the so-called "sprint" and "struggle" at every turn, and you should pay attention to the regularity in your study, that is to say, you should always work hard and don't engage in surprise attacks.

References:

Baidu _ physics bar

English expert He Ding talks about English learning methods [2004- 1-20]

He Ding, an English expert, talks about English learning methods.

Pay attention to the practice of writing. Emphasize that listening and speaking is right, listen first and then speak; You also need to read often and read a lot. But for the "writing" at the end of the "four meetings", don't feel dispensable. Writing plays a particularly important and irreplaceable role in the process of learning English. As long as you write a short essay, you should think about the content and ideas, organize the materials, arrange the levels and weigh the words. This is an excellent exercise. Moreover, writing requires more accuracy of language and expression than oral English, because it can be considered and revised. This is very beneficial to improve language quality.

Care about China culture. China people should care about China culture, and friends majoring in English or other foreign languages should pay more attention to the study and research of China culture, because spending a lot of time on foreign languages may neglect the study of China culture. As a result, they know a lot about the situation and cultural characteristics of the language countries they are studying, but little about the cultural characteristics of China. China has a long history and contains many valuable elements. We should cherish this heritage and strive to carry it forward.

Transfer from: English learning

English experts talk about English learning methods.

Most people look up dictionaries to understand the meaning of words, while some people regard dictionaries as interesting leisure reading materials. According to many authors, Mr. Qian Zhongshu is such a reader. He reads the big dictionary letter by letter. It is too heavy to carry. During a long journey, he took an English dictionary that others thought was "boring" and read it happily for a month. On the ship to England, he took Dr. Johnson's English dictionary with him, which won him great pleasure. He claimed that he was too interesting to be a humanitarian. I think if we have this spirit to learn an English dictionary, we will make great progress in many aspects.

Lin Yutang once attached great importance to The Concise Oxford Dictionary and The Pocket Oxford Dictionary, calling them "secrets in the pillow". He believes that the choice of words in these two dictionaries is based on the needs of readers, and it is very useful to use words as living materials, for example. In fact, with the development of lexicography, good English dictionaries have emerged one after another for decades, especially for readers whose mother tongue is not English. For example, Oxford Dictionary of Advanced Modern English, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Chambers Dictionary of Popular English Learning, Collins Dictionary of Selected English, etc. -Simple definition (Longman uses about 2,000 words), accurate examples, moderate depth, concise grammar and interesting analysis. For English learners, its practicability has surpassed Lin Yutang's Pillow Secrets. You might as well take one or two of them as reading materials, and you can't bear to read them. Even if you can't live without it for a moment, then you have to learn the language. Among them, Collins is the simplest, and Oxford and Longman have two versions.

English expert He Qishen talks about English learning methods [2004- 1-20]

Thinking in English is a kind of realm that many English learners hope to achieve, because it is the basis of expressing their thoughts fluently in English. For a student in China who lives in a non-English environment, it is really very difficult to think in part or in whole in English, but it is not out of reach. According to my own experience in learning English, I realize that reading a lot is one of the most effective ways to achieve this goal.

First of all, we should choose the original with moderate difficulty: generally, it is appropriate to have no more than eight new words per page (32 pages in size). Secondly, the reading method: read as fast as reading a Chinese novel, don't read silently, don't look it up in a dictionary, and don't understand the meaning of the original text through translation. When you meet new words you don't know, you should guess according to the context. Third, insist on reading every day and set yourself reading tasks that must be completed every day. As long as you persist, you will definitely see the effect after several months and half a year.

Transfer from: English learning

Hu Wenzhong, an English expert, talks about how to learn English.

There is no shortcut to learning English. If you want to learn English well, you should practice, listen, read, speak and write more. Don't be misled by commercial advertisements.

For junior high school English learners, I especially recommend simple English reading materials, which should be easy to read, strong in story, the sooner the better, and the more you read the better. This is a reliable way to learn English well.

Don't be afraid of making mistakes and being laughed at when you speak English. We should strive for every opportunity to speak English, with foreigners, with classmates, with colleagues, and with ourselves when we really have no choice. For example, you can record what you want to say, and then put it out and listen to it yourself.

Use dictionaries and English dictionaries more. If you read the dictionary with relish, it means that you are on the way to learn English.

After you have a good English foundation, reading through (not skimming or skipping) a simple English grammar book will make you feel suddenly enlightened.

Transfer from: English learning

Yuen San Wong, an English expert, talks about English learning methods.

Reading a lot is very important for English learning, and it is difficult to learn English well without reading a lot. Nowadays, a common problem among students is that they read too little, stick to the "intensive cultivation" of short essays and can't have a sense of language, so both spoken and written languages lack foreign flavor. Reading more literary works and foreign newspapers and periodicals is a good medicine.

Writing can make people feel the lack of English learning and improve their sensitivity and absorption of language. A good composition is written by (students), not corrected by (teachers). Only by writing more can an article be published. Writing is often a difficult task at the beginning. You will give up if you don't insist, so you need perseverance. Writing should be supplemented by a lot of reading, and mistakes in writing can be corrected by reading.

Both the British and Americans are against memorizing dictionaries, so for native speakers of English, a good language environment and a lot of reading are enough for English vocabulary to be repeated many times until it is mastered. However, the situation of English learners in China is different. Living in the Chinese language environment, English reading is often insufficient, and it is difficult to master all the vocabulary through repetition in the natural context. Therefore, students in China often have a small vocabulary, which is a great obstacle to listening, speaking, reading and writing. I suggest that students with a certain foundation (such as juniors) might as well recite a dictionary and learn from it. Don't be greedy, but stick to it. Don't forget to read when reciting, so that the memorized vocabulary can be consolidated in reading. With a large vocabulary, learners will feel suddenly enlightened.

Transfer from: English learning

Liu Chengpei, an English expert, talks about English learning methods.

The success or failure of learning English depends largely on how much English and what kind of English we are exposed to. Language materials for reading are the easiest to get, so read more books and read all kinds of useful books and good books.

Reading aloud and dictation are the most effective training methods for learning a foreign language, which must be adhered to in the basic stage. Don't give up just because you don't take these two items in the current English exam.

Don't underestimate the abridged English versions of world famous works. Only after reading thirty or forty books in the basic stage can you realize what it is like to learn English.

Learn to use Ying Ying dictionary as soon as possible. This is because most English-Chinese dictionaries do not explain the meaning of words, but only give equivalent words, and the words in the two languages are not completely equivalent.

Guidance on Chemistry Learning Methods in Senior High School

1. characteristics of chemistry and curriculum objectives:

Chemistry is a basic, creative and practical discipline, a science to study the composition, structural properties and changing laws of substances, a science to develop new substances, and an important basis for the research of information science, material science, energy science, environmental science, marine science, life science and space technology.

1. Knowledge and skills: Understand the properties and preparation methods of several common substances, master the basic concepts and theories of chemistry, understand the multi-angle classification of substances, understand the diversity and regularity of chemical changes, analyze simple chemical problems and express them in chemical language. Be able to analyze the relationship between quantities in chemical problems and learn simple chemical calculations. Understand the scheme design, operation and experimental report completion of common chemical problems.

2. Process and method: Understand the general process of scientific inquiry and learn the general methods of scientific research. Understand the law that structure determines nature and nature determines use, and understand the mission of modern chemistry. Ability to collect, process and output specialized information for solving chemical problems. Learn to combine autonomous learning with cooperative learning, improve the efficiency of learning and practical activities, and cultivate the ability of teamwork.

3. Emotional attitude and values: Understand the development of modern chemistry and chemical engineering, understand the important role of chemical knowledge in solving life, production and social problems, improve the consciousness of learning chemistry, have the enthusiasm to participate in chemical science practice, and develop a good learning attitude. Understand the importance of scientific methods in chemical research, and cultivate a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts and innovative scientific spirit. Understand the relationship between chemistry and life improvement, production development, social progress and natural ecological protection, and form a sense of responsibility and responsibility for rational utilization of natural resources and environmental protection.

2. Compared with junior high school chemistry, senior high school chemistry has the following characteristics:

1. Conceptual abstraction

Junior high school chemistry is the enlightenment of chemistry education. It pays attention to qualitative analysis and thinking in images, establishes chemical concepts and laws from concrete and intuitive natural phenomena and experiments, and enables students to master some basic chemical knowledge and skills, which are mainly based on memory, lack the cultivation of independent thinking ability, and are used to passively acquiring knowledge. Besides qualitative analysis, there is also quantitative analysis in senior high school. In addition to paying attention to abstract thinking in images, chemical concepts and laws are based on abstract thinking, allowing students to actively accept and consciously acquire knowledge and develop their intelligence. For example, the concepts related to redox reaction are abstract and theoretical. The second chapter, Moore's concepts come and go, and students can't adapt at the moment. This is a challenge that students face after entering high school, which brings a very sharp contradiction between teaching and learning.

Fast progress and complicated reaction equation.

The progress of junior high school is slower than that of senior high school, and it takes a long time to consolidate the law of essentials, so there is enough time to digest it in future study. After entering senior high school, the depth, breadth and difficulty of teaching content have obviously increased, the progress has been accelerated, and chemical equations have increased. Most of the reactions have lost the reaction law mastered in junior high school, which increases the difficulty of understanding and mastering. If it is not digested in time, it will be quite passive in future study, such as the experimental method of Cl2 in Grade One. The reaction of Cl2 with water and alkali, the reaction of NaCl with concentrated sulfuric acid with slight heat and high heat to produce hydrogen chloride, etc. It is difficult for students to understand at the moment, and it is deeply difficult to master, remember and adapt.

3. Deep connotation and wide connection

For example, Moore linked the micro and macro, infiltrated into every chapter of high school textbooks, and played a fundamental role in the whole middle school chemical calculation. Another example is the material structure and the periodic law of elements, which is the focus of the whole middle school chemistry. Learning well can promote students to summarize and synthesize what they have learned before, realize the leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, enable students to explore and learn subsequent chemical knowledge under the guidance of the theory of material structure and periodic law of elements, cultivate their analytical reasoning ability, and lay a solid foundation for further study of chemistry.

4. Grasp the model and bring a family.

Junior high school chemistry only introduces the properties of a certain element and compound in detail to understand its important uses in production and life, while senior high school textbooks focus on chlorine, sodium, sulfur and nitrogen, introducing their substances and important compounds in detail, and studying their similarity and variability in properties by analyzing the similarities and differences of atomic structures of the same family elements; Cultivating students' scientific research ability by induction and comparison is a characteristic that learning the knowledge of elemental compounds is different from junior high school.

3. Reasons for students' learning difficulties:

1. The reason for the textbook

The basic knowledge involved in junior high school textbooks is not theoretical and abstract. Compared with junior high school textbooks, the depth and breadth of senior high school textbooks are obviously deepened, and the characteristics of the development from description to reasoning are more and more obvious. The horizontal connection and comprehensive degree of knowledge have improved, and the research problems often involve the essence, and there has also been a leap from image thinking to abstract thinking in terms of ability requirements. Some contents, such as "Moore", "periodic law of elements" and "redox reaction", are very theoretical and abstract, and have always been regarded as the key knowledge that causes students' differentiation and learning difficulties.

2. Teachers' reasons

Due to the short learning time of chemistry in junior high school, teachers focus on instilling knowledge and grasping the progress, but do not pay attention to the cultivation of students' ability, resulting in high scores and low energy; Common sense introduction and course selection are not mentioned, which leads to lack of knowledge; Senior high school teachers don't know much about the characteristics of junior high school textbooks. They often drive fast, catch up with the progress, and fail to handle the connection between grade three and grade one. Some excessively deepen and extend the teaching materials, covering all aspects of chemical knowledge, and are not active in class, which limits the development of students' thinking and easily makes students feel tired of learning.

3. Students' reasons

The purpose of learning is not clear, the learning attitude is not correct, the sense of competition is not strong, the mind is lax, and the learning lacks a sense of urgency; Adhere to the existing learning methods, believe in your old habits, rely too much on teachers, and have poor self-consciousness and autonomy in learning; Do not follow the general laws and methods of learning activities.