The king is not the king who has subjugated the country, but all the ministers are the ministers who have subjugated the country. Is this sentence appropriate?

[Original] Reflections on reality with the words of Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty: "I am not the king of the kingdom, but I am the minister of the country's subjugation"

Article submitted by: wuyurenshen Posted in Maoyan Renkaidi.net

In fact, Chongzhen never said this sentence. It was summarized by later generations based on his will. The content of his will is: I am cold and despise my bow, and I am responsible for heaven's fault. , but all ministers misunderstood me. When I die without a face to see my ancestors, I take off my crown and cover my face with my hair. Let the thieves divide you, and no one will be harmed. It means: My country perished because of my lack of virtue and God's opposition (referring to the fact that natural disasters lasted for more than ten years at that time), but it was also these ministers who harmed me. ． ． ． .

Why did Chongzhen say this? It can be said that Chongzhen was an emperor who was very aware of the situation at that time since he came to power. He had a profound understanding of the huge crisis in the Ming Dynasty. When the ministers accused him of seeking treatment too hastily, he replied: If he does not overdo it at this time, when can peace be expected? He plans to face it Regarding reality, he mobilized all officials to find out the shortcomings, and he was even the fiercest critic of reality. In the fourth year of Chongzhen's reign, he used the drought as the theme to urge the whole court to reflect, and listed eleven serious unhealthy tendencies in one breath: 1. The ministers were "confused about many things" and did not tell the truth; Those who are capable cannot be employed; 3. "Those who take charge of the job refuse to move forward", the corpses are left alone, they muddle along, and they act wisely to protect themselves; 4. "The punishments are wrong, but there are many injustices in the prison", and the judiciary is corrupt; 5. "The officials are arrogant, but the petty officials "The people were displaced", the grassroots officials did evil and oppressed the people; 6. "The reinforcements from Zun and Yong harassed the natives", the troops sent to the front lines of Zunhua and Yongping harassed the people; 7. "The expeditions of Qin and Jin were reckless "Killing innocent people", in the process of recruiting husbands in Shanxi and Shaanxi, he was good at killing people; 8. "Talk about officials' opinions, fix grudges and show favoritism", officials responsible for inspecting political discipline did not exercise their powers impartially, but mixed their personal purposes; 9. "The promotion and impeachment of ministers shall be based on bribes." Local officials use bribes to decide whether to recommend or impeach their subordinates; , putting the burden of corvee mainly on the poor; 11. "The people's anointment on the frontier is mostly used for personal pockets", and the state's food and salary for border defense military were embezzled in large quantities.

If Chongzhen had been born decades earlier , to be an emperor at that time, and to do such a few things, he will definitely stand out from the crowd, and he can definitely go down in history as an accomplished and extraordinary emperor. Unfortunately, when the Ming Dynasty reached a time like 1627, all this was no longer useful. History's requirements for Zhu Youjian were far more and far more demanding than this. In the past, it would have been rare to be so courageous in breaking down bad government; but now, he must not only be able to break it, but also be able to establish it. The country is riddled with holes and is in danger, and a solution must be found. Chongzhen did a good job in terms of "breaking", but he couldn't do anything about "establishing".

From a subjective perspective, he really worked hard. He once said: "Since I was in the imperial court, I have been working long and hard, calling on the platform many times to discuss the ancient style of the word "Qin" in time to correct the state of laziness, weakness, laziness, and hollowness... Zhongjing's "Dialect": "Jing , thinking. "Zi Lin": "Jing, trial." "Zhongjing" means that I sincerely think that you, the ministers, can wash away the decadent habits of bullying and gain achievements." {174} This is a fact, not a boast. The "repeated summons platform" mentioned in it refers to the emperor personally receiving ministers and handling daily government affairs. This situation has basically disappeared for six generations of emperors since Wuzong. Zhu Youjian not only restored it, but also persisted in it. He solemnly promised that, except for severe weather such as scorching heat and extreme cold, "I was in charge of the Wenhua Palace at that time, and I will discuss all the chapters with my assistant officials in person to see if they can be separated, and I will do everything possible."

His understanding of the bad situation fell on the point of official governance. He should take the administration of officials as the key link, and the key points should be maintained.

Does it make sense? Makes sense. Through the four dynasties of Zhengde, Jiajing, Wanli, and Tianqi, the class of "scholars" was most completely destroyed. Faith was completely lost, along with integrity and work ethics.

Everyone is cheating and defrauding, harming the public and enriching private interests.

However, although Chongzhen knew what the problem was, he could not come up with a solution.

[Repost] Super subjugated minister: The bureaucratic clown in the tragedy of the late Ming Dynasty

Article submitted by: liyu3455 Posted on Maoyankanrenkaidi.net

In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Zhengshuo dynasty, the last Han Dynasty in Chinese history, withered away, waiting for the last bell to ring.

What is ironic is that at that time, China had the most complete and lofty moral system, the most complete and full civil service mechanism, and the most "advanced" talent promotion reserve system (imperial examination) in the world. The largest bureaucracy and the most advanced military system followed the Tang Dynasty's military system.

When Li Zicheng's army had occupied Taiyuan and was about to march to Beijing via Xuan's troops, Emperor Chongzhen asked Zhang Jinyan, Minister of War, why he did not send reconnaissance cavalry without knowing the military situation?

The defense minister replied: Cavalry reconnaissance requires work and food, and the ministers have no money, so they cannot conduct reconnaissance.

Twenty-one days later, Chongzhen ended his life in Meishan.

Half a month before, Chongzhen summoned his ministers to inquire about the state affairs and said to a group of speechless senior bureaucrats. His last famous saying came out:

"I am not the king of a subjugated country, but all my ministers are ministers of a subjugated country!"

His awakening was too late.

The Chinese officialdom in the late Ming Dynasty had a number of super-subjugated ministers who could shine through the annals of history. Many historians like to interpret the origin of the tragedy from the tragedy of Chongzhen’s character. Many people also blame Chongzhen for killing Yuan Chonghuan. As the cause of the failure of the entire era, we have all forgotten: Under the guidance of the glorious thoughts of Confucius, Mencius, Cheng and Zhu, Chongzhen was just the sacrifice and sacrifice of a group of shameless, incompetent and unscrupulous clowns; of course, those who perished together were also A ray of light for our entire nation and entire civilization.

Chongzhen’s death was a slap in the face of all the bureaucrats who falsely and hypocritically clamored for morality, etiquette, justice, benevolence and filial piety, and always shouted that people’s livelihood was the most important thing.

The world of ethics and benevolence that began with Dong Zhongshu completely collapsed on the day Chongzhen died. Today, more than three hundred years later, we may be understanding that all the high-sounding, false and hypocritical things are in the clown's system. What exactly is the tool in your hand?

1. Xiong Wencan

A native of Guizhou, he was a Jinshi in the 35th year of Wanli. In the early years of Chongzhen, he recruited the pirate Zheng Zhilong, the father of the famous Zheng Chenggong (who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and was killed during the Kangxi period). .

In the last years of Chongzhen, he served as the right minister of the Ministry of War, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the governor of Guangdong. His ambition was to be a peace officer in Fujian, Guangdong and Lingnan. For this purpose, he had close contacts with the powerful officials in the DPRK and bribed him constantly, which made him a capable and understanding person. A good reputation for being both military and honest.

On this day, a eunuch from the palace came. It is said that he went to Guangxi to purchase pearls for the emperor. How could Governor Xiong let go of such a good opportunity? Occasionally, during the dinner, the war situation in the Central Plains and the crisis in Liaodong were mentioned. The eunuch lamented that the country was incompetent, which made the Lord very worried.

Xiong immediately expressed his position by beating his chest and loudly scolding the court officials for harming the country. If I was allowed to go by the Holy Will, how could I let the war situation deteriorate to this point! !

But I didn’t expect the eunuch to stand up in surprise and express his attitude: the purchase is fake, and it is true to check your attitude and talents for the emperor. Based on my observation of you these days, you have great talents and strategies, and you can defeat the grass bandits in the Central Plains. , it has to be you.

Xiong Wencan, a mute, eats Coptis chinensis.

Chongzhen was very satisfied with the report of this trial, which he had been skeptical about. With Yang Sichang's strong recommendation, he was soon appointed as the military prime minister of the five provinces with the title of Shangshu of the Ministry of War. Xiong Wencan, who was full of regrets, first wrote a letter and talked about the "five difficulties and four impossibilities". When he was rejected, he had to recruit 2,000 firearms soldiers as guards in Guangdong. Before the trip, he had no idea and went to the monk to ask for advice. The monk said: "Recruitment is the best." ." So it finally has a backbone.

As soon as he took over the military plane, he was forced by the fierce general Zuo Liangyu to disband the guard, so he complained to Chongzhen and hoped to send more border troops to him. After getting 5,000 troops, he was worried that it would not be enough, so he wrote to the emperor. He said: I passed through Hunan and Hubei and saw that there was plenty of rice. This was too tempting for thieves. The emperor should order all the property and grain from the farms to be moved to the city. The bandits saw that there was nothing to rob, so they naturally retreated without a fight.

The memorial immediately became a political joke at the time.

After Yang Sichang worked for many years, he finally made progress in annihilating the peasant army. The famous general Zuo Liangyu defeated Zhang Xianzhong in Nanyang. However, Zhang Xianzhong saw how much the mediocre Xiong Wencan wanted to achieve extraordinary feats without losing any blood, so he sent someone to send two pieces of jasper that were more than a foot long and two pearls that were more than an inch long. Ten thousand people were paid six months' salary, which cost two million taels of silver before and after. He scorned the suggestion of his generals to kill Zhang Xianzhong while he was surrendered.

As a result, Zhang Xianzhong did not leave his troops alone, and even occupied the officially designated garrison and rest area.

In September of the 11th year of Chongzhen, the Manchu Qing invaded Shandong across the Great Wall, resulting in Lu Xiangsheng's death in battle, Sun Chuanting's imprisonment, and Hong Chengchou's transfer to Liaodong. The premise for such transfer was that Chongzhen believed that Zhang Xianzhong and others would It is no longer a threat (Li Zicheng has been defeated by Hong and Sun).

So in the winter of this year, the famous "Two Heroes Meeting" in history took place. Li Zicheng went to Gucheng to visit Zhang Xianzhong, and received additional troops and horse armor, and his strength began to recover.

At the beginning of the twelfth year of Chongzhen, Zhang Xianzhong completed his training and posted notices everywhere, announcing to the local people: Xiong Wencan "reprimanded tens of thousands of gold and pearls" and "rebellion was forced!" He even ordered Xiong and others to do so. The details of the bribes taken by officials were also published... The truth of why officials wanted to recruit the main officials was finally revealed!

While Xiong Wencan was ashamed of himself, he complained first and wrote to the emperor to shirk his responsibility. At the same time, he blocked Zuo Liangyu from sending troops. When the Chongzhen imperial edict ordered him to be dismissed from office and "redeem himself through meritorious service," he ignored the military situation and forced Zuo Liangyu to rush. They went out, but were ambushed by Zhang Xianzhong, and all the elite troops were lost.

Under the leadership and influence of Zhang Xianzhong, the peasant armies that had been recruited before fully rebelled, and the civil strife in the Ming Dynasty became uncontrollable. Yang Sichang, Xiong Wencan's recommender and mentor, also attacked Xiangyang because of Zhang Xianzhong. He killed the vassal king and died of illness.

Although Xiong Wencan was arrested and imprisoned, his stupidity and incompetence directly led to the deterioration of the domestic war situation again. It was through his hands that the two major opponents of the Ming Dynasty: Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng were able to recuperate and make a comeback. , but after ten years of fierce fighting, the results were ruined.

Why do we say that the ministers who have subjugated the country do not criticize the king who has subjugated the country?

I have read many articles that denounced the cowardice of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty, but excluding the slander from later dynasties, since Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, many monarchs and emperors were deeply involved in wrestling with the civil service group. To overcome the difficulties, Chongzhen once said: I and the scholar-bureaucrats have joined hands to control the world.

The same thing can be seen in Wanli and Zhang Juzheng) This huge, complex and energetic bureaucratic group often avoids talking about the constraints on imperial power in historical research, but in fact, the cabinet system in the Ming Dynasty was responsible for the stable governance of each party. It is unparalleled in all dynasties. Although Chongzhen was a power-hungry emperor, he held power for seventeen years, but he changed 50 chief ministers like a revolving door. His character flaw of not being able to trust was on the one hand, and it was always difficult to reconcile with the civil servants. The easing of group relations and the inability to find a prime minister or spokesperson who can fully support the monarchy is also an important reason.

In his last days, Emperor Chongzhen, who had to give up his plan to move south due to the insistence of his cabinet ministers (which had a huge impact on later generations, as detailed later), once said to his chief minister Chen Yan, half angrily and half helplessly. :

"I don't want to do it, but my husband insists on doing it. I want to do it, but my husband insists on not doing it."

This is probably the Ming Dynasty that is usually stubborn and suspicious of Qiangang and arbitrary. There is another side of the emperor that few people know about.

The purpose of criticizing this group of bureaucrats in the late Ming Dynasty (what are clowns? In addition to Xiong Wencan, we will give examples later) is to clarify their point of view: the responsibility and meaning of the country and the country cannot be accomplished by the emperor alone. Those of you who can bear it have always liked to blame various emperors for the festering aspects of national history. I would like to ask, does this reflect some imprint or something in our bones? When the nation is strong, we attribute it to the Mingjun and the Great Emperor; when the country declines, we attribute it to the incompetent tyrant. Then, whether the nation is advanced or not depends solely on those more than 400 individuals of all kinds! ?

We can see in history that as the actual ruling class of that society, the scholar-bureaucrats in the late Ming Dynasty played an extremely important and shameful role in the process of the country’s downfall, so much so that a border official was killed in the final On that day, he wrote to Chongzhen, saying sternly: The auxiliary ministers cannot be relied upon, and state affairs cannot be blamed!

Let’s take a look at how the scholar-bureaucrats educated by Cheng, Zhu, Confucius and Mencius performed their own farce in that era.

2. Wu Xiang

The commander-in-chief of Ningyuan was the father of Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi who would become famous in the future. There were still more than ten days before Li Zicheng conquered Beijing. In order not to be suspected of being "traitors", Chen Yan and Wei Zaode, the chief ministers of the cabinet, repeatedly prevented Chongzhen from dispatching the Guan Ning cavalry on the Ningyuan front line to the King Qin of Beijing. Even though they had all indicated that they could withdraw, a group of senior officials still kept making recommendations. No one was willing to write a "written decree" to bear the infamy in the future. As a last resort, they came up with the best compromise plan to evade responsibility: invite Wu Sangui's father Wu Xiangjin The capital summoned him and asked Chongzhen to discuss the war plan with him.

At this time, Li Zicheng's army was approaching the capital.

Chongzhen asked Wu Xiang what he thought of the requirement for Guan Ning to ride on Qin Wang.

"The land of our ancestors cannot be abandoned."

Chongzhen comforted him by saying that this was his own idea and had nothing to do with his father and son. At the same time, he asked: Do you think your son can retreat from the enemy?

Wu Xiang brazenly boasted that if Li Chuang dared to attack, his minister Sangui would be able to capture him alive. At the same time, he explained that the defeats of Zuo Liangyu and Sun Chuanting in the past were due to the lack of superiority in the number of soldiers. This It is not a problem for the Liaodong soldiers.

So, how many soldiers do Qing and his son have?

Wu Xiang was suddenly awakened by Chongzhen's intention, and immediately did not dare to brag any more. He fell to the ground and admitted his mistake and said: The roster was 80,000, but in fact it was 30,000, and the rest was probably empty wages.

Chongzhen asked: What is the combat strength of 30,000 people?

Wu Xiang retreated further: Not all 30,000 people are warriors. Only 3,000 people can actually fight in battle.

Chongzhen asked: How can three thousand people kill millions of people?

Wu Xiang falsely said: These three thousand people are not ordinary people. They are usually raised by Chen and Sangui with fine wine, fat sheep, Wanluo, silk and silk, so they are all dead soldiers worth one hundred. .

Chongzhen asked, how much would the salary be if he wanted to be transferred?

Wu Xiang answered: One million!

Chongzhen was surprised to ask the reason, and Wu Xiang answered calmly: These three thousand soldiers all have real estate abroad. Do they need compensation? I have been repeatedly owed wages. Do I need compensation? Do I need to move to the mainland if I have tens of thousands of dependents? If Ningyuan is abandoned, should the millions of people outside the customs move into the customs?

Chongzhen had to admit that he really couldn't afford that much money.

The ministers in the imperial court were still debating whether to give up the transfer of Ningyuan cavalry from outside the customs to Beijing. The cabinet kept delaying and refuted the emperor's imperial edict to mobilize troops twice. It was not until March 4 that Chongzhen was finally approved by the cabinet. An edict was issued to confer Wu Sangui the title of Ping Xibo, and he went to Beijing to serve as king. Wu Sangui and his son traveled dozens of miles a day outside the customs and entered Shanhaiguan on the 16th. By the time they arrived at Fengrun on the 20th, Beijing had already fallen.

Compared with his father, Wu Sangui had the loyalty of a warrior. After Wu Xiang, who stayed in Beijing, quickly defected to the peasant army, Wu Sangui replied to his father's letter of persuasion: You should have fought tooth and nail with the thieves, but it would have been worse. It's time to commit suicide to serve the country, which gives me the motivation to wear mourning and cry to avenge you. Now that you choose to surrender, then even if the thief ties you to a cauldron to persuade me in the future, I will not care about it.

The clever Wu Xiangzhen was tied to the city tower by Li Zicheng when Wu Sangui borrowed Qing troops to attack Beijing. Wu Xiang and his family members number more than thirty.

The old fox Wu Xiang won a short-lived fame for his son in that brief moment

Emperor Shunzhi of the Manchu Qing Dynasty once cried bitterly when he was sweeping the tomb of Chongzhen (Siling):

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"Big brother, big brother, Ruo and I both have rulers and no ministers!"

Shunzhi, who was familiar with the whole story of the fall of the Ming Dynasty, had his own difficulties, but he also expressed his inner feelings on behalf of Chongzhen.

On March 17, the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng’s army reached Gaobeidian in the east and Xizhimen in the west. The siege of the city had begun. Chongzhen went to court early as usual. A group of high-ranking officials and dignitaries stood lazily, facing the emperor’s questioning and silence. Without saying a word, the extremely angry Chongzhen dipped his hands in water and wrote twelve words on the case, and then wiped them away with his sleeve. The eunuch Wang Zhixin beside him saw only six words:

"Every civil official can be killed." ".

Those who should not have been killed have been killed long ago, but those who should have been killed sat in the temple and talked loudly, doing nothing.

Are a group of senior bureaucrats really incompetent?

On March 19, Emperor Chongzhen ordered the harem to commit suicide. After the prince escaped, he hanged himself in desolation opposite the eunuch Wang Chengen. It is said that there was a blood edict on the royal clothes saying, "I have been in power for seventeen years, and I have been punished three times." ...My ministers have misunderstood me...I have no face to see the late emperor lying on the ground, covering his face with his hair, and letting the thieves split my body. You can kill all the civil servants, but don't damage the mausoleum, and don't hurt any of my people."

And the show of the bureaucratic clowns has just begun.

On March 22, Chongzhen’s body was discovered. The eunuch wrapped it in a reed mat and placed it outside the Donghua Gate. He later changed it into a willow coffin and used earth as a pillow. Only two monks chanted sutras. , guarded by four or five eunuchs. Only twenty or thirty of the ministers who had received Zhu Ming's salary for generations went to mourn. When more senior officials passed by, they rode their horses and whipped their whips indifferently, without even looking at them.

What are they busy with?

When Li Zicheng began to attack the city, Chongzhen was in financial distress and struggled to raise military expenses. He called on senior officials to donate silver taels to help the army, and repeatedly urged them. In the end, only eunuch Cao Huachun and others donated 50,000 taels each (remember what I mentioned above). Tell me? At this time, Chongzhen can only get 70,000 taels!) Where are the senior bureaucrats?

The last chief minister (equivalent to the Prime Minister) Wei Zaode was forced to announce a donation of five hundred taels! Do you still remember Chen Yan, the former chief assistant who blocked the move to the south? He didn't even want to act, he just insisted that he had never taken bribes and bent the law, so he couldn't donate even one tael! After being tortured by Li Zicheng's army, Master Chen presented 40,000 taels of silver to Emperor Dashun!

What about those dignitaries? Jiading Bo Zhou Kui (the head of the state) insisted on not giving away ten thousand taels when faced with the eunuch sent by his son-in-law. In the end, even the eunuch couldn't help but said harsh words before he took out ten thousand taels, which made him feel heartbroken! Finally, like Mr. Chen, the Jiading uncle presented 500,000 taels of silver to the new emperor after being tortured by the peasant army! (It was this Jiading Bo who finally sold Li Zi the Third Prince Zhu, Prince Yong and Prince Ding who came to join his grandfather.) More high-ranking officials and dignitaries hid in Tibet and pretended to be wealthy when faced with Chongzhen's "donation" request. He pretended to put all his home furnishings on the street to be auctioned to show that his family had no money. He even wrote on the gate of the Forbidden City, "I don't keep my master here, I have my own place to keep my master"! What's more, some officials and eunuchs in the capital even made a collective agreement to "convention to open the city to welcome the invaders" and solicited celebrities and senior officials to sign collectively! The leader was Zhang Jinyan, the Minister of Defense mentioned at the beginning, who could not even afford to send a reconnaissance cavalry.

There is also a depressing detail: Li Zicheng, who invaded the Forbidden City, searched everywhere in the palace. In the end, the amount of gold and silver stolen by carts and oxen reached a huge amount of 37 million! The frugal and house-keeping Chongzhen who once insisted on vegetarianism and stopped weaving in Suzhou and Hangzhou, halved the palace meals, and even torn the cuffs of his underwear, avoiding the ministers and secretly stuffing them back into his clothes. If Izumi had known that he would be shocked and delay the recruitment of the army for the sake of millions of military pay. King Qin Shi had such a huge fortune hidden away by his subordinates, so he must have been dumbfounded.

The day after Chongzhen’s death (no one knew that Chongzhen was dead at this time), a mighty team of 1,200 people came to Li Zicheng’s camp. This was the general who basically controlled the entire China. The representative team of the entire bureaucratic civil service team, from the bureau level to the top, is diverse and diverse, but their purpose is unified and firm, that is, under the leadership of Chen Yan, the top leader of the bureaucratic group, and Wei Zaode, the second leader, to the new era The master of power, the future Dashun Emperor Li Zicheng, expressed his loyalty.

The majestic Li Zicheng shouted loudly: "Since you have received special favor and will die in the country, why do you live in vain?!" The officials were frightened and kowtowed, and several representatives were bold. He said: "Your Majesty came into being at the right time, and I would like to spend the rest of my life serving Your Majesty." However, Li Zicheng scolded him: "You have betrayed your lord, what use can I do!"

In the end, they all squatted down, and the peasant army sent by Niu Jinxing touched the heads of the bureaucrats and counted them, and then reported their names, positions and resumes for recruitment. People at the time described: "On weekdays... those who are high-spirited, "Nowadays, "the plants stand like puppets and are humiliated by the soldiers. There are also people who have their hair cut off, and people who pretend to be sick with their heads covered with towels. All kinds of ugliness are difficult to describe in writing." "As a result, after a day of hard work from morning to night, only more than 90 people were hired, and the rest were sent to General Liu Zongmin.

Three days later, a group of people who successfully applied for jobs quickly recovered. Vitality, they began to be active in a new field, that is, to "persuade" the new master. Under the arrangement of the new leader, Chen Yan and others burst into tears and asked Li Zicheng to establish a new dynasty as soon as possible. Zhou Zhong, a famous socialist who ascended the throne and became famous all over the world, , Wei Xuelian and others are even more diligent in writing and writing continuously. They even call Niu Jinxing, who appreciates his writing style, "Teacher Niu" (very modern!) and every auspicious day in April, he will persuade him to enter. It's funny that the memorial called Chongzhen's downfall as "a single man bestows his head, and the four seas return to his heart." The result almost caused a quarrel, because Wei Xuelian and others claimed that such good writings were their own ideas, and for the sake of copyright, dog bites dog. hair.

The conscientious people of the time said with emotion: "The emperor's attendants and trusted ministers make such heartbreaking words against heaven, but they still boast about themselves... What did I learn from reading the books of sages?!"

What do you learn from reading the books of sages? !

Reading ancient Chinese history, since the Han Dynasty, etiquette, justice, benevolence, filial piety and loyalty have filled the uncertain sky of Chinese civilization. How did the last Confucian dynasty, when Neo-Confucianism and Taoism have developed to the extreme, end up with a unified picture? A funny ending to a non-ridiculous group picture? Everyone preaches that virtue governs the country, and the huge team of bureaucrats who take the emperor's salary and ask for orders for the people use morality as their motto and trustworthiness as their benchmark. Why do they repeatedly do nothing for the country or the people?

Since when did we learn to blame the festering side of our nation on the tyrant and mediocre emperor? Attribute all the glorious side to Emperor Mingjun? The huge bureaucracy is like a dark cloud that never fades across the sky and the earth. Han, Song, Ming... The kings have to bend their waists to please it, and the people have to bow to it. This dark cloud cannot be blown away by ideology, morality, benevolence and righteousness cannot be blown away. When necessary, it will put away the thunder clouds and lightning without hesitation, and play the role of a clown in a down-to-earth manner.

In fact, the story of this super subjugated minister is far from over. In just a few dozen days, the iron hooves of the Manchu Qing Dynasty began to trample on the land of the Central Plains, and then conquered the entire territory (this is what many, many people are most interested in) (a place that is talked about with a proud smile), countless bureaucratic clowns will continue to appear on the stage and perform continuously. They have chosen the right time, place, object, audience, director... No one will blame them anymore... A nation's The blood and spirituality cannot be wiped away just by being ruined by oneself, and must also be stamped hard by a bloody nomadic riding boot.

Analysis of the causes of Ming’s death------Chongzhen is not responsible either

Article submitted by: wuyurenshen Posted on Maoyankanrenkaidi.net