How to identify ancient jade

Logo is not mysterious, simply put: compare with identifier. In fact, it is more complicated, and it needs to go through: marking, observing, dabbling, accumulating, summarizing, feedback, denying, refining, repeating and comparing. Every stage can go astray. If self-denial is the key to progress, how many people have the courage; Have the ability to face their own mistakes, but can maintain their own mentality. It is not surprising that most people go astray. Ten old cows can't be pulled back Steps of ancient jade identification

The identification of professionals mostly starts from dating, and there are many studies on literary ornaments in textbooks, which are deeply hurt by orthodox scholars. Non-professionals often start with authenticity. But all roads lead to the same goal. There are several steps in identification: patina, erosion, jade, form and spirit, corrosion, decoration and knife marks. You can tell whether there are hands at a glance, only roughly. The appraisal is very strict. Without microscopic evidence, there is no evidence to solve the case. [So learn to identify with a magnifying glass] A. Ancient jade patina is an oxide film, which is divided into soft patina and hard patina. Soft patina has a astringent feeling on the hands (called meat head in northern dialect), while hard patina has obvious glass luster. Soft and hard patina can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. Long-term playing with hands or soaking in liquid medicine can make the imitation patina. Experienced people can tell. Natural sapwood also has patina, which is generally high in hardness. B, erosion can be divided into internal erosion and external erosion. Internal corrosion is a brittle and white flocculent crystal produced under certain conditions. External ooze is the invasion of external media. The internal ooze develops from the inside out, while the external ooze develops from the outside in, promoting each other until calcification. Ancient jade has both extravasation and non-extravasation, and it is of good quality, so it is not appropriate to check it inside. The erosion conditions are related to the density distribution, crystal looseness and external medium properties of jadeite. The imitation oozes and floats, which is really heavy. Qin Gui can't tell the truth, eg an old fool's new palace. C. Jade quality: Hetian jade in Xinjiang: it is the most beautiful jade with the largest cultural carrying capacity. After the Shang Dynasty, this jade was chosen by the nobles. Consistent with the molecular structure of Russian jade today, the instrument can't tell whether it is Hetian jade or Russian jade. Russia is rich in mountain materials and Hotan seed materials. Hetian jade in the Western Han Dynasty has the most complete variety and the best quality, such as topaz and suet jade. Liaoning Cave Jade: This kind of jade is widely used in Hongshan Culture. Ancient jade is rich in materials and fine in workmanship. [Note the difference between topaz and Hetian jade in the cave] dushan jade, Henan: There are mainly two colors: white cyan and white green. White cyan is mostly used for antique, and white green is mostly used to resist imitation jade. This kind of jade is rare in ancient vessels. Earth jade: Earth jade with various attributes, mostly stone and semi-jade. Common in ancient artifacts, good artifacts, funerary objects and so on. Afghanistan jade: Low density and high hardness, much like glass. This kind of jade is rare in ancient vessels. Glass feeder: A large number of feeder ornaments [many Warring States] have been unearthed. This is a joke. Now the feeder is made like jade, and many experts punch holes. [The general hardness test method must be deleted in the identification of ancient jade. Ancient jade has patina and cannot be destroyed. ] D. Form and spirit: If God is the soul of art, then the soul of the ancients must be different from that of the present. Therefore, no matter how good a craftsman is, he can't imitate the souls of the ancients. This soul must be understood from the real thing, not self-righteous. E. Corrosion: Some media have corrosive effects on the jade surface. The corrosion traces of jade articles in the soil are mostly dotted, like the stars in the sky or the concentration of stars; Rath than a continuous sheet. Iron sulfate and iron sulfite formed after iron decay in Han tombs have the greatest corrosion effect on jade. F. Cultural ornaments: Cultural ornaments are ever-changing and easy to imitate, and should not be used as a basis for judging authenticity. Knowledge of cultural relics contributes to dating. G. Knife marks: The study of knife marks plays an extremely important role in the identification of ancient jade [note that knife marks are not knives]. First of all, we should master some mechanical knowledge, such as shaft, sleeve, speed, coaxiality, jumping, deflection, structural characteristics, and the difference between electric and non-electric tools. The evolution of lifts and so on. Brief Introduction to the Evolution of Coaxiality of (1) Tuo Machine Tool; Error between the center of Tuo disk and the center of rotating shaft. Jumping is the up-and-down displacement of the tray every turn. Deflection is the error that the tray deviates from its plane every turn. Now there is an error in the machine ring, and the error in the ancient machine ring is even greater. Theoretically speaking, Tuoju should appear before jade. Without Tuoju, there would be no jade. Since the appearance of machines, difficult jade processing has become possible. The shaft rotates in the shaft sleeve, which is the support of the shaft, and the shaft and the shaft sleeve rub. Rotation: It was manual in ancient times, but now it is electric. The difference between slow speed and fast speed is hundreds of times. The unearthed tubular and columnar jade articles are probably shafts and bushings. Before Shang Dynasty, the shafts and bushings were mostly jade articles, during Shang and Zhou Dynasties, they were mostly bronzes, and after Han Dynasty, they were mostly forged iron. Therefore, the accuracy of camel machines and tools in Han dynasty was greatly improved, and the processing capacity was obviously enhanced. This is not only manifested in the cooperation between shaft and sleeve, but also in the machinability of parts and the structural accuracy of machine ring. Machine ring varieties and so on. It is not surprising that exquisite high relief appeared in the Han Dynasty, which is an epoch-making page in the history of jade in China. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the structure, precision and types of tuoji were more perfect, but there were few breakthroughs. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that Tuo's precision machines and tools made new progress. Modern electric tractors have high precision, high speed, harder knives, large feed force and strong cutting power, so the knife marks are often rough and stubble-clearing. Because modern lifts are exquisite and flexible, there are also many fine products. The cost of this imitation will be high, and it is impossible to copy everything in place. No imitation is in place, only research is not in place. (2) The different performance of the tool mark identification machine ring will inevitably lead to different technological methods and different tool mark characteristics. If you master it, you will master the weapon of ancient jade identification. This is also the shortcoming of traditional ancient jade appraisal theory, that is, the lack of knife mark research theory. Before the Warring States period, Tuo's machines and tools were similar, and generally only rough machining could be carried out. The details are all processed by hand tools. At that time, hand tools could only draw a white mark with one knife, and a part cost tens of millions of knives, which shows the investment of time and manpower. As thin as hair, the cutting line is also completed by multiple knives. This process is natural, meticulous and neat. It's just that the tombs are rough, and the holes and sides are not finished. In the Han Dynasty, artifacts were interwoven with hand-made knife marks, which greatly improved the technological ability. After the Tang dynasty, the artifacts were mainly tuo marks, and it can still be seen that with the progress of tuo tools, the traces on the surface of artifacts have changed. [Ancient jade, even if polished, is not enough to destroy the surface knife marks. ] stubble collapse and thick knife marks are all caused by current power tools. Wudao is modern polishing, and imitation chrysanthemum is chemical polishing. There are obvious tool marks on the inner wall of the borehole, which are caused by the electric drill. The difference between drag marks and electric tool marks can only be mastered gradually in practice.

Raw pit, cooked pit, vegetable jade

Raw pits that have not been treated or played after being unearthed are called raw pits; Otherwise it's called cooked pit. Playing with jade is a tradition in China. Disc: Play with the jade in your hand. Both the new jade and the old jade should be put on the plate. The jade that has been put on the plate is moist and beautiful, and the ancient jade after the plate has changed more than the new jade. So some people don't recognize high-quality ancient jade. Some people don't even recognize the high ancient jade that has been sold, which is related to the atmosphere in Hong Kong and Taiwan. It is no exaggeration to appreciate jade carvings with self-aesthetics. It is a big mistake to appreciate ancient jade with self-aesthetics, and specimens can solve this problem. Ancient jade is well preserved and has a large cultural carrying capacity. Through everyone's efforts, the identification problem will have a bright future. There are many controversies about the identification of ancient jade, and authorities should find out more reasons. Generally, jade articles before the Han Dynasty are "ancient jade", and museums in the United States and Britain, as well as collectors of ancient jade in Hong Kong and Taiwan, like to collect ancient jade articles before the Han Dynasty. So, how to preliminarily identify ancient jade? First, you should read carefully and read more monographs on ancient jade, which are rich in knowledge. Recommended books are: Textual Research on Ancient Jade written by Wu Dazhi in the late Qing Dynasty, which gives a detailed explanation and textual research on the age, use, name and size of ancient jade, with accurate drawing and great reference value. In addition, the Complete Works of Fine Arts and Jade Articles in China, the Complete Works of Jade Articles in China published by Hebei Fine Arts Publishing House, Zhou Nanquan's Ancient Jade, Zhao Ming and Li Qun's Ancient Jade, the History of Jade, Hong Kong experts' Ancient Jade Discrimination, Folk Ancient Jade Protection and White Jade Preservation, and Taiwanese experts Li, second, direct contact is very important. Most people can only see through the glass in the museum, and all kinds of ancient jade should be seen as much as possible. You can feel the difference if you touch it too much. The real ancient jade has a long history, heavy hand feel, smooth appearance, natural color, neat knife work and moist patina. Xinyu doesn't have these feelings. Third, as early as the Song Dynasty, antique jade appeared. At that time, someone forged chicken blood with rainbow grass; After the Qing dynasty, there were more and more cases of counterfeiting, and there were many innovations in technology, such as "dog jade", "sheep jade" and "wind jade", which attracted people to be fooled. 4. At present, fake jade synthesized from jade powder by artificial high pressure has appeared in the market, and its color and hardness are similar to Hetian jade, so special attention should be paid to identification. Five, the real ancient jade has soil infiltration, lime infiltration, mercury infiltration, corpse blood infiltration, cinnabar infiltration, copper infiltration, surface oxide layer and so on. Some of the fake mud spots are fried, some are baked by fire, and some are etched by chemicals. In this regard, it is particularly important to find out the differences and differences between genuine and counterfeit products in terms of color, luster and thickness. Six, the carved lines on the jade surface have different cross sections, such as V-shape, semi-circle, U-shape, etc. U-shape is the characteristic of modern mechanics. Seven, the color and patina of the leather shell on the surface of the notch are consistent. It can be initially judged to be genuine, and the hairline bifurcation on both sides of the line notch is the feature of modern "machinists".