Idioms, couplets, poems, and idioms related to lt; lt; Dream of Red Mansions gt; gt;

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Occasionally become a master because of one mistake

Jia Baoyu’s maid——Xi Ren

Wang Xifeng killed the second sister You——Xin Ruthless Poison

Grandma Liu left the Grand View Garden - returned with a full load

Lin Daiyu buried flowers - lamented her fate

Jia Baoyu lived in the small west house - where to Where to say

Cao Xueqin of Zhengbai Banner - really different

Hidden his arms in his sleeves with his arms folded - hiding his pain

On the couplets in "A Dream of Red Mansions" and plaques

Yang Ying

Abstract: There are 23 couplets and a larger number of plaques in "A Dream of Red Mansions". They are very distinctive in their composition and form, and play an important role in shaping the character and creating It has a significant effect in typical environments.

Keywords: "A Dream of Red Mansions", couplets, plaques

A major feature of the novel "A Dream of Red Mansions" is its poetry and rhymes. Among these poems and rhymes are couplets, a common folk literature genre, and matching plaques. When these couplets and foreheads appear in such a masterpiece, they are not just couplets and foreheads in the folklore sense, they also have special functions. The following will discuss the form and function of couplets in "A Dream of Red Mansions".

1 A formal look at the couplets and plaques of "A Dream of Red Mansions"

Couplets refer to a couplet that is hung, pasted or carved on the door pillars. There are 23 couplets in "A Dream of Red Mansions". These 23 couplets are mostly concentrated in two places: Taixu Illusion (the fifth chapter "Jia Baoyu wanders in Taixu Realm, the vigilant fantasy fairy performs the Dream of Red Mansions"; the 116th chapter "Gets through the psychic illusion to understand the fairy's home, sends kindness The "Coffin Hometown Full of Filial Piety" later became "Zhenru Blessed Land") and the Grand View Garden (Chapter 17 "The Grand View Garden Examination Questions Are Correct, Rongguo Mansion Returns to the Province to Celebrate the Lantern Festival"), there are 7 sets in these two places respectively, and they have accounted for the total number of Most of it.

Most of these 23 couplets are 14-character couplets, that is, the upper and lower couplets each have 7 characters. There are 17 such pairs. There are also 10-character couplets, with the upper and lower couplets each having 5 characters. There are only 2 such pairs. The above two sentence patterns may be dual sentences derived from the Five Rhythms or the Seven Rhythms. In addition, there are 22 word couplets, with 11 words each in the upper and lower couplets. These 11 words are divided into two sections, 4 in the upper part and 7 in the lower part. There are also 4 such pairs, which are respectively seen in "Taixu Illusion", "Yuan Fei's Title" and " Jia's Ancestral Hall". This kind of sentence pattern may have evolved from parallel rhyme. There is no couplet with a more complex sentence structure in "A Dream of Red Mansions".

There are as many as 44 types of couplets in the "Dictionary of Chinese Popular Literature" (hereinafter referred to as the "Dictionary"). Of course, there are many repetitions with different names but the same essence. Moreover, it only covers all terms, and is not classified on the same basis. Now we will explain the terminology and terms related to the 23 couplets of "Dream of Red Mansions".

"Opposite" is mentioned together with "opposition", which refers to the couplets whose contents are similar or related (that is, they are only one-sided). Judging from the relationship between the upper and lower couplets of the 23 couplets in "A Dream of Red Mansions", almost all of them belong to this "direct pair".

The "Dictionary" introduces "descriptive couplets", which refer to couplets that narrate or describe a certain thing, scenery, or person, express a certain meaning, or express certain thoughts and feelings. The couplets in the Grand View Garden in "A Dream of Red Mansions" can be classified into this category.

The "Dictionary" mentions "couples of proverbs", which are couplets composed of proverbs and aphorisms. They are often placed in the study room, bedroom, or in front of the case to sharpen one's ambitions, strengthen self-cultivation, and guide actions ("Couplets Series") There is also a "motto" in it), such as a couplet in "Tan Chun Qiu Shuang Zhai" that says: "The bones are leisurely in the haze, and the life is in the spring and stone fields." The couplets in "Taixu Fantasy" are also of this type.

The "Dictionary" has an "allusion-embedded couplet", which is a couplet composed of embedded historical allusions. There are also such couplets in the 23 couplets of "A Dream of Red Mansions", which will be analyzed below.

The "double correlations" and "unspoken couplings" in the "Dictionary" are actually one type, that is, a couplet with a double entendre containing both internal and external meanings. In the second chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions", Jia Yucun saw a couplet at "Zhitong Temple": "I forgot to shrink my hands when I had more money behind me, but I want to look back when I have no way to go", which is a pun. In addition, in the third chapter "Rongxi Hall", in the couplet "The sun and moon shine on the seat, and the mist shines in front of the hall", "zhuji" and "黼黻" refer to the grandeur of the dress, the second refers to the beauty of the words, and the bells ringing on the outside. The dining table is full of poetry, rituals and books.

Among the 23 couplets in "Dream of Red Mansions" there are no such words as "embedded word couplets", "numerical couplets", "complex word couplets", "duplicate word couplets", "tongbang couplets", " "Thimble couplet", "homophone couplet", "same literary couplet" and other clever works.

The "Couplet Cong Hua" written by Zhangju of the Qing Dynasty divides the couplets collected since the Five Dynasties into ten categories: stories, responses, temples, historical sites, aphorisms, good stories, elegy, collections, and miscellaneous affixes. Among them, "Yingzhi" is very helpful in interpreting the couplets in "Dream of Red Mansions". (The "Grand View Garden Couple" in "A Dream of Red Mansions" involves a lot of corresponding systems, which will be mentioned below) In the "Temple Sacrifice" category, the triptych of Jia's ancestral hall in "A Dream of Red Mansions" can also be included. As for "scenic sites", the "Grand View Garden Title Pair" also has something in common with it.

There are both couplets and banners. "The Dictionary" has an article about "banner", also known as "horizontal", a term for couplets, which refers to words written horizontally that match the couplets written vertically. Except for elegiac couplets, which generally do not need to be horizontally marked, other couplets are commonly used. Most of the banners summarize the content of the couplet. However, there are also many architectural couplets that use their names as horizontal inscriptions. Another article in "Couplet Writing and Appreciation" mentioned that "from a format perspective, it (the couplet) is closely integrated with the characteristics of real life with two door frames and a lintel in the middle, and accordingly consists of three parts: the upper couplet, the lower couplet, and the banner."

Looking at the number of plaques mentioned in "A Dream of Red Mansions", the number of plaques greatly exceeds the number of couplets. The reason is that in the seventeenth chapter "The Grand View Garden Examination Questions Are Correct, the Rongguo Mansion Returns to the Province to Celebrate the Lantern Festival" and the eighteenth Chapter " In "The Emperor's Favor and the Concubine's Protection of Parents, Family Joy and Treasures and Jade Presenting Talents", many of them only mention the forehead, without any accompanying couplets. In addition, from Qingke to Baoyu to Yuanfei, different foreheads were inscribed at the same place. Of course, those things that the Qingqing claimed verbally but were not affirmed are not within the scope of discussion. Another point is that the "Dictionary" mentioned that "but there are also many buildings that use their names as horizontal references." There are such examples in "A Dream of Red Mansions", and sometimes they are used as horizontal references to summarize the content of the couplet and as buildings The name plaques appear at the same time, such as "Yihong Kuailu" named "Yihongyuan", "Hengzhi Qingfen" named "Hengwuyuan", and "Youfeng Laiyi" named "Xiaoxiang Pavilion".

There are four other places, with links but no quotas. Three of them, in Qin Keqing's room, are paired with Tang Bohu's "Begonia Sleeping in Spring" with "Tender cold locks dreams due to the cold spring, and the aroma is the fragrance of wine"; " is paired with "Misty Rain Picture" in Mi Xiangyang; in the upper room of Ningguo Mansion, "Knowledge of world affairs is knowledge, and understanding of human feelings is writing" is paired with "Burning Quinoa Picture". These three paintings are all the images of the accompanying couplets, and there are also The function of banners. The other is in the "illusionary realm of Taixu", "a dim and graceful land, a helpless sky", with no horizontal banners to match.

Because the couplets and foreheads must match, the following will only talk about plaques with matching couplets. There are Taixu Fantasy Land, Zhitong Temple, Rongxi Hall, Niehai Qingtian, Bomingsi, Qinfang, Fenglaiyi (Xiaoxiang Pavilion), Xinglianzaiwang (Huange Villa, Daoxiang Village), Lanfenghuilu, Hengzhiqing Fen (Hengwuyuan), Grand View Garden (Gu Ensiyi), Lotus Champs, Zhenru Blessed Land, Good Fortune, Good Misfortune, Mischief, Yinjue Love and Infatuation, Jia's Ancestral Hall, Xinghui Fubi, Be careful to pursue the distance. Among them, Taixu Huanjing, Zhitong Temple, Rongxi Hall, Bomingsi, Xiaoxiang Pavilion, Huange Villa, Daoxiang Village, Hengwuyuan, Daguanyuan, Ouxiang Pavilion, Zhenru Blessed Land, and Jia Family Ancestral Hall have the same composition and are all named after the buildings. The names are (Taixu Illusion, Bo Mingsi, Zhenru Blessed Land is the place of illusion, slightly different), and the rest are to provide some gist for the couplet, mostly four characters, with the exception of "Qinfang".

Second, look at the couplets and plaques in "A Dream of Red Mansions" from the perspective of their functions

The functions here mainly refer to their functions in creating a typical environment and portraying the character of the characters. Therefore, the following will be combined Let’s talk about the “Emotional Theory” in Hegel’s “Aesthetics”.

The "Emotion Theory" mainly demonstrates the dialectical relationship between character and environment. There are four key terms in "Emotional Theory": 1. "General world conditions" are "the general background in which individual living figures in art appear" and are "the connection between all phenomena of spiritual reality" ", that is, "the situation of education, science, religion, and even finance, justice, family life, and other similar phenomena"; 2. "Universal force", that is, "the creeds or ideals of ethics, religion, law, etc. that are popular in a specific era," That is, "idea"; 3. "situation", that is, a "special" "opportunity" that reveals conflicts, causes action, and reveals character; 4. "emotion", which "exists in the person's self and fully penetrates into it" the basic rational content of all moods." Hegel believes that "general world conditions" are embodied in the objective "situation"; "universal forces" are embodied in the subjective "emotion". [1]

"A Dream of Red Mansions" has two major environments: transcendental and realistic.

The "general world conditions" represented by the transcendent world of "A Dream of Red Mansions" are the conditions of the fairy world with its own constant order. This "general world situation" is concretized into an objective aspect of the "situation". The "situation" here refers to the relationship between the stone left by Nuwa after mending the sky and the Jiangzhu fairy grass, as well as the subsequent move of the fairy world to put down a large number of romantic enemies to help Jiangzhu "repay her tears". The "universal power" is reflected in the seven consecutive couplets. These 7 couplets are:

The 4th couplet in the fifth chapter "Jia Baoyu wanders in the realm of Taixu, and the police fantasy fairy performs the Dream of Red Mansions": 1. "When the fake is true, the truth is also false, and there is something useful in doing nothing." "There is nothing yet", horizontally criticizing "Too illusory and illusory"; 2. "The thick earth and high sky, it is lamentable that the love of ancient and modern times is endless; the crazy men and women hate women, pitiful love and debt are difficult to repay", horizontally criticizing "The evil sea and the love of heaven"; 3. "Spring hates autumn and autumn sad. "If you mess with me, who will be beautiful with your beautiful face and moonlight?" He was criticized as "a bad person"; 4. "The subtle and graceful land is helpless."

There are 3 couplets in the 116th chapter of "Getting to know the fate of immortals through psychic illusions, and sending loving coffins to the hometown to practice filial piety" (corresponding to the first 3 couplets above): 1. "Get rid of the false and the true will win." False, there is no original right and wrong." He criticized "True is like a blessed land"; 2. "In the past and future, it cannot be said that wisdom and sages can break it; the causes and consequences must be known to be close and not to meet each other", and he criticized "good fortune, good and misfortune"; 3. "Happiness and laughter" Sadness is all false, greed and yearning are always due to ignorance."

Comparing the before and after, it is obvious that "truly like a blessed land" is a subversion of the "too illusory realm", "good fortune, good and misfortune" is an admonition to "the sea of ??sins and love for heaven", and "inducing love and infatuation" is an antidote to The mentioning points of "Bao Ming Si" correspond one to one in the upper and lower triplets, and the number of words and sentences are the same.

The "ideas" contained in these seven couplets are some of the concepts in Buddhism and Taoism that were popular in ancient Chinese society, such as karma, past and present lives, true and false, etc. This "idea" (i.e. "universal force") is embodied in the subjective aspect of "emotion". However, most of the characters in "A Dream of Red Mansions" do not have this kind of "emotion".

"A Dream of Red Mansions" has two worlds: the transcendent world and the real world. The gods in the transcendental world are fully aware of heaven's secrets and have no influence on human affairs; while the characters in the real world are completely unaware of their own destiny. None of them are the result of a concretization of this "universal force." The only exception is Jia Baoyu. On the one hand, he experienced all kinds of beauty and sorrow in the Grand View Garden; on the other hand, he entered the fairyland twice, saw these seven couplets, heard the music of "Dream of Red Mansions", and even saw the fate of the people around him. The first time he entered the fairy world, he was confused. The second time, he understood the mechanism of the couplets. He goes back and forth between the two worlds of transcendence and reality, reflecting on the real world based on the "true and false" and "cause and effect of love, debt, and love" of the transcendent world; he also uses various experiences in the real world to confirm the "ideas" of the transcendent world - 7 A couplet. Therefore, he obeyed this "universal force" and gained fame first and then became a monk. It can be said that the "idea" that the author wants to convey with the help of the transcendent world has been perfectly implemented in the character Jia Baoyu. This is the process by which "universal power" is embodied into "emotion". And those 7 couplets fully explain this "concept".

In addition, Xue Baochai is also worth mentioning.

When Grandma Liu visited the Grand View Garden, the author mentioned that Xue Baochai's boudoir was like a "snow cave" with very simple furnishings. After the changes in the Jia family, even Wang Xifeng was no longer smart, but Xue Baochai could remain calm and live a careful life, which won the heart of Jia's mother. Moreover, Xue Baochai used to watch "The West Chamber" and so on, and could also feel the goodness in it, but she gave up on herself when she became an adult. Although she is not like Jia Baoyu, who goes to heaven and earth, her own "emotion" can also be said to be that The concrete result of 7 couplets.

The "general world conditions" represented in the real world of "A Dream of Red Mansions" are the material and cultural life background of the Qing Dynasty. Among the 23 couplets, except for 7 about the transcendent world, the remaining 16 couplets reproduce the style of that specific era together with other literary forms in the book. This "general world situation" is concretized into an objective aspect of the "situation". The "situation" here is the story of the rise and fall of the four major families, Jia, Wang, Shi, and Xue. The typical environments selected are mainly the Ning and Rong mansions, and the main courtyard is the Grand View Garden. The "universal force" here refers to a set of patriarchal etiquette of feudal families, as well as a set of norms in blood relationships and interpersonal relationships. The triplets in Jia's ancestral hall embody this "universal force" and also help constitute the "general world situation." These triplets are:

1. The liver and brain are wiped out, and the surname is due to the kindness of the nurse; the fame is spread throughout the world, and it has been steamed and tasted for generations.

2． Your meritorious deeds will shine brightly in the sun and moon; your fame will last forever and reach your children and grandchildren. Horizontal comment: Xinghui Fubi.

3. My descendants and grandchildren have inherited the good fortune; today, my concubine Li misses Ning Rong. Horizontal comment: Be cautious and chase after the long distance.

Concubine Yuan inscribed a plaque in the main hall, "Gu Ensi Yi", with a couplet: "Heaven and earth show great mercy, and all the innocent people feel the same sympathy; ancient and modern times are honored, and the nine states and all nations are honored." It is nothing more than this category. .

There is a couplet in the "Rongxi Hall" in the main room of the Rong Mansion: "On the seat, the sun and moon are shining with pearls, and in front of the hall are the mist." The words "zhuji" and "黼黻" are a pun ( (already explained in the previous article), pointing out the extraordinary features of Jia's house.

A couplet written by the principal wife of the Ning Mansion, "Knowledge of worldly affairs is knowledge, and mastery of human feelings is writing" should be the worldly philosophy of the people at that time.

Among the 16 couplets in the human world, remove the 6 mentioned above, and add a couplet that Jia Yucun saw at Zhitong Temple: "I forgot to shrink my hands when I had more left behind, and I want to look back when I have no way to go", and in Qin Keqing's room One couplet "The tender cold locks dreams because of the cold spring, and the aroma is the fragrance of wine." The other nine couplets are all in the Grand View Garden. The 9 couplets in the Grand View Garden are, on the one hand, a reflection of the real scene in the Grand View Garden. After the completion of the Grand View Garden project, Jia Zheng and other Qing guests were puzzled as to when to inscribe the right plaque: "It is a difficult thing to write the right plaque: when discussing etiquette, the imperial concubine should be asked to inscribe the right title." That's right. But if the concubine doesn't see the scenery in person, it's hard to guess. If you wait until the concubine is on her way to visit, it will be impossible to describe the grand scenery, the pavilions, and the untitled title." The aura of the plaque can be seen. In this regard, the literal meaning of the couplet on the plaque can be fully felt. For example, the couplet at the "Qinfang" pavilion reads, "Three poles of green willows are borrowed around the embankment, and a stream of fragrance is shared by the flowers on the other side." Needless to say. The latter aspect goes back to the embodiment of "universal power" into the subjective aspect of "emotion".

The "emotion" in the characters of the characters in the Grand View Garden is expressed in their compatibility with the above-mentioned "idea" that is above the human world.

Jia Baoyu is the most extreme non-cooperator. But he is not a passive resister, he defies everything with his talent. The seventeenth chapter, "The questions in the Grand View Garden Examination are correct, and the Rongguo Mansion returns to the province to celebrate the Lantern Festival" is completely Jia Baoyu's personal display of talent. He never forgets "should be controlled", his words are new and elegant, and his allusions are solemn. When he wrote the title "A winding path leads to a quiet place", he mentioned that "it is better to recount the old than to write a new one. Carving the past is worse than carving the present". When Jia Zheng used Ouyang Xiu to form a sentence and wrote the word "Xieyu", Baoyu thought that "since this is a villa for provincial relatives, it should also be in the style of Yingzhi. Using these words seems crude and inelegant." Later he drafted The word "Qinfang" comes out. He criticized the "Qishui heritage" and "Suiyuan heritage" of the Qing Dynasties, changed the title to "There is a phoenix coming to the ceremony", cited the "Xiao Shao 90%, the phoenix comes to the ceremony" in "Shang Shu? Yiji", and planned the couplet "Bao" The smoke of tea in the tripod is still green, and the fingers of the chess player in the quiet window are still cool."

Outside the gate, he refuted everyone's suggestion of "Xinghua Village", and used the sentences "Apricot curtains are in sight" and "The apricot curtain is in sight" and "The apricot curtain is in sight" to form a sentence from Yin in the Ming and Tang Dynasties and Xu Hun in the late Tang Dynasty. Daoxiang Village". He also wrote, "The new greenery adds to the place where the celery is picked, and the good cloud fragrance protects those who pick celery." "Huan Ge" is derived from "The Book of Songs? Zhounan? Ge Mushrooms", and the "Preface to Poems" points out that this poem is "a tribute to the virtues of the empress and concubine". This coincides with Concubine Yuan's marriage. "Picking celery" is derived from "The Book of Songs? Song of Lu? Panshui" "Thinking of Panshui, picking the celery thinly". Panshui is the water of Pangong, and Pangong is the school palace. Later generations called the scholars who passed the exam "Rupan" or "Caiqin". The second couplet may coincide with Concubine Yuan's protection of Jia's Shili Family, and also alludes to Li Wan's care for Jia Lan. The Qing Dynasty guests inscribed "Lanfenghuilu" on the later "Hengwuyuan", which corresponded to two common pairs. Baoyu changed the forehead to "Hengzhi Qingfen", and wrote the poem "Cardamom poems are still beautiful when recited, and the dreams of tea are still fragrant after sleeping enough". "Hengzhi Qingfen" is derived from "Shiyi Ji" and refers to the deeds of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Mrs. Li. At this point, Jia Baoyu's extensive knowledge and talents are fully revealed.

However, when Jia Baoyu understood the rules, he changed his temperament and complied with this "universal force" in the world, such as the purpose of the couplets in the ancestral hall and Xitang, and started an "official career economy" . After he obtained the imperial examination, he converted to the "concept" of the immortal world, which is what the seven couplets refer to, and became a monk.

Lin Daiyu and Jia Baoyu are different. From the moment she entered Jia's house, she knew she had to pay attention every step of the way. It can be seen that she still has to debug with that "universal force". However, due to her "immaculate" character, her adjustment cannot be complete and is almost ineffective. In the couplet "Xiaoxiang Pavilion", "tea", "chess", "green" and "cool" all complement her The desolation of the situation.

Xue Baochai is different from Lin Daiyu. She is the embodiment of the "idea" of the fairy world and can completely adapt to the "idea" of the human world. She can be said to be at ease in Jia's house. The first line of the couplet "Hengwuyuan" praises his poetic talent, and the latter line "Sleeps full of tea and dreams are fragrant" praises his temperament. There is a line in Song Wangqi's "Spring Evening Tour in the Small Garden" that "it's time for the tea flowers to bloom." Even when Xue Baochai was "in trouble", he was still able to "sleep enough" and "dream sweetly", which shows his calmness, that is, the indifference mentioned above.

Li Wan is completely in line with the secular "ideas". He is a widowed mother and is meticulous, so it is natural to give her a "good Yunxiang protector" ending.

Tanchun is strong-willed. Unlike Baoyu, who is cynical, she has to be serious about everything. The "picture of mist and rain" in Qiu Shuang Zhai and the couplet "Misty and leisurely bones, spring and stone wild life" are just a kind of irony on her as a person.

The above lists several characters directly related to the couplets in the Grand View Garden to illustrate the role of couplets in "A Dream of Red Mansions" in shaping characters' personalities and creating a typical environment.

The couplets and plaques in "A Dream of Red Mansions" have entered the creation of literati as folk literature styles, and are quite outstanding in both form and function.