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proverbs and allusions in dialectical materialism epistemology

1. The blind touch the image: metaphor only knows the superficial and one-sided phenomenon of things, but does not know the essence of things. Phenomenon and essence are different. Phenomenon is the surface feature and external connection of things, which is one-sided and changeable and can be directly perceived by human sensory organs; The essence is the relatively stable internal relationship of things and the fundamental nature of things, which can only be grasped by people's rational thinking.

second, change is inseparable from its origin: it means that phenomenon and essence are closely related and inseparable. No matter how the phenomenon changes, it is an essential manifestation.

Third, a diversion from the East to the West: the phenomenon of things is different from truth. The diversion from the East is an illusion, while the diversion from the West is a true image. Its essence is to confuse the enemy and save yourself. Another example is "playing hard to get", "besieging Wei to save Zhao", "Xiangzhuang dancing sword" and "building a plank road and crossing Chen Cang in secret". "Those who know how to watch the doorway will not watch the excitement", and the difference between "will" and "won't" lies in whether they grasp the essence and law of things.

4. Buying a gift and returning pearls: It is said that in ancient times, a man saw the exquisite box containing pearls, so he paid a high price for the box, but returned the precious pearls to the seller. Metaphor only looks at the phenomenon, not the essence. Another example is that "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only in this mountain".

five, know people and know their faces: metaphorical perceptual knowledge needs to be raised to rational knowledge. Because perceptual knowledge is only a superficial and one-sided understanding of things, only when it rises to rational knowledge can it be an understanding of the inherent nature of things.

VI. Blind people riding blind horses: Metaphorically, it is a blind practice to leave the practice guided by correct theories. Because the correct theory reflects the nature and laws of objective things, it has a guiding role in practice. Another example is that "without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary movement".

7. Practice makes perfect: It means that only by accumulating a lot of perceptual materials can we rise to rational knowledge. To possess a large number of reliable perceptual materials, we must go deep into reality and practice repeatedly, and avoid "skimming the flowers" and "skimming the water".

Eight, frown, come to mind: figurative perceptual materials can only rise to rational understanding after being processed by human brain thinking. Because the perceptual materials people get are often mixed with essence, truth and falsehood, separated from each other, and indistinguishable from the outside, it is necessary to go through the analysis and synthesis process of "removing the essence, removing the false and retaining the truth, from here to there, from the outside to the inside" to form a rational understanding. Another example is "thinking more about wisdom", "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and so on.

nine, Handan toddler: metaphor is not thinking, blindly imitating others, and the result is self-defeating, making jokes. This story tells us that to understand things, we should not only be "aware", but also be good at using our brains and thinking positively, otherwise it is impossible to form a correct understanding. Another example is that "learning from the east is effective" and "swallowing dates" belong to this category.

ten, draw inferences from others, and know ten by hearing one thing: It means that if people want to acquire new knowledge, they must master the thinking method of reasoning. Because only by learning reasoning (including deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning) can we grasp the regularity of things, so that people's knowledge can be continuously expanded and deepened.

Xi. Never too old to learn: Metaphorically, the objective world is constantly moving and changing, and people's practice and understanding are also changing and developing with it. The views of stopping and doing nothing are not in line with objective reality.

12. Nothing ventured, nothing gained: metaphorically speaking, practice is the source of knowledge. Man's knowledge is obtained through production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiment. Without practice, knowledge becomes passive water and a tree without roots. For another example, "Truth is priceless, you can find it in practice", "Seeing is better than seeing, seeing is better than doing it", and "I don't know each other until I fight".

Thirteen, when books are used, they hate less: that is to say, practice is the driving force of cognitive development. Only in practice will people find their own knowledge deficiency, thus motivating themselves to pursue knowledge, broaden their horizons and deepen their understanding. As Engels said: "Once there is a technological need in society, this need will push science forward more than ten universities." Another example is that "eating for a while makes you gain wisdom", "failure is the mother of success" and "learning before you know enough" all belong to this principle.

fourteen, apply what you have learned: it means that practice is the purpose of understanding. The fundamental purpose of people's understanding is not to explain the world, but to change it. Therefore, it is not advisable to "sit and talk, talk on paper".

15. Facts speak louder than words: it means that practice is the only criterion to test the correctness of understanding. Only practice can link cognition with objective things, and use the objective results of practice to test whether cognition conforms to objective reality. Another example is that "what you say doesn't count, you'll see what you do" and "you know horsepower from a distance, and you will see people's hearts for a long time".

XVI. Everyone is a saint: it means that the people are the main body of practice and the creators of human history. It not only creates material wealth, but also creates spiritual wealth. The idea that "heroes make the world" is groundless. Another example is that "three heads are better than one Zhuge Liang", which also means this.

XVII. Only flowing water comes from the source: the practical activities of the people are the source of human spiritual wealth and various artistic activities. Without the lively materials provided by the people in practice, any creation will become a stagnant pool.

18. If you learn from the paper, you will never know it. You should practice it: it means that while learning indirect experience with an open mind and studying hard, you must actively participate in social practice. Because indirect experience is valuable, it can only be digested, used, tested and developed in practice. Another example is "reading thousands of books and taking Wan Li Road", which also emphasizes the relationship between direct experience and indirect experience.

XIX. It's hard to walk alone without a group: it is a metaphor that personal practice must be combined with the practice of the masses. If a person wants to do something and achieve something, he must take the road of combining with the people, otherwise, he will accomplish nothing.

2. It means that a person can only achieve brilliant achievements if he is not afraid of hardship and fatigue and dares to fight against difficulties in practice. As Marx said, "There is no smooth road to science, and only those who are not afraid of hard work in climbing rugged paths can hope to reach the peak of glory." Another example is Pu Songling's self-encouragement: "Where there is a will, there is a way. If you cross the rubicon, 12 Qin Guan will eventually belong to Chu;" Hard-working people, the day pays off, and the service is hard, and 3, Yuejia can swallow Wu "belongs to this principle.

twenty-one, yin and yang are too empty, and there is nothing else and no gap. The image of the sky and the shape of the earth all have their scope. (Wang Fuzhi) The universe is a material entity composed of primordial energy, and there is no other spiritual world outside the material world. Laws are inherent in objective things, which affirms the material unity of the world. Another example is: "Qi depends on reason", "Qi" is a material entity that changes day by day, and "reason" (spirit) cannot exist without "Qi".

XXII. "The official of the mind thinks" (Mencius), "The mind is the king of form, and the master of gods is also" (Xunzi), and "People's memories are all in the brain": the similarity of the three is that people's thinking activities must have a certain material organ foundation.

twenty-three, deliberately planted flowers, unintentionally planted willows: it shows that all objective things exist independently without relying on human consciousness, and things and their laws of motion are objective.

twenty-four, knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also: say what you know, and admit that you don't know what you don't know. This attitude is wise. This famous saying tells us that we should take ourselves as an objective thing, proceed from our own reality and know ourselves correctly.

25. Ask firewood in the mountains and fish in the water: The woodcutter is familiar with the situation in the mountains and the fishermen know the habits of water, so he should "ask firewood in the mountains and fish in the water". This proverb shows that people should think and do things from reality.

twenty-six, "control the destiny and use it", Xunzi thinks that instead of praising and superstitious about heaven, it is better to use the laws of nature and give full play to one's ability to improve people's living standards. He said: "If we strengthen our capital and economize, the sky will not be poor", and "If we use it sparingly, the sky will not be rich". We should pay close attention to agricultural production and save various expenses, and the sky will not make people poor; Agricultural production is abandoned, life is luxurious, and the weather can't make people rich. In short, people are "the most expensive in the world." People have subjective initiative.

twenty-seven, "assess the situation", "wonderful operation, single mind": it is said that people's subjective initiative can be guided by laws, analyze conditions, play the role of favorable conditions, limit or eliminate the influence of unfavorable conditions, and achieve the best effect of activities.