China problem

British physicist, chemist and famous self-taught scientist.

1791September 22nd was born in a poor blacksmith family in Newington, Surrey. Because his family was poor, he only attended primary school for a few years, and 13 was an apprentice in a bookstore. The work in the bookstore gave him the opportunity to read many science books. After delivering the newspaper for binding, I taught myself chemistry and electricity, and did a simple experiment to verify the contents of the book. In his spare time, he participated in the learning activities of the Municipal Philosophy Society and listened to lectures on natural philosophy, so he accepted the basic education of natural science. Because of his love and dedication to scientific research, he was appreciated by British chemist David. 18 13 In March, David recommended him to be a laboratory assistant at the Royal Institute. This was a turning point in Faraday's life, and he embarked on the road of devoting himself to scientific research. In June 65438+in the same year 10, David went to the European continent for scientific investigation and lectures, and Faraday went with him as his secretary and assistant. A year and a half later, I passed through France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries and met famous scholars such as Ampere and Gay-Lussac. Along the way, Faraday assisted David to do many chemical experiments, which greatly enriched his scientific knowledge and increased his experimental ability, laying the foundation for his independent scientific research. 1865438+In May 2005, he returned to the Royal Institute to conduct chemical research under the guidance of David. 1824 1 was elected as a member of the royal society, 1825 was appointed as the laboratory director of the royal society in February, and 1833- 1862 was appointed as the chemistry professor of the royal society. 1846 was awarded the Renford Medal and the Royal Medal. 1867 died on August 25th.

Edison

The world-famous American electrician and inventor is known as the "king of inventions in the world". In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, architecture, chemical industry and other fields. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.

Edison was also a great entrepreneur. 1879, Edison founded "Edison Electric Lighting Company". 1880, incandescent lamps went on sale. 1890, Edison merged its various businesses into Edison General Electric Company. 189 1 year, Edison's thin filament and high vacuum incandescent bulb were patented. 1892, Tom? Houston Company merged with Edison Electric Lighting Company to form General Electric Company. Opened the dominance of general electric in the electrical field for a century.

maxwell

Maxwell was a great British physicist and mathematician in the19th century. 183113 was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was very clever since he was a child, and his father was a knowledgeable lawyer, which made Maxwell get a good education since he was a child. /kloc-entered Edinburgh middle school at the age of 0/0. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, he published a paper on the drawing of conic curves in the Journal of Edinburgh Royal Society, which has shown his outstanding talent. 65438-0847 entered the University of Edinburgh to study mathematics and physics. 1850 transferred to the Department of Mathematics, Trinity College, Cambridge University. 1854 won the Smith Scholarship with the second place and stayed in school for two years after graduation. From 65438 to 0856, he was a professor of natural philosophy at Marisa, Aberdeen, Scotland. 1860 Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, King's College London. 186 1 was elected as a member of the Royal Society of London. 1in the spring of 865, he resigned from his teaching post and went back to his hometown to systematically summarize his research achievements in electromagnetism, and completed the classic masterpiece of electromagnetic field theory "On Electricity and Magnetism", which was published in 187 1. He was hired as a newly established professor of experimental physics in Cavendish, Cambridge University, and was responsible for the preparation of the famous Cavendish laboratory 65438+.

Bi sheng

Bi Sheng (? -105 1) China ancient inventor. Buyi was born in Hezhi Township, qi zhou County, Huainan Road (now Wuguidun Village, Caopandi Town, yingshan county City, Hubei Province). I started as a printer, specializing in manual printing. In his printing practice, he is well aware of the difficulties of block printing, and earnestly summarizes the experience of predecessors. On the basis of the invention of block printing in Tang Dynasty, Bi Sheng, a citizen of Song Renzong (104 1- 1048) in Qing Dynasty, created movable type printing. This is another great contribution of China to the development of world civilization.

First place: Leonardo da Vinci (Italy)

The most famous invention: calculator

When it comes to Leonardo da Vinci and his inventions, you'd better ask such a question: "What didn't he invent?" Because he invented many things. There are many design drawings in Leonardo da Vinci's work log, but the most noteworthy is the design of the calculator. Imagine what science would be like without simple and complicated mathematical operations.

Leonardo da Vinci was the founder of the Renaissance. He can draw (such as the famous Mona Lisa), sculpt and invent. His diary has fascinated the whole world so far, describing many things from the human body to helicopters and tanks.

The coolest fact: Da Vinci's diary is more than 13000 pages long, which still affects scientific research. In 2005, a British surgeon used the method designed by Leonardo da Vinci to perform heart repair surgery, which was surprising in itself. It would be amazing if you knew that Leonardo da Vinci knew nothing about the working mechanism of the human circulatory system at that time.

Second place: nikola tesla (USA)

The most famous invention: radio

Although nikola tesla was not recognized before his death, the US Supreme Court finally affirmed his patent application and confirmed that he, not Marconi, invented the radio.

Tesla may have been born unconventional. Although a transmission mode called "alternating current" invented by him is still in use today, in fact, his research focuses on the theoretical application of electricity (unfortunately, many research results still stay on the drawing board). It is this Tesla who always makes his own experimental equipment (such as the famous Tesla coil for collecting electric energy) and puts forward a series of viewpoints from X-rays to seismographs.

The coolest fact: Tesla was still studying a deadly ray until the end of his life. His opinion sounds a bit like a science fiction story, but the FBI really can't see anything interesting. As a result, President Hoover had to order Tesla's scientific research materials to be taken away and declared it "top secret".

Third place: Alessandro Volta (Italy)

The most famous invention: the battery

Volt didn't find electricity, but he came up with a good idea to carry it. You know, "Volt battery" is the pioneer of modern batteries.

Volt has been engaged in electrical work all his life. In the early days, he invented the starter (that is, a single-board capacitor with one charge), and a year later he devoted himself to the experiment of gas-fired power generation in a closed room. In the process, he discovered biogas (methane), a gas commonly used in families today. However, what really makes it famous is the "Volt battery", which is actually a pile of zinc sheets and copper sheets alternately arranged, and a cloth soaked in salt water is added between the two metal sheets to enhance the conductivity. But it is this rough battery that shows the world the mystery of how to use the chemical combination of metals to generate electricity.

The coolest fact: 18 10, Napoleon awarded the title of Earl of Volt in recognition of this great Italian inventor. But the honor does not stop there. A.D. 188 1 year, its name was used as the unit of voltage "volt".

Fourth place: alexander bell (UK)

The most famous invention: the telephone

"Can you hear me?"

"Yes!"

Thanks to the telephone invented by alexander bell, we can hear each other's voices.

There are so many telephone providers now, but it is thanks to alexander bell that Bell Telephone Company, the first (and most powerful) telephone company in the world, was created. Bell is not only a single genius, his research ideas involve air conditioning (in fact, he built the original air conditioning system in his room), hydrofoil and the concept of magnetic storage information (which led to an unprecedented innovative invention-computer).

The coolest fact: alexander bell was also the inventor of the world's first metal detector. He assembled this device to find the bullet in President james garfield's body. As a result, the detector did work, but the position of the bullet could not be determined because President Garfield was lying on a metal shelf during the inspection.

Fifth place: isaac newton (UK)

The most famous invention: calculus

If you finally try to finish the advanced mathematics course, you may not be a big fan of Sir isaac newton, because all the problems you encounter are basically his fault-he invented calculus.

If you study physics now, whether it is about gravity (a story about an apple falling from a tree, whether true or false, is a powerful example) or the principle of light and optics, you have to start with Sir isaac newton's research results. Newton was the first to propose that "light is composed of particles", which led him to develop the reflecting telescope (now named after him). In addition, Newton also made contributions to the study of acoustic and thermal principles.

The coolest fact: It is easy to think that scientists are just a group of laboratory mice who don't care about the world, but Newton is an exception: he has been a king's judge of England for nearly two years and is engaged in the execution of counterfeiters. At the end of his legal career, he still has 10 criminals to be executed.

Sixth place: howard hughes (USA)

The most famous invention: improving aircraft design

Howard hughes didn't invent the airplane. As the "father of global aviation", he mainly wrote some books about airlines. Although global aviation has become a thing of the past, thanks to howard hughes, aviation tourism can flourish.

He once put forward a series of innovative designs for passenger planes. For example, he redesigned "H- 1", so that retractable landing gear, connecting rods and connectors can be put into the fuselage to reduce air resistance in flight. This innovation and improvement had an impact on a series of fighter designs during World War II.

It is demeaning to say that howard hughes is a freak. He was born in the family of a famous inventor. The oil well drill invented by his father, Hughes Sr., enabled oil exploitation equipment to exploit resources that people could not touch before. Howard hughes lived in seclusion in his later years, but when he was young, he was a great man who conquered aviation and Hollywood. Whether developing an amphibious plane or having a tryst with Hollywood stars katharine hepburn or bette davis, he always goes his own way.

The coolest fact: 1972, Hughes was hired by the CIA to report an action of the CIA. Code-named "Project Jennifer", this operation aims to salvage the Soviet submarine that sank in the Hawaiian waters. The effect of this action is limited. 1975, a robber took some secret information of Hughes and exposed his contact with the CIA.

Seventh place: Benjamin Franklin (USA)

The most famous invention: bifocal glasses

We all know that reading is fundamental, but reading is the premise of reading. Thanks to the bifocal glasses invented by Benjamin Franklin, even people with vision less than 20/20 can browse the web pages of websites. While writing the Chronicle of Poor Richard, helping the United States win the recognition of France (which reversed the situation of the American Revolution) and pleasing women everywhere, Franklin still made a very important contribution to science. Many of us may remember the photo of him flying a kite in the storm in the social studies class. This experiment taught Franklin a lot about electricity and brought us a lightning rod.

The coolest fact: Inventors and stallions (men who like to pursue women) usually don't involve the same person, but Benjamin Franklin is an exception. He was the most attractive man of his time, and his popularity among French women really benefited the American cause.

Eighth place: james watt (UK)

The most famous invention: the improved steam engine

Today, we won't use steam as the main energy source, but back in the early days of the industrial revolution, steam was a time to show off. James watt spent a lot of time improving the steam engine and pushing the world forward.

Watt didn't invent the steam engine, but he could make it work for people. In fact, it was Watt's innovation and improvement that changed the world from agriculture to industry. In addition to making such a great contribution to power and machines, Watt also invented a rotating machine and a device called "flying ball", which can automatically adjust the speed of the machine.

The coolest fact: the unit of power "Watt" is named after him, and he has always been recognized as the greatest engineer in the world.

Ninth place: Johannes Gutenberg (German)

The most famous invention: modern printing

Johannes Gutenberg wants to piece all the little things together to make a movable type printing machine. Before you realize the fact that his printing may set off an information revolution, you will feel that his idea seems a little less great.

None of us know who wrote the Bible, but we know the name of its publisher: Gutenberg. Yes, China's movable type printing has been used for hundreds of years before, but Gutenberg was the first to print words into books instead of silk. This innovation enabled a wider range of people to access knowledge, thus giving birth to the "Enlightenment Age". Gutenberg is one of the best inventors, but as a businessman, he is unfortunate. His printing changed the world, but it didn't make him rich. In a lawsuit against his investors, he even lost the right to invent this technology.

The coolest fact: In the debt-ridden predicament, Gutenberg spent his old age working for the Archbishop of Mainz, who provided him with room and board and helped him to quit the habit of drinking.

Tenth place: Thomas Edison (USA)

The most famous invention: the electric light bulb

There is nothing more representative of innovation than a light bulb. In fact, Edison's invention had a far-reaching impact on the world and was called the symbol of all great ideas.

When people think that Edison can easily focus on the light bulb (an invention design that he actually improved and made feasible), in fact, his real intention is to electrify the light bulb to make it glow. 1882, Edison founded the world's first power transmission company to send electricity to 59 consumers in Manhattan. With the support of JP Morgan and Vanderbilt family consortium, Edison also used his knowledge to provide the world with an early version of the stock machine.

The coolest fact: Edison fell in love with a popular fashion diet in his later years, that is, he only drank 1 pint of milk every three hours. Fortunately, Edison did not use his knowledge in the field of human life science.