A probe into the Three Kingdoms: Why did Jia Xu deliberately make the Eastern Han Dynasty the world?

Jia Xu, a poisonous man, incited Xiliang soldiers to take revenge for Dong Zhuo and captured Chang 'an, which led to the complete loss of the legitimacy of the central government in the Han Dynasty, the collapse of the ruling order, and the chaos in the world caused by a few words. Everyone often admired and feared him, but seemed to appreciate him mostly.

but why did he do it?

is it because this person is dangerous and happy? This explanation seems too simplistic. Is it for fun? If you think so, you must be joking. Is it because you want to live? It's really about saving lives, but it's much more than saving lives.

In fact, the reason why Jia Xu didn't take the Eastern Han Dynasty court seriously may even cause chaos in the world on purpose. There is a deep background behind it, that is, the feud between Liangzhou Haozu and the Eastern Han Dynasty government.

The unique Liangzhou

Jia Xu was a native of Guzang, Wuwei (now Wuwei, Gansu). According to the genealogy records of later generations, he was originally from the Jia family in Luoyang, and his father Jia Gong moved to Liangzhou as a military attache, becoming a noble family in Liangzhou. Even if this genealogy is not reliable, but Jia Xu was awarded a filial piety at a young age, and he had more exchanges with Liangzhou celebrities such as Yan Zhong, so it is more likely to be a noble family.

Liangzhou, which generally coincides with today's Gansu Province, is divided into two blocks: Longyou and Hexi. Longyou is the lower part of today's map of Gansu Province, while Hexi is the upper part. Longyou was developed earlier. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the agricultural and pastoral stronghold of the Qin people and the front line of the war between China and Xirong. The situation in Hexi is quite special.

The upper part is Hexi and the lower part is Longyou

Before the Han Dynasty, Hexi was a wrestling field for the Yueshi and Wusun tribes of Indo-European people. Yueshi once fought against Wusun and dominated Hexi, but the good times did not last long. Soon, the Xiongnu took the initiative to fight Khan, and the Yueshi king's skull became a wine vessel for Xiongnu Khan, and the Hexi Corridor became the jurisdiction of Xiongnu.

In the second year of the inaugural ceremony of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (121 BC), Huo Qubing, a great Han general, regained Hexi. In order to cut off the connection between Qiang and Xiongnu in the north and south of Qilian Mountain, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set Longyou and Hexi as Liangzhou, moved the poor in Kanto and enriched the four counties in Hexi, with the intention of making Liangzhou a solid bridgehead of the Han Dynasty and then managing the western regions.

Liangzhou has a vast territory, with great differences in natural conditions, and a variety of economies such as farming and animal husbandry coexist. Whether in Longyou or Hexi, the Han people in Liangzhou not only farm in narrow oases and mountain basins, but also graze on vast grasslands. Coupled with the influence of the Qiang people in the south of Qilian Mountain and the Xiongnu people in the north of the desert, and the fact that there are many Hu families such as Xiaoyue and Han people living together, Liangzhou people in Han Dynasty have formed a tradition of being brave and good at fighting.

Liangzhou nobles also play their strengths, mainly taking military achievements as their stepping stone. Zhao Chongguo and Xin Qingji, famous Western Han Dynasty soldiers, were all from Liangzhou. Although Li Guang, a flying general, was active before setting up Liangzhou, his hometown Longxi Chengji was also in Liangzhou district.

During the Han Dynasty, the five counties in Hexi elected Dou Rong, a well-rooted Guanzhong clan in Liangzhou, as the leader, and surrendered to Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, leading tens of thousands of Liangzhou soldiers, Qiang and Xiaoyue people, and cooperating with the Han army, they made great contributions in the battle to pacify Wei Xiao in Longyou, and their status further rose, forming the Northwest Hero Group in the Eastern Han regime.

However, while the status of Liangzhou Haozu is rising, it is also accompanied by the intensification of the crisis, because the Qiang people in Qinghai have taken advantage of the chaos in the last years of Xinmang to invade Hexi and Longyou, and the contradiction with the Han nationality has intensified, and finally the Han-Qiang war that affected the national luck of the Eastern Han Dynasty broke out.

Qiangzhai, which still retains its ancient style

While Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, implemented the Kanto-based policy, and the status of Chang 'an, the western capital, declined, making Liangzhou, the barrier of Chang 'an, even more insignificant. In addition, the long-term competition between the Kanto Haozu and the Northwest Haozu, in order to tap the foundation of the Northwest Haozu and avoid the loss of manpower and material resources in Kanto because of Pingqiang, repeatedly put forward the suggestion of giving up Liangzhou and moving Liangzhou people to inland counties in the court.

moving is a wonderful way to crack down on the influence of the noble family. When a large family moves to a new site, they will be pushed out by the local noble family, which often leads to a decline in their family fortune. In the early and middle period of the Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty, the policy of moving the Kanto noble family to Guanzhong was implemented to avoid its excessive growth, and it was not until the Han and Yuan Dynasties that the noble family stopped because of its unstoppable growth in the court.

Now the policy of the Kanto Haozu is a copy of the Western Han Dynasty, but the subject and object are reversed. In order to defend the native land and inheritance, the northwest haozu fought bloody battles on the battlefield, and at the same time, they fought against the Kanto haozu several times in the court.

Keeping cool and abandoning cool

As early as the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the face of Xiqiang crossing the Great Wall and invading Liangzhou, Nanyang Xungui Group in Chaotang suggested giving up Liangzhou, but Ma Yuan, a famous scholar who was from Guanzhong but rooted in Liangzhou, wrote a letter to resolutely oppose it. Fortunately, this fashion was in the rising period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty ordered Ma Yuan to lead troops to quell the Qiang rebellion.

In the early years of Emperor Han 'an's reign (17~113), the national power of the Eastern Han Dynasty declined. With the intensification of the Qiang rebellion, Pang Shen, a courtier from Kanto's noble family, repeatedly suggested giving up the Western Regions, which was laughed at by Xizhou literati. Pang Shen persuaded Deng Zhi (the grandson of Deng Yu), a general from Guandong, to give up Liangzhou on the grounds of insufficient use of the country, but was still rejected by courtiers from northwest China.

in the fifth year of yongchu (111 years), the first zero Qiang invaded Hanoi from Bingzhou, just across the river from Luoyang, the capital. The Eastern Han Dynasty court was shocked and decided to abandon Longxi and northern Shaanxi counties and move people into the mainland. People in Liangzhou moved to another place and didn't want to leave their hometown, so local officials destroyed their farmland and houses and forced them to leave, resulting in a large number of people dying on the road, which almost aroused a large-scale civil uprising, and the strong opposition of the northwest haozu had to be suspended.

The Qiang general in the Three Kingdoms Games and movies

Wang Fu, a famous figure in Liangzhou, hated the short-sighted and beggar-thy-neighbor behavior of the Kanto Haozu bureaucrats, and wrote in his famous book "On the Latent Husband":

The Qiang and Lu betrayed each other, and ... Zhou traveled thousands of miles, leaving nothing behind. The scourge of counterfeit money lasts day and night. When the people are wiped out, the sun and the moon are burnt out, and the people in the inner county are not harmed, the salty clouds are appropriate and indulgent, waiting for the weather. If this is the intention, how can people feel!

the central government is unreliable, and Liangzhou people can only rely on themselves to gallop the battlefield and defend their homes. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Shun and Emperor Huan, there were three famous people in Liangzhou, namely Huangfugui (word Weiming), Zhang Huan (word Ranming) and Duan Qi (word Ji Ming). They were known as Sanming in Liangzhou, and they won a great victory in the war against Qiang. Duan Qi even implemented a policy of genocide against Qiang people, which was rare in the history of China, and suppressed the Qiang rebellion for a while.

However, with the political corruption in the Eastern Han Dynasty in running all the way, the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out during the reign of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty. Although it was quickly suppressed, people's minds were chaotic and the frontier was unstable, and the Qiang rebellion broke out again in Liangzhou, with the participation of the Han Chinese in Liangzhou. Huang Fusong, Sun Jian and Dong Zhuo, who were sent by the Eastern Han government to be good at fighting, still could not be pacified.

Situ Cui Lie, who was born in Kanto, once again suggested giving up Liangzhou. Fu Xie, a noble family in Liangzhou, was furious and denounced on the spot:

If Stuart is beheaded, the world will be safe!

Finally, under the impetus of Fu Xie, the Eastern Han Dynasty organized the remaining government forces in Liangzhou, and the commander-in-chief Geng Bi, the secretariat of Liangzhou, counterattacked the rebellion. Geng Bi suspected that Geng Shi, a giant deer in Kanto, used a traitor to poison Liangzhou. On the way to war, he served as a mutiny of Liangzhou Haozu dispatch troops, who was engaged in other driving, and killed Geng Bi.

Fu Xie defended Hanyang (in Liangzhou, not Wuhan) with few soldiers, and died heroically. The control of Liangzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty was completely lost. This time, their opponents are no longer the barbarian chiefs who first became Qiang or burned Qiang, but Han Sui, a famous Han Chinese in Liangzhou, and his Han-Qiang allied forces.

Cao Cao's old friend

Liangzhou celebrity and rebel leader Han Sui

Liangzhou people's Liangzhou

At this point, Liangzhou's heart is basically dead or dead in other places, and the rest, half intimidated by the Qiang people and half desperate for the court, resolutely cooperated with the rebellious Qiang people, not only dividing Liangzhou, but also leading them to attack Chang 'an and become enemies of the Han Dynasty. There are long-standing grievances and complicated reasons why Liangzhou Haozu broke away from the Eastern Han government.

In order to prevent local officials from combining with local forces and forming a separatist regime, the Han Dynasty designed a system of appointing foreigners as local officials. However, in other areas, people from neighboring counties with little cultural difference are sometimes chosen as officials, while in Liangzhou, people from kanto region are deliberately used as local officials in order to prevent the powerful Liangzhou clan.

these families are thousands of miles away. facing the Qiang people's advance, in order to protect their own safety, they suggest giving up Liangzhou and moving the residents in, and they are often greedy and reckless in their administration. Liangzhou Haozu hated their guts, and they were also quite dissatisfied with the Eastern Han government behind them.

The system of selecting officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty was also very unfavorable to Liangzhou, and counties promoted filial piety according to population. Due to the decline and long-term war, the population of Liangzhou has dropped sharply. This way out is very narrow, and it can only rely on military achievements, and most of them hold military posts at the border. Coupled with the intentional exclusion of Kanto Haozu, Liangzhou Haozu's voice in the court is getting smaller and smaller, and the centrifugal force is naturally getting bigger and bigger.

In addition, in the long-term Han-Qiang war, there were many Qiang people who voted for Han and Han people who voted for Qiang. At the same time, the Han people in Liangzhou began to become Qiang, advocating violence and being cruel and bloodthirsty. Dong Zhuo is a typical example. The so-called national integration has always been two-way. In this way, they can't pee in a pot with the cultural heroes of Kanto.

in the first year of Zhongping, Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty (184), the Qiang people took advantage of the Eastern Han Dynasty to concentrate on putting down the yellow turban insurrectionary and started another uprising. This time, the leader of the Qiang people attacked Bo Yu in the north, which was quite sinicized. He respected the most popular local families and robbed Liangzhou Han celebrities and Han Sui as the leader. Bian Zhang and Han Sui themselves have become Qiang, so they just joined in and led an army to attack Liangzhou and Chang 'an.

in the same year, Huangfusong, nephew of Huangfugui, a famous Liangzhou star, put down the Yellow Scarf Rebellion and set up an extraordinary feat. Hanyang Yan Zhong, a noble family in Liangzhou, persuaded Huangfusong to revolt, destroy the Eastern Han Dynasty and establish the political power of Liangzhou people. However, Huangfusong was one of the rare aristocratic men in Liangzhou who changed to a cultural gentry. If he didn't obey, Yan Zhong fled.

Huangfusong, the successor of Sanming in Liangzhou

In the fourth year of Zhongping (187), Han Sui led the Han and Qiang allied forces to attack Longyou on a large scale, and the Hanyang Kingdom of Liangzhou, a noble family, rose up and responded. Liangzhou Haozu mutinied in the cold war again, slaying Gengbi, the secretariat of Liangzhou. The Han Chinese powerful factions such as Sima Mateng, Li Xiangru, the satrap of Longxi, and Huang Yan, the satrap of Jiuquan, joined the rebels one after another.

At the end of this drama, Dong Zhuo, a government military officer who was born in Liangzhou, entered the court, recruited Marten and Han Sui, transformed himself into a representative of Liangzhou people, and Jia Xu became Dong Zhuo's staff at this time. However, Dong Zhuo Qiang Hu Hua's barbaric style was not tolerated by the culturally developed heroes in Kanto, so there was Yuan Shao outside and Wang Yun inside, and he was attacked inside and outside and took his life.

Wang Yun inherited the consistent tradition of the Kanto nobles to exclude and despise Liangzhou people, and made a big liquidation of Dong Zhuo's henchmen, and Cai Yong, a great writer, was also killed because he was too young. Yun3 feared Liangzhou's fighting capacity again and ordered Dong Zhuo's army to disband on the spot.

At that time, the political atmosphere was unprecedentedly tense, and Wang Yun's manner made people say that the imperial court would try its best to punish Liangzhou people. Just when Dong Zhuo's Li Jue, Guo Si and others wanted to go home, Jia Xu jumped out and encouraged them to attack Chang 'an, and Dong Zhuo took revenge. This is not only to save lives, but also to retaliate against the long-term discrimination and humiliation of Liangzhou people by Kanto Haozu.

The fading of Liangzhou

Although Chang 'an was breached, many Kanto tycoons were killed to vent their anger, Jia Xu was a few figures in Liangzhou after all, and he knew that these Liangzhou generals with severe Qiang culture were indispensable. However, the local society since the Eastern Han Dynasty forced him to hold a group with these people, otherwise people in other places would not accept him.

So Jia Xu resolutely refused to take credit for instigating rebellion, declined Li Jue's reward, eliminated the influence, kept a low profile, and kept a distance from them. At the same time, he tried to maintain this group and try his best to prevent Li Jue from doing irrational things.

However, Li Jue and Guo Si, who are used to being wild, killed each other, hijacked the emperor, humiliated the officials and officials, and trotted down to the mad dog without hesitation. Seeing that they were hopeless, Jia Xu had to pick Zhang Xiu, a more obedient junior in this group, to hold a group, and put to good use his military ingenuity honed from Liangzhou War, which made Cao Cao suffer several big losses.

Jia Wenhe had no plan

Later, before the battle of Guandu, he abandoned Yuan for Cao Cao. Apart from the high-sounding reasons that Jia Xu told Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao's regime was much stronger than Cao Cao's in Kanto, which was also a reason. Liangzhou people were bound to have no good fruit when they went there. This article is the same for Zhang Xiu, so Jia Xu's decision is actually very kind. While choosing his own master, he is really thinking of Zhang Xiu.

Since then, Jia Xu has been very active in Cao Cao's war to pacify Ma Chao and Han Sui, deliberately washing away the background color of the demonized Liangzhou people, and in addition, keeping a low profile. In the end, he became a senior official who Cao Pishi, a non-cultural gentry, could not hold. However, it is precisely because of his Liangzhou origin and the background of the powerful family that this appointment was laughed at by Sun Quan.

Yes, Jia Xu usually gives people the image of a counselor, but the counselor is not necessarily a cultural scholar who studies Confucian classics, but also a martial family who reads history books and art of war. Jia Xu is known for his ingenuity, and there has never been any record of the technique of dredging meridians, which is obviously the latter.

in Cao Wei, Liangzhou was not peaceful. After Xia Houyuan pacified Longyou, Lu Shuihu, the descendants of Huang's, You's and Yue's in Hexi, rebelled again and again, because Zhang, a famous minister of Cao Wei, was good at fighting, and Hexi was only in Cao Wei's pocket.

Although Jia Xu was a high-ranking official, his descendants did not take advantage of the situation to change to a literate gentry and occupy a high position like other aristocratic families. Because of the influence of Liangzhou's martial tradition, the Jia family in Wuwei has formed a door style of being good at fighting.

In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Huns' generals Liu Cong and Liu Yao led an army of 5, to besiege Luoyang, the capital. Jia Yin, the great-grandson of Jia Xu, attacked Liu Cong at night, beheaded the Huns' nobles, and once defeated Liu Cong. Another great-grandson, Jia Niche, had a great influence in Liangzhou, and once tried to replace the stroke of Liangzhou secretariat (that is, the founder of the former cool in the Sixteen Middle Schools) and divide Liangzhou.

However, Jia Jia (y m), the third great-grandson of Jia Xu, was the most brilliant, and he was courageous and resourceful since childhood. At that time, the Huns' Han State had already breached Luoyang, and then sent Liu Yao and others to capture Chang 'an. Jia Jia cooperated with Soxhlet and Jin Cheng's family of Liangzhou, and raised tens of thousands of troops, greatly defeated Liu Yao, recovered Chang 'an, and established Emperor Jin Xu, which continued the Jin Dynasty. It is a pity that he died unexpectedly in the battle with Liangzhou conference semifinals soon, and all the people in the world deplore it.

Liu Cong and Liu Yao, the emperors of the Han and Zhao Dynasties, were beaten by Jia Xu's great-grandson.

Jia Xu and Jia Wei, who were behind him, came forth in large numbers, which was very consistent with Liangzhou's consistent temperament. At the same time, they participated in the central affairs as representatives of Liangzhou, causing great waves in conan the destroyer. They have yearning, struggle, persistence and dedication to the culturally developed Central Plains, which can be regarded as a microcosm of the hundreds of years of entanglement between Kansai and Kanto.

PS: Fu's exploration series of the Three Kingdoms is mainly devoted to explaining the causes and effects related to the figures and phenomena of the Three Kingdoms, helping everyone to understand the history of the Three Kingdoms more comprehensively and macroscopically, but little is written about the figures themselves, because everyone is already familiar with their deeds, so there is no need to repeat them.