Tomb culture in Sui and Tang Dynasties

I hope I can help you. In addition to common graves, tombs and tombs, there are tombs and forests in China.

In ancient times, the burial of the dead was called a grave, and the flat one was called a tomb. The original meaning of a grave is a high hill, the tomb is flat or underground, and the hill is also a high hill, which is different from the word meaning. In ancient times, the monument erected after the death of a big family and rich people was called a grave or grave. After the death of ordinary people, "a pile of loess buried dead bones" is a kind of burial. The monument is to replace the corpse with the clothes of the deceased, and more is to express spiritual commemoration. The "sword burial" in martial arts is often the place where peerless masters bury their weapons. Graves often have nothing to do with the dead, so the smell of death is much lighter than that of graves.

In addition to the graves of ordinary people, there are many "famous graves" where princes, ministers and celebrities are buried. For example, there is Yue Fei's grave in Hangzhou. In Beijing, because the Qing Dynasty buried nine emperors in the Qing Dongling Mausoleum in Zunhua and the Qing Xiling Mausoleum in Yixian respectively, there are no imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty around Beijing, only the imperial tombs.

Among the existing relics, the most famous is the "Princess Tomb" outside Fuxingmen in Beijing. Legend has it that he took Liu Yong and Kun down to the south of the Yangtze River, stayed in an old farmhouse hungry and cold, and went out the next day. Gan Long saw the little daughter of the old farmer and liked it very much. He said to the old farmer, "Old farmer, if you like, let your daughter be my goddaughter!" The old man was very happy and asked his daughter to come and see Lao Zi. Ganlong took out a silver ingot and said to the old man, "Take it to make some clothes for the children." He took a handkerchief from his pocket and handed it to the girl. "If the child has any difficulties, you can take it to Beijing to find me, as long as you ask about the emperor ..." At this moment, Liu Yong snorted and then said, "Ask the Huang Family Courtyard!" Gan Long quickly changed his tune: "Yes! Yes! Huangjia Courtyard. "

A few years later, it caught up with years of famine. Father and daughter came to Beijing to find the girl's godfather. The father and daughter went to Beijing with great difficulty, searched the Huang family courtyard in Beijing, and couldn't find Laozi's home. Father and daughter are unaccompanied in the capital, and the old man is seriously ill. This morning, the girl was crying by the moat. As luck would have it, Liu Yong came so far and recognized it as the emperor's goddaughter! So I asked the reason and brought the old man and the girl into the house. When I arrived at the palace, my father didn't even know that Laozi was Emperor Qianlong, and the gentleman who greeted them was Prime Minister Liu Yong. "Huangjia Courtyard" refers to the imperial palace. The father and the daughter were shocked at first, and then they were shocked, thinking, how dare ordinary people join the emperor?

Early the next morning, Liu Yong took his father and daughter into the palace to see Qianlong. Besides, after Gan Long returned to the palace, he had long forgotten about his daughter, but now he remembered it, but he was afraid that others would know about it, laughing at the emperor's affinity with the hillbilly and wanting to blame him. But father and daughter have their own Huang Shoupa, and Liu Yong testified. How can they rely on it? Helpless, we had to announce them to the palace and find a place to live by ourselves. I didn't expect that there were so many red tape in the palace, although I didn't worry about eating and wearing. Royal relatives, officials, guards and eunuchs are snobs that the old people can't stand. I was sick, surprised and scared, and died in a few days. Before she died, she told her daughter to bury his bones in her hometown.

After playing here, the girl was left alone in the palace, unhappy all day and soon died. The maid-in-waiting reported to Qianlong that the girl asked the emperor to bury her and her father's bones in her hometown before she died. Gan Long said, "Bury it!"

At that time, it happened that Liu Yong entered the palace. When he heard this, he was very unhappy. He stepped forward and handed it in: "Long live your report, I don't know anything." Hearing this, Qianlong felt like a blow on the head. He is afraid of hearing Liu Yong's words. He said, "One thing is unknown", and how many ministerial meetings he has attended. I don't know who is unlucky this time. Liu Yong said, "Although this princess is not your own, she is your own adopted daughter! I left another token, so I buried it hastily. Long live my face! " With Liu Yong here watching, Qianlong had to order that the girl be buried in Cuiwei Road according to the princess's funeral. People call this tomb the princess's tomb.

Of course, this is just a legend. According to the real historical records, the princess's tomb was in the second division of Renzong Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty.

Emperors' tombs are usually built on the mountain or as high as the mountain, so they are called mausoleums. The original meaning of the tomb is Datushan. Such as the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, the Mausoleum of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Zhaoling Mausoleum of Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong, the Ming Tombs and the Dongling of the Qing Dynasty. The emperor's mausoleum has reasonable layout, magnificent architecture, exquisite craftsmanship and unique artistic style. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is not only magnificent, but its underground palace is still afraid to be excavated with the present technology. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses are even more famous in the world, exuding the beauty of conquest.

Only after the death of a saint can it be called a "forest". The tombs of two famous people in China are called "Lin". One is Guan Yu, a military commander. In the folk, Guan Yu was regarded as a sacred emperor by the common people. Emperors of past dynasties have been pursuing the seal of Guan Yu's immortality, from "Hou and Wang, Wang and Di, Di and Sheng, Sheng and Tian", which is full of praise and seal. Temple worship is boundless ",and the whole title is" Loyalty and righteousness to SHEN WOO, spirit and benevolence, showing great sage ". Guanlin, located in the south of Luoyang, is the only ancient classic building complex in China with grand scale, magnificent halls and towering monuments, because it was chased by emperors of all dynasties and was the burial place of Guan Yu's head.

The other is Confucius in Wen Sheng, and his burial place is "Kong Lin" in Qufu. "Kong Lin" is a special cemetery for Confucius and his family, and it is also the longest-lasting and largest family cemetery in the world. Kong Lin began in the second year after the death of Confucius. With the increasing status of Confucius, the scale of Confucius forest is also growing. Guo Moruo once said: "This is a good natural museum and a chronicle of the Confucius family."

There are many kinds of graves in China. Generally speaking, people are buried with coffins or directly underground after death, which belongs to burial or burial. But many ethnic minorities have some strange funeral forms. For example, "Ba people hanging coffins" belong to cave burial. After the death of Tibetans, according to their different economic and social status, they adopt the forms of celestial burial, water burial, cremation, earth burial or tower burial. Ordinary people use celestial burial, and tower burial is only for monks. It is to put the remains of the masters into the tower after antiseptic treatment or put the ashes and relics into the tower. The Lingta is decorated with gold, silver and various precious stones, which is extremely gorgeous. Cremation is mainly aimed at some monks with status and achievements.

Celestial burial is an ancient custom of Tibetans. After death, natural birds (mainly vultures) are invited to peck at the bodies. In the eyes of Tibetans, the eagle is a divine bird and the embodiment of Dakini. After the body is eaten by vultures, the soul of the deceased can ascend to heaven. The Tibetan people believe that the soul is immortal and the body is just a shell. Instead of letting the body die naturally, it is better to give it to another life and set the soul free. This kind of funeral fully embodies the great dedication of the Tibetan people. In a sense, Tibetans are calm, open-minded and natural in dealing with life and death. I just want to live, eat and wear warm clothes, and all my accumulated wealth has been sent to the temple. If you die, let the birds eat it and the fish eat it. Just like a big tree falling down, rotting into mud and nourishing other flowers and trees, isn't this the continuation and extension of life?