How does Jin Hajj, a celebrity in the late Qing Dynasty, recite Shenyang (1)?

Aerial view of Shenyang Imperial Palace in late Qing Dynasty

Jin Hajj: Stay in the capital.

Ding Jian Xiangping is a great undertaking, and there is an ancient palace in the capital.

Three thousand clouds, misty rain on the twelfth floor.

Tianzhu Peak Gongbei, Tumen River East.

Taiping should paint a style, and the effect of mourning is to celebrate.

This seven-melody "Stay in the Capital" is the work of Jin Hajj, a famous poet in Liao and Shen literary circles during Jiaqing period.

Jin Hajj, Zipingting,No. Luanpo, from Yizhou, Jinzhou. He is a famous prose master in the Qing Dynasty and the younger brother of Jin Deyu, who was famous for his Journey to Liberation during the Qianlong period. The rise of the Jin family in western Liaoning began with Jin Youcheng in the early Qing Dynasty. He made meritorious service, entered the office, and presented Wen Lin Lang.

Five spread to Jin Chenghua, Gan Long Wu Geng (1750) as a juren, official to magistrate. Jin Ke Yu Zi Li 'an, born in the Wugeng period of Qianlong, graduated from Shenjia Academy, and was promoted to the middle of Sichuan and Guizhou in Guimao year (1783). Jin Hajj entered Shenyang Academy in Jiaqing, a student of Miao Gongen, who was a scholar in Jiaqing 16th year (18 1 1), and served as an official in Chongqing, Sichuan.

Around the age of forty, he resigned and returned to his hometown. There is "Three Huai Painting Poems" handed down from ancient times, with more than 500 poems in four volumes.

Jin's pilgrimage poems are rich in content, fresh in style and rich in emotion. Miao Hongen commented on his poems like this:

"... carving chapters and making sentences is self-contained, and the poet's gentle and peaceful meaning is fully expressed in pen and ink. "Seven methods" Stay in the Capital "is the work of Jin Hajj when he studied under Miao Gongen at Shenyang Academy in Shengjing.

The first couplet of this poem describes that the establishment of the Qing Dynasty is a great achievement of a thousand years. It moved the capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and when Shenyang became the capital, it remained in the old palace. "Ding Jian" refers to the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. "Ding", in ancient China, people always regarded it as a heavy weapon to build the country. "Xiangping", Guxiangping County, is in Liaoyang City today. In the seventh year of Nurhachi (1622), he moved the capital to Liaoyang and Tokyo. Poetry couplets and neck couplets describe the geographical features of Shengjing, the capital. "Three thousand dimensional space" refers to the formation of the universe and natural changes.

Buddhism believes that this is a small world with Xumi Mountain as the center and Tiewei Mountain as the foreign country. A thousand small worlds add up to the Hanazono Sakura world; A thousand Hanazono Sakura worlds add up to a thousand worlds; A thousand worlds add up to a thousand worlds, collectively called "three thousand worlds". "Fengyunhui" here refers to Fengyunhui, that is, Fengyunhui changes. "Twelfth Floor" refers to twelve pavilions in the inner and outer cities of Shenyang. During Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, there were twelve buildings in Shenyang, such as Phoenix Tower, Kuixing Tower, Bell Tower and Drum Tower. "Historical Records" says: "When the Yellow Emperor was the emperor, it was the twelfth floor of five cities", which is a metaphor for the prosperity of cities with high-rise buildings. "Tianzhu", that is, Tianzhu Mountain, is twenty miles east of Shenyang, Fuling, the Qing Taizu, with Hunhe River in front and Tianzhu in the back. "Gongbei", the stars are the health of the Big Dipper, which means that the health of the peaks stays in the capital, and the Analects of Confucius is published: "Governing the country by virtue, like Beichen, lives in its place and the stars are * * * (arch)." "Jiang Chaodong": Jiang Chaohai. The Bailiu River mentioned here is a metaphor for the worship of the emperor by governors or local officials. The end of the poem should be written in the prosperous time, the poem should be written in praise of the capital, and the poem should be sung when the emperor arrives. Taifeng is one of the fifteen national styles in The Book of Songs, and it is a folk song in the old capital area of Zhou Dynasty. "Poetry" and "poetry" generally refer to poems and volumes. "Luanyu" refers to the emperor's carriage, which is used as a proxy for the emperor. "Zhu Song", an old courtier wishing the emperor a tribute, compiled "A Record of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty": In the first year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty boarded Songshan Mountain, and hundreds of officials heard three shouts of long live. Later, in poetry, I praised the emperor and shouted long live, calling it "Song Hu".

In his poems, the author describes the geographical features of the capital and recalls his achievements in the capital, reflecting the worship and praise of the founder of the Qing Dynasty. Needless to say, the education at that time was mainly Confucian traditional education, and the idea of loyalty to the country would affect the golden pilgrimage of Shenyang Academy. But as far as poetry is concerned, the poet's foothold in the capital is not only the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty, but also the "Old Palace", "Twelfth Floor" and "Tianzhu", with an important geographical position. It is still of practical significance to call attention to Shenyang, the capital of China, with poems.

Jin Hajj: Wensui Pavilion

During Jin Hajj's study in Shenyang Academy, there was also a famous five-character ancient style: Wensui Pavilion-

The stars shine in the sky, and the light shines.

Zhao Wenling Bao Rui, Shu Qi You Shan Cang.

Jade inspection contains Peng Guan, and gold holds Mo Cun.

Along the back of Zong Shenghai, it is organized into a general outline.

The meaning of the test is detailed in the degree, and the classics remain unchanged.

It's a heaven-respecting pavilion, which can help you to learn a thousand puzzles.

Gong Yi's tablet was copied and sealed, and the old stone was used as a warehouse.

The salary is passed on to find the mood, and the scandal is extremely bad.

Music is the same, and it is better than Tang.

Looking back at the beginning, this plan has not been forgotten.

Wenshui Pavilion Interior (with "Holy Sea Yan Hui" plaque)

Wenshui Pavilion is the library in Shengjing Palace.

It was built in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), in front of Yangxizhai on Gonggong West Road, behind the stage and Jiayintang. Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong ordered the compilation of books in order to strengthen cultural rule and show off their literary and political talents. During the Kangxi period, a collection of ancient and modern books was compiled, with 10,000 volumes, divided into six parts, 32 classics and 6,109 volumes. During the Qianlong period, he intensified the search for the suicide notes of past dynasties throughout the country. After ten years' efforts, he compiled a super-large series, Sikuquanshu, with 79,337 volumes, 3,503 books, seven editions and seven libraries. Four places in the north, namely Wenshui Pavilion in Shengjing, Wenyuan Pavilion in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Wenyuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan and Jinwen Pavilion in chengde mountain resort, are called "Four Pavilions in the Forbidden City" or "North Four Pavilions". At the same time, Wen Lan Pavilion was built in Shengyin Temple in Hangzhou, Wenzong Pavilion was built in Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, and Wen Hui Pavilion was built in Grand View Garden in Yangzhou, collectively known as "Nansan Pavilion". The architectural forms of the seven pavilions are modeled after the "Tianyi Pavilion" of Ningbo Fan Library. While respecting the collection of rare books of Sikuquanshu, we also respect the collection of ancient and modern books. Shengjingge's name is Wensu, which means "tracing back to the past for inheritance" according to the record of Wensuge by Emperor Qianlong, expressing the good intention of "not forgetting the difficulties of our ancestors in starting a business and showing our descendants to abide by Mo Wen". Every time Emperor Qianlong visited Shengjing Old Palace in the east, he would go to Wenshui Pavilion to read the books and wrote a long couplet and a plaque with the title "The Holy Sea along Jiong".

The Shenyang Academy, also known as Cuisheng Academy, attended by Jin Hajj, was founded in the 58th year of Kangxi, and started classes in the east side of Fengtian Prefecture, Xiaonanmen. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), Li, assistant minister of Shengjing Ministry of Industry, built Shenyang Yixue on the right side of Fengtianfu, and later renamed Shenyang Academy, located in the south gate. After several expansions and repairs, Shenyang Academy has begun to take shape in Jiaqing years. When Jin Hajj was studying here, because Shenyang Academy was close to the palace, he should know something about the buildings in the palace, so he wrote the five-character ancient style "Wensui Pavilion" with admiration.

The Book Shadow of Sikuquanshu

At the beginning of the poem, Wen Suige's library was praised in beautiful language. "Xi Dynasty" and "Sheng Chao" refer to this dynasty. The first two sentences are about Sikuquanshu and Integration of Ancient and Modern Books compiled during the reign of Kang Gan, which are heavenly chapters, like stars shining. These paintings and calligraphy are treasures brought back from You Shan. They are a deep treasure scroll, symbolizing the spirit and auspiciousness of being civilized and bright. "Zhao Wen", Wen De Zhao Ming. "Lingbao", a psychic treasure. "Opening a book" is a general term for letters. "You Shan", namely Youyang Mountain in the northwest of Yuanling, Hunan Province, is said to have a collection of Qin people's books in the mountain. Sheng Hongzhi wrote "Jingzhou Ji": "There are more than a thousand books in the caves on Xiaoyou Mountain. It is said that Qin people studied here and stayed here". "Jade inspection contains a broad view, Jin Ming Baomo Village" is the poet's continued praise for the series: these books are the covers of jade calligraphy and painting, and they are the villages of Jin Mingshu. "Jade Inspection", the cover of the envelope is made of jade; Mozhuang refers to many books. In the Song Dynasty, Liu collected more than a thousand volumes, and the room name was "Mozhuang". "Return to the Holy Sea, organize the general program of emperors" is written here (Wensui Pavilion), and you are still swimming in the deep sea of sacred cultural knowledge. The books collected here are classified according to the emperor's outline and a subset of history. "Along", downstream, "Hui", upstream, "Zong Shenghai", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism, and later feudal dynasties respected Confucius as a saint, offering sacrifices regularly. Later generations and disciples of Confucius were also named "Zong Shenghai", which can be read as: the deep sea of Confucian classics, the sacred deep sea of cultural knowledge. Emperor Qianlong inscribed a plaque for Wensui Pavilion, that is, "Holy Sea along Hui". "Organization" means that the series is well organized. Sikuquanshu is divided into four parts: classics, history, sub-themes and collections, so it is called Sikuquanshu. "General Imperial Plan" is a summary of royal discipline. "Careful consideration is detailed in degree, and the classics remain unchanged", which means that these books are clearly defined in time and scale and can be used as the standard of planning in the world. "It is respect for Tianyi Pavilion, which can enrich the soul" means that the building of Wenshui Pavilion is built in the style of Tianyi Pavilion, where many people's wisdom and knowledge are concentrated. Tianyi Pavilion, the library of Fan Qin, a famous bibliophile in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, is located in Ningbo, Zhejiang. Because books are most afraid of fire, Fan Qin named the library building "Tianyi Pavilion" according to the phrase "the sky is full of water" ... and in the Book of Changes annotated by Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty, "the soil is 60% water". Because the bookshelves in Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty were all built in the style of Tianyi Pavilion, which is famous in Kyushu, and all the bookshelves were named after water, such as "trace", "source", "deep" and "Tianjin". "I copy the seal script from the stone tablet, and I use the stone as a storehouse", which means that it is better to engrave the seal script from the stone tablet than to copy it neatly, and I am not afraid that someone will laugh at this kind of hard work like storing the stone tablet in a warehouse. "Before", a joke. As recorded in the series of books, "the salary is passed down and the anecdotes are extremely poor", which will make the teachers' teachings spread endlessly and things can only exist, because we have tried our best to find anecdotes in the editing process. Zhuangzi, Health Master, compiled in Salary Biography: "It means that poverty is the salary, and the fire biography is unknown." That is to say, taking grease as wages, the grease burns out and the fire spreads endlessly. Originally, it was a metaphor for physical exhaustion and immortality. Later, it also means that knowledge and skills are passed down from generation to generation. Han Yu's classic Xue Jie, Finding the Feeling of Falling;

"I'm looking for a falling mood. I'm far away from it." "Falling down" means that things are on the verge of extinction and only exist. Anecdotes refer to things that are not recorded in history books. "Extremely poor" means extremely far away. "Music is the same, and it is better than Tang." Here, the poet made a general evaluation of the compilation of Sikuquanshu, and thought that its contribution, like Dayu's flood control and the division of the world into Kyushu, should be attributed to Ding. And its ambition of leadership and innovation is comparable to that of Shang Tang, which should also be engraved on the plate. "Le Ding", immediately Ding, the classic "Records of the Five Emperors": "Yu received the gold of nine shepherds and cast Jiuding, like Kyushu." "Pan Ming", that is, the inscription on the disk, compiled "The Book of Rites": "Tang Zhiming Pan said: Gou Rixin, Hibika Day." At the end of these two sentences, after evaluating the compilation of Sikuquanshu, the poet further praised the significance and value of collecting its books, saying that the library was named "Wensui Pavilion", which was intended to trace back to its roots and never forget its ancestors. The picture shows the strategies contained in these ancient books, that is, the way to govern the country. "Tracing to the source" in two sentences means tracing to the source. Emperor Qianlong said in the Collection of Songs of Wen Sui: "This name means' going back to the current and seeking the roots' in Zhou's poems, but we don't forget the difficulties of our ancestors in starting a business, which shows that future generations will preserve the wisdom of literature. I am serious! I am serious! "Fang Ce", formerly known as Edition and Simple Policy, refers to ancient books, and The Book of Rites The Doctrine of the Mean says: "The way of civil and military affairs lies in Fang Ce. "This song" Wensui Pavilion "was carefully written by Jin Hajj with reverence when he was studying at Shenyang Academy. Under the guidance of Miao Gongen, a famous teacher, he read many classic chapters of Chinese studies, and seemed to be full of knowledge, so he chose to start an article with the title of "Wensui Pavilion". In this poem, he describes and praises the books collected by Wensui Pavilion, which are large in scale, rich in content, beautifully bound, precious in ancient books, far-reaching and of extraordinary value. They are as successful as Yu Xia and more ambitious than Shang Tang. Commenting on this poem, Wu Yumei said: "The dictionary is elegant, but it is too carved and somewhat obscure. "I think her evaluation is very pertinent. When reading this poem, we seem to see the flying spirit of young poets in their prime at that time when reciting this poem. While admiring his gorgeous rhetoric, we can't help but say that reading Han Fu and Si Liu's parallel prose has a sense of obscurity. We read it today, not only to gain a deeper understanding of Wensui Pavilion, but also to increase our further understanding of the literary phenomena of that year.

Jin Hajj: Fishing with Shuhuafeng Hunhe River

As both Jin Hajj, when writing about things and life he is familiar with, the situation is very different.

Fishing with Shuhuafeng in Hunhe River is another poem he wrote at the same time-

Hunhe River is rolling in from the east, and big trees are floating out of the mountains.

Deep-water giant fish don't touch the shore, making waves and blowing fishy winds.

Huafeng felt itchy when she saw this, and counted the ropes about 100 feet long.

Qutie as bait should be sweet, throw it into the middle stream and try your best:

Yesterday, the fisherman caught the fish, but today, he caught the fish alone.

After a while, I want to take my aunt to chat with her.

Suddenly, I heard the thorns turn into terror and the scales disappeared with excitement.

The hungry eagle is bitter in gold, and the horse is angry in white jade.

The water loss of the dragon is still tortuous, not to mention that every scale is deep.

We are made by people. We kiss and pity each other.

Didn't you see the sunset on the west coast?

There is a fish in my pocket, but I forgot it. I have a hundred-dollar one.

This is the first ancient poem I have read so far that vividly describes the fishing scene in Hunhe River. Judging from the scene described in the poem, it is a true record of Jin Hajj's personal experience of fishing in Hunhe River with his friend (or schoolmate) Shu Huafeng.

This ancient poem is written in the natural order of fishing preparation, fishing process, joy and emotion of catching big fish, which is roughly divided into four levels. In the first four sentences, the water depth of Hunhe River is written first, and the giant fish is not near the shore. The water potential and environment of Hunhe River during Jiaqing period are briefly described. From the fifth sentence to the tenth sentence, write long rope, iron hook and sweet bait, and recall the dream of catching fish; Sentences 11 to 20 are the third level and the core of the whole poem, and they write vivid scenes of catching big fish. At the end of the 21st sentence, write down the joy and emotion after catching a big fish.

Different from Wensui Pavilion, there are not many allusions in the poem, only a few words are uncommon. For example, "yesterday's people made a fortune" and "made a fortune", and yarrow was used to predict good or bad luck. There is nothing wrong with "penetrating fish", and "penetrating fish has imperial secretary, pampering it, and there is no harm" in the Book of Changes. Originally, it meant that the monarch loved the palace in order like a fish with strings. Here, the poet borrows the hexagram of "wearing fish" to show that he can catch fish. "Aozhan" refers to turtles and toads. "Zhan" means "toad", which means "toad". "Want to get it" means that if you want it, you must give it up temporarily, and Han Feizi said on Lin: "If you want it, you must follow it." "Hungry eagle suffers from gold sash": Hungry goshawk suffers from being locked by gold chain. This sentence is used to describe the uncomfortable appearance of a big fish after being caught In the sentence "Xu gnawed at white jade angrily", "Xu" refers to a bad horse, "white jade", that is, Bai Yule, a horse title made of white jade. The whole sentence is used to describe the struggle of big fish when they are hooked. Wally: Exhausted, Basket: Fishing tools made of bamboo. "When you catch a fish, you forget it", which is an idiom to describe being complacent when you catch a fish but forget the fishing tools.

In the poem Fishing with Shuhuafeng in Hunhe River, Jin Hajj vividly described the process of fishing big fish with friends in Hunhe River and expressed the winner's mood. The whole poem has distinct levels and clear clues, especially the scene of catching big fish in the third level, which is delicate, vivid and infectious. "After a while, the rope will leave", writing that the fish is eager to break free after being hooked; "I want to take care of my aunt, say it." It says that people and fish "fight with each other." "Suddenly, I heard the splash and turned to panic", writing about the fisherman's surprise when he heard the splash; "The scales are excited and destroyed", which means that the struggling fish jumps out of the water, and the scales flash, flickering and disappearing; "Hungry eagle bitter gold, Xu angry white jade." The image of eagle and horse is used to describe the state of fish struggling wildly in the water. "The water loss of the dragon is still winding, not to mention every scale comes out of the deep", which expresses the poet's feelings. "Our strength is made by human beings", which means that fish are in a helpless state. "Eyes Kissing Tail Shaking Flow", an exquisite anthropomorphic sketch, depicts the tragic scene of a big fish wagging its tail for mercy at last. In this series of descriptions, the poet changed different angles and created an artistic conception of catching a big fish in an instant. Because of the sketch of the scene and the delicate description of the various States of the fish, it gives people an immersive feeling and fully shows the poet's ability to use language. It is also just right for the poet to apply idioms such as "I want to take care of my aunt" and "wagging my tail for mercy" to his poems, which shows the maturity of language skills, bold exaggeration and the constant use of a series of figurative techniques, adding a good artistic effect to his poems and generating charming power.

Writing here, I suddenly remembered Hemingway, an American writer, and The Old Man and the Sea written by him at 1952. Hemingway's observation and familiarity with the life of fishing at sea are inseparable from the fact that he can truly write the scene of the old fisherman Santiago catching big fish in the deep sea and his tenacious struggle with sharks. Jin Hajj was written at the beginning of19th century, fishing with Shuhuafeng in Hunhe River, nearly 50 years earlier than Hemingway. Although they have written works of different schools, the momentum is also very different, but one thing is the same, that is, they can extract plots and details that can enter the descriptive level from their observation of life, and process and create them. This creative way from life will also give us a lot of inspiration for those who are engaged in artistic creation in the future.

At the same time, this poem written more than 200 years ago also reminds people of the importance of caring for the natural environment. At that time, the Hunhe River was able to have Miao Gongen's "rolling east with mountains as obstacles and falling west with the sea as the door." The sound of snow and thunder, the pressure of wind and the great momentum of galloping horses can be described by Jin Hajj's poem "Hunhe River is rolling from the east" and "the giant fish in deep water is not near the shore". The key is that the natural environment was not destroyed. This poem also reminds us from a historical perspective that if we want to catch "giant fish" in the Hunhe River again, we must cherish our mother river and the natural environment on which we live! Jin Hajj was an influential poet in Liao and Shen literary circles during Jiaqing period. His more than 500 poems in "Poems in Sanhuai Bookstore" make us closer to the time when he lived and the scenery of Shenyang City. However, it should be said that both Jin Hajj and other poets and writers at that time were still immersed in the glory of Kanggan in the Qing Dynasty, and we could not feel the period from the end of Qianlong to Jiaqing and Daoguang. In the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), under the bombardment of gunboats launched by British imperialism in the Opium War, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, and Daoguang became the first emperor in China's history who lost his power and humiliated his country. From then on, the Qing Empire, a powerful eastern country, gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, and began to be trampled upon and bullied. So for the convenience of narration, I will write about the more than one hundred years from Jiaqing to the success of19/1911 Revolution to the abdication of the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and Jin Hajj was the first poet in this historical stage.

In fact, in the later period of the 60-year rule of Emperor Qianlong, this feudal dynasty showed signs of beginning to decline. In his later years, Qianlong indulged in the prosperous times, traveled around the mountains, indulged in extravagance and extravagance, and spent money like water, almost squandering the savings of the state treasury. He still loves power and is proud of Xiao Shenyang, a big corrupt official. Corrupt officials are in power and the people are poor, so that peasant uprisings continue to occur. In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), when Jiaqing ascended the throne, a large-scale Anbaili uprising broke out.

The year before Jiaqing ascended the throne, that is, 60 years of Qianlong (1795), Qianlong, who had been emperor for 60 years, decided to pass the throne to his fifteenth son, namely Aisingiorro Armadillo. At the beginning of Qianlong's accession to the throne, he prayed to God to bless him to live a long life in the throne, and to be prosperous and peaceful, but he never dared to surpass the precedent of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty in 6 1 year. Therefore, during his 60 years in power, he officially announced the award of an armadillo as the crown prince, and decided to hold an inner meditation to abdicate himself and retire as the emperor's father. This way of inheriting the throne is unique in the history of Qing Dynasty, and it is also rare in the whole ancient society of China.

From a corner, he proclaimed himself emperor, changed to Jiaqing, and became Renzong of the Qing Dynasty. However, in the first few years after he ascended the throne, it was difficult to achieve anything at all, because Emperor Qianlong continued to control state affairs. It was not until 1799 that Gan Long died in the west at the age of 89 that he began to lead the government. But what he inherited from Qianlong was not only the power of ruling the world, but also the turbulent situation in Hengtai.

In order to reverse the declining political situation, Jiaqing started the first pro-government movement from eradicating the greedy little Shenyang in the world, and then implemented measures such as rectifying official management, punishing corrupt officials, and advocating frugality, and wrote articles such as arguing between righteousness and benefit, being diligent and loving the people. Domestic troubles and foreign invasion have been entangled in his ruling days, making him tired of coping and unable to show his ambitions.

In the year when he ascended the throne, An Baili Uprising broke out in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Chu, which lasted for ten years. It was not until the Anbaili Uprising basically subsided in the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805) that he went to Shengjing to worship his ancestors for the first time. Jiaqing attached great importance to this trip to the east, and wanted to release the afterglow of Anbaili Sect and publicize his achievements, so the ceremony was very grand. He also imitated emperors such as Kang, Yong and Gan and wrote poems. He personally wrote the whole eight chapters of Ode to Shengjing.