Banning and destroying drama activities in the Ming Dynasty and layering the forms of drama transfer?

The diachronic morphological changes and the hierarchical evolution of * * * in China's ancient operas will lead to alternating changes of balance and imbalance in different historical stages. Since the early Ming Dynasty, the government's compulsory policy of controlling traditional Chinese opera culture has destroyed the social conditions on which traditional Chinese opera art depends for its survival and balanced development, such as the concealment of book clubs, the disappearance of Washe Goulan and the rise of music festivals, which has hit the vigorous development of traditional Chinese opera since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. At the same time, the diachronic changes in the history of traditional Chinese opera stagnated, and the forms of traditional Chinese opera appeared multi-level differentiation in the period of * *. It is helpful for us to think about some internal problems in the development of drama history in Ming Dynasty by investigating the different levels and stages of the threshold of drama activities under the background of the official ban on drama in Ming Dynasty.

First, etiquette norms-forbidden court Yan Yan drama

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the departments in charge of teaching workshops accepted banquets, such as performing small dramas and using folk acrobatic dialects. "Little joy in the temple, its words from the teaching workshop, how lovely and elegant. Music songs in December, played according to the music rules, and songs such as eating and welcoming meals are all small entertainment, vulgar and loud, and not extravagant. It is not surprising that the emperor wants a screen, but his back is facing the palace. " This phenomenon keeps appearing, which has attracted the attention of historians and politicians, and soon led to the adjustment of official cultural policies. In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), "the Ministry of Culture and Rites applied to ban the music division of the world's workshops, so that ancient emperors, emperors, loyal ministers and righteous men could not perform, and offenders would be prosecuted" [2](P34 1), and the order of "slandering slow Yan music" was written into the Daming Law, which was followed by decades. "In the first year of Hongzhi (1488), the emperor cultivated his native land, and the Ministry of Industry promised it with zaju, which was awkward. Ma Wensheng, the imperial adviser of Jingshi, turned away in a hurry. " [2] (P343) In the past, it was said that "noise poured down on her", which generally meant that the music was messy and indecent. This statement "said something ridiculous" also had a ridiculous meaning. Tian Li, the native land of the emperor, intended to emphasize that agriculture and mulberry should be based on persuading people, and in the eyes of court officials, it should be supplemented by stately elegance. It seems that the zaju performance undertaken by Jiao Fang Company was originally an important program in court etiquette, but the banter was mixed with obscene language. In Du Yushi's view, this is a huge loss of the imperial court system, insulting the solemnity of the imperial code, and even more blaspheming, and the actors were dismissed. In the first year of Jiajing (1522), "Wang Shan, please ask the teacher to play well so that the teacher can't enter the school with a new voice. Sejong Kingdom of Ghana "[1] (P1509); In the ninth year of Jiajing (1530), Liao Daonan once again played "The new sound is changing, the popular sound is elegant, and the music is mixed." And insist on the sound of killing, indulging in strange and false tricks ... Where the sound of lewd wow, the technique of s-curve, there is chaos, it is strictly forbidden not to reuse "[2](P363). It can be seen that the development of opera tunes and the prosperity of folk songs in Ming Dynasty had a certain influence on court music and dance. Popular folk songs, which are constantly mixed in the music and dance performances of teachers' workshops, have also been repeatedly criticized for over-performing "vulgar words". In the first year of Jiajing (1522), "Li Xiyan was given by the Ministry of Rites:' The southern suburbs cultivated their homeland, but the teacher agreed, which was extremely blasphemous. The ancients were humble laborers, so they should be loyal to their work. From now on, whenever you meet banquets such as Qingcheng School, take Jiaofang as an example, please rehearse in advance, which is related to the national system and can serve as a warning. The banter also contains advice and rules. "What did I learn from my subordinates ... on the ninth day of this month, I went to my hometown to teach zaju" [3] (Volume 20). The pro-agriculture ceremony is related to the national sports system, and the teacher is accused of "laughing blasphemy" and various violations of the ceremony. The use of Jiao Fang's zaju in the ceremony needs rehearsal first, and the expression of "banter also implies rules" does not mean that banter performance is completely prohibited. However, a few days after this invitation, it was chased out of the farming ceremony of Jiao Fang's zaju.

It can be seen that the opera performance entering the court is not regarded as art, but is standardized as a part of cultural ceremony. As an ornament of the royal celebration, the performance must conform to the official etiquette norms. Zaju, as an important program of court entertainment, should not involve lewdness and banter. Or refined into fragments of lyrics of oratorio, such as "there are school books, such as Xinsheng, Yongxi Yuefu, and the word of picking Yan". There is also "Yu 'er Ci", which is still sung by the people in Beijing, and the imperial system is called "Yu 'er Lang". Yan Fenyi heard Song Yu 'e's words:' Yu 'e is not on earth, and Chun Hu, the dragon boat, holds the palace. Lv Xiang's teaching workshop to learn together, they have come out of the Phoenix Pool. [4](P 145) either changed into a pure joke play, such as "After a brocade play for about a hundred times, there are more than ten people who are informal every time, alternating shades to suit both refined and popular tastes, and all have interesting endings, such as telling jokes, or" water puppet show ",carved with balsa wood into soldiers and immortal generals of the four barbarian king overseas. Live fish such as shrimp and crab, river snail frog, loach, eel and duckweed are used to float on the water, and Yuto plays and plays with drums and music. Another man held a gong to announce the topic and cheered for the puppet's answer. Or the story of Britain's three defeats against King Li, or the story of Kong Ming's seven captures and seven verticals, or the eunuch Sambo's voyage to the Western Ocean, crossing the sea, and the Monkey King's uproar in the Dragon Palace "[5](P39). Drama performance was forbidden in the Ming Dynasty, with the most zaju. The story of zaju once popular in Zongshen period, each with a pair of flags and gongs and drums, was dressed in a deceptive and ugly way, and married a woman {J5 1UB 16.jpg} who was reluctant to tell the store. [5](P39) In the performance of "Imperial Drama", "school books are all bag dances, and zaju is nine palaces in the north of Jinyuan. Every time flowers are brought in, the composition in the teaching workshop is given a 60% discount and sent to historians for revision. When the headquarters gave a speech, it appeared as an opera. It will be different in a few days, and old books will no longer be brought in. Nanjiugong also hit the imperial palace and went to the Ministry of War. There are thousands of flags and staffs of the two teams, thousands of female geisha and thousands of people, and the in-house attendants specialize in their duties. All Fu Zhufen's people, although polite, are sometimes thickened, fearing cynicism in front of the Supreme. However, the lines of many resignations were rude. Under the staff at that time, I heard about the affairs of the court and the secrets of the palace. The courtiers dare not warm their teeth when resting [6](P2 18). Advocating excellent opera music, Jiugong Beiqu, puppets showing off their prestige and waving flags and sticks to show off their martial arts, when they became necessary programs to support court etiquette activities, they were also punished by "under the great time". Zaju performances, which have always occupied a major position in court performances, have been repeatedly banned in major court sacrificial activities such as native land, welcoming gods and offering sacrifices to ancestors.

Second, internal rectification-banning entertainment dramas in the government.

Different from the court's ban on zaju, in the government entertainment drama activities dominated by officials and literati, Jia Le became more and more popular, and women's dramas and domestic geisha became popular. In view of the resulting social problems, the government prohibits Korean officials and scholars from feasting and singing, and prohibits excellent drama books and women's drama performances that hinder their duties and hurt Lund.

During Hong Wu's reign, many orders were issued to ban female music and promote Excellence, mainly aimed at the bureaucratic habits brought about by the optimistic dramas of literati. In the twenty-first year of Hongwu (1388), China wrote the article "Too often, vulgar music can be enjoyed, officials and prostitutes are inhuman, and it is forbidden to promote the virtuous". The government's entertainment demand objectively promoted the prosperity of traditional Chinese opera, and the social atmosphere became increasingly extravagant, eroding the whole bureaucratic system. At the beginning of Xuande, Liu Guan, the left capital imperial adviser, used power for personal gain, and the court began to use the left capital imperial adviser to care for the left, banned geisha, rectified the official management, and corrected this disadvantage [7](P3). In August of the fourth year of Xuande (1429), Hu Ying, the minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, told me that "I heard that officials drank privately, ordered prostitutes to sing, and neglected politics all day long ..." [8] (Volume 9); In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), the Ministry of Justice issued an order to punish students and prostitutes for drinking and acting as beggars [8] (volume 1 1). In fact, the official spiritual cleansing and ideological control of North Korean officials and literati have also derogated and dealt a blow to female music dramas. After Xuande proclaimed himself emperor, it became so common for officials to sing excellent songs at banquets that many bureaucrats and scholars kept family operas. Geisha used in official banquets not only sing minor tunes, but also perform zaju. During the period of Qin Long (1567- 157 1), courtier Ge Shouli once discussed the prohibition and advocated excellence on the grounds that courtiers and performers were ridiculous, which led to extravagant desires and hindered customs. Although the memorial was carried out according to the purpose, it could not be changed. In the 14th to 15th year of Wanli (1586- 1587), Shen Li, the minister of rites, reconsidered the prohibition of worshipping sages, while some ministers thought that "the workshops in Beijing and Guangdong were set up by ancestors, that is, the princes' mansion was enfeoffed, and a music hall was also set up for eating and enjoying temples ... and a tribute banquet was held abroad to hold a big court meeting. This makes it possible to ban luxury orders, but to ban superior orders. In the Ming Dynasty, many bureaucrats and literati kept family theatrical troupes. The reason is that after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, legends flourished, the four major vocal tunes proliferated day by day, and opera performances flourished, which not only attracted ordinary people and the general public, but also "provincial officials took the performers as their lives". It is no wonder that "[10] (Volume 2 1), as an objective cultural phenomenon, the entertainment and cultural needs of official and private banquets and operas have not only penetrated into palaces and government offices, but also extended to temples, schools, temples and other social occasions, which has become a good way of life for literati. During the Chenghua period, "Xian Zong once said that the history of the Ministry of Rites said,' Inside and outside the capital, there are many officials at home and abroad to build temples, but the Ministry of Rites strictly forbids contracts. "Yao Kui's Book of History reveals the ban [8] (volume 14). The religious activities of temples in the Ming Dynasty hatched more occasions for entertainment and fun, so that officials not only competed for profits, but also participated in business for fun, because there was an order prohibiting domestic and foreign officials from adding temples. In August of the 4th year of Jingtai (1453), the engineering department explained seven things to Xu Ting. Article 6 forbids flattery and blasphemy: "Men and women are mixed in temples, and it is forbidden to beg for the list. "[1 1](P 125) that is, because officials set foot in entertainment venues, they hindered the official business of the court. In the last year of Hongzhi (1502- 1505), Professor Fu Xue of Quanzhou gave a banquet and performed in the Minglun Hall in the main hall of Confucius Institute. "There is an unknown book that links to Snow Gate Cloud:' It's a pity that Sven, Mingluntang is a sage from the South China Sea; There was no light in the school, and the drama The West Chamber moved out of the professor's hall. "Some people were ashamed of it, so they were dismissed" [12](P2 14). Private gathering of official positions, watching the performance of the West Chamber and humiliating Sven are just the pressure of public opinion; Gong Xue's sacred places should not be desecrated, which is a rule that officials should strictly abide by. "In the early years of Jiajing, the discussion, Confucius Temple and Suburb were successively formed. At that time, Guo Wuding's well-off family went to a noble family to fight for a hospital, and made a complaint about starving people. Xu Anni refused, saying, "Recently, my favorite beans have decreased. Why do I have time to eat your mouth?" ? You need to sue your ancestors. "When he entered the ancestral temple, he first bowed to the emperor and said,' I have changed my exam to a scholar and tasted what I lost. I am poor and generous, and I am calm and right. I am only controlled by God and have a good sense of fashion. Confucian scholars knocked on Tong Ming Hall again and made a statement. The Emperor of Heaven said,' My old couple are still divorced, and they haven't been married long. It's cold down there. Have a rest. "Beggars made a satire on current affairs, and they were all stunned. Those who helped to discuss the ceremony because of Wu Ding were furious when they heard of it, and they were afraid of calling for disaster, so they were treated with pain, and some died. [9] (Volume 26) Wu Dinghou assisted in the ritual system reform during the Jiajing period. Obviously, it is taboo to be kind to your family.

On the one hand, there are classes that support their families through official studies, classes that play with men and women, and classes that have family fun. On the other hand, being an official is an important task for scholars, and acting is self-deprecating. This kind of public opinion prejudice against drama activities has gradually become a hidden taboo for literati to be officials. At the beginning of Hongzhi, some officials drank and listened to songs, which made them "make a good wife happy" and changed it to "wear a crown and live in seclusion" [8] (volume16); Victims of literati and scholars who are keen on performing drama, such as Tu Longdu's drama was dismissed, and Zang Maoxun was illegally dismissed in imperial academy for acting with the actor [13] (P330,331). In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642), Qi Biao's "My wife's wishing scene in illness" was banned by the Taoist platform. She performed in my father's house, so her second son was sent to the city and came back from the mountain "[14](P4). In the late Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of official literati's family-supporting music classes caused a lot of public criticism. The content and form of performances in private houses are restricted by the public opinion that guests should be entertained and banquets should be held in private houses to prevent lewdness [15](P420). At the end of Ming Dynasty, Chen Long said bitterly, "Although there are people who are greedy for profits, prostitutes are never allowed to make excuses. There is no competition between Excellence and prostitution. It is false to say that women are both excellent and prostitutes ... It is too late to raise a prostitute to please people and be the leader of propaganda, thinking about Sri Lanka, and immediately smashing and swaying. " [16] (Volume 22) The official ban and the condemnation of public opinion all point to the "blasphemy" of North Korean official school to the whole bureaucratic system by listening to songs and watching dramas and showing kindness to geisha. This is a sense of inferiority and gender inversion. Due to the involvement of official business and scholars' knowledge, the development of Le Jia was hindered, which made it a narrow road for scholars to enjoy music.

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