Chang Rong jokes.

The Teutonic Knights were founded. 1 187 after Harding's war, the army of Saladin, the holy city of Jerusalem, quickly conquered it. The Vatican called on the new Crusaders to recapture the Holy City, which was the third Crusade. Barbarossa, the holy Roman emperor of the German army, was the first to enter Asia Minor, but unfortunately, the Red Beard expedition was less than half of Bengu, and his son Duke Schwaben continued his crusade. The Teutonic Order was established in this context. 1 190 After a bitter struggle, the Crusades finally took over Chisui Town. The German Knights established a good medical and health care institution in Ako, which became the Teutonic Knights. But at the beginning of its establishment, it had no military mission, but it had to take care of injuries. 1 198 based on the Teutonic Order and the Templar Order, the military religion, weapons and artillery were reformed. Therefore, it is unreasonable to record some information as 1 198 at the specified time. Teutonic knights developed slowly. During the Third Crusade in Asia Minor, it could not be compared with the Knights Templar and the Knights Templar Hospital. To some extent, when the Teutonic Order was founded, the era of the Holy City had passed. Are there a steady stream of pilgrims coming to Asia Minor? However, it is difficult for the male knights of European monarchs headed by the army to develop to a very high position as an independent organization, not to mention the famous knights templar and hospital knights in front of them. The experience of Teutonic Knights in Asia Minor is something that the poor can offer.

1240, Teutonic order

In its heyday, Pskov's third eastward expedition (1189-1192) was won by German knights. (11In April 1995, Count Henry presented tires (tires, Lebanon) in Champagne, and then donated the fief of Jaffa (near Tel Aviv today) in March 19971/kloc-0. Otherwise, Emperor Henry VI presented an Italian gift in mid-2007.

1 198, the Teutonic Order was founded in Akri, which is currently in Palestine and has been headquartered in Akka until 129 1.

19, 1 199, Pope Innocent III issued an order stipulating that Teutonic knights should wear a Knights Templar cloak (white cloak embroidered with red cross and sword) and a black cross, and the league rules of the Knights Hospital began to be implemented.

13rd century, the opposition intensified. Knights Hospital and Templar defeated Teutonic Templar. The main military stronghold was in Jerusalem, and the Knights Hospital of Teutonic Order won Fort Magat.

12 10, Herman von Schulz (hermann von salza, turn179 1239), Teutonic Order, under the command of partial victory in Jerusalem, participated in the fifth Crusade and reached the head of Egypt. 1 13 The Teutonic Order headed by Herman von Schulz in the Holy See (18 February, 12 16 February), and the authority granted by the certificate of atonement issued by Pope Honorius III (122/kloc

1226, Emperor Frederick II of Teutonic Order agreed that Prussia was a privileged territory. 1234, the Teutonic Order won Gina's victory and took control of Prussia. The Vatican rented out the Teutonic Order, but it was not until 1285 that the Teutonic Order finally conquered Prussia and forced Prussia to convert to Catholicism. During this period,1April 237, by merging the knights of Livonia sword, began to enter the principality of Novgorod at the beginning of 124 1.

1240, the Teutonic Order made its third crusade in Pskov (1189-1192).

develop

Since the rise of Germany, knights have won the heyday of land and castles many times. (11In April 1995, Count Henry presented tires (tires, Lebanon) in Champagne, and then donated the fief of Jaffa (near Tel Aviv today) in March 19971/kloc-0. Otherwise, Emperor Henry VI presented an Italian gift in mid-2007.

1 198, the Teutonic Order was founded in Akri, which is currently in Palestine and has been headquartered in Akka until 129 1.

19, 1 199, Pope Innocent III issued an order stipulating that Teutonic knights should wear a Knights Templar cloak (white cloak embroidered with red cross and sword) and a black cross, and the league rules of the Knights Hospital began to be implemented.

13rd century, the opposition intensified. Knights Hospital and Templar defeated Teutonic Templar. The main military stronghold was in Jerusalem, and the Knights Hospital of Teutonic Order won Fort Magat.

12 10, Herman von Schulz (hermann von salza, turn179 1239), Teutonic Order, under the command of partial victory in Jerusalem, participated in the fifth Crusade and reached the head of Egypt. 1 13 The Teutonic Order headed by Herman von Schulz in the Holy See (18 February, 12 16 February), and the authority granted by the certificate of atonement issued by Pope Honorius III (122/kloc

1226, Emperor Frederick II of Teutonic Order agreed that Prussia was a privileged territory. 1234, the Teutonic Order won Gina's control over Prussia. The Vatican will rent the Teutonic Knights, but this is not the case. Until 1285, the Teutonic Knights finally conquered Prussia and forced Prussia to convert to Catholicism. During this period,1April 237, by merging the knights of Livonia sword, began to enter the principality of Novgorod at the beginning of 124 1.

1240, Teutonic Order, in the heyday of the third Crusade in Pskov (1189-1192).

develop

In the process of the rise of German knights who obtained land and castles from this area many times. (11In April 1995, Count Henry presented tires (tires, Lebanon) in Champagne, and then donated the fief of Jaffa (near Tel Aviv today) in March 19971/kloc-0. Otherwise, Emperor Henry VI presented an Italian gift in mid-2007.

1 198, the Teutonic Order was founded in Akri, which is currently in Palestine and has been headquartered in Akka until 129 1.

19, 1 199, Pope Innocent III issued an order stipulating that Teutonic knights should wear a Knights Templar cloak (white cloak embroidered with red cross and sword) and a black cross, and the league rules of the Knights Hospital began to be implemented.

13rd century, the opposition intensified. Knights Hospital and Templar defeated Teutonic Templar. The main military stronghold was in Jerusalem, and the Knights Hospital of Teutonic Order won Fort Magat.

12 10, Herman von Schulz (hermann von salza, 1 179 to 1239), under the command of partial victory in Jerusalem, participated in the fifth Crusade and reached the Egyptian head. 1 13 The Teutonic Order headed by Herman von Schulz in the Holy See (18 February, 12 16 February), and the authority granted by the certificate of atonement issued by Pope Honorius III (122/kloc

1226, Emperor Frederick II of Teutonic Order agreed that Prussia was a privileged territory. 1234, the Teutonic Order won Gina's victory and took control of Prussia. The Vatican rented out the Teutonic Order, but it was not until 1285 that the Teutonic Order finally conquered Prussia and forced Prussia to convert to Catholicism. During this period,1April 237, by merging the knights of Livonia sword, began to enter the principality of Novgorod at the beginning of 124 1.

However, the times are always in a rapidly changing history, which will soon provide them with new opportunities. 12 1 1 year, Hungarian king Andrias II invited the Order to help suppress the Gumanlei people (Kumanin), and the southern part of the Sibenburgen region (located in present-day Romania) was taken as a fief by the Order. Many people think that Andre II did something stupid and asked for trouble. The knight went deep into eastern Europe. So what? ), later in 1225, the Teutonic Order expelled them from Germany in the second column and sealed them on the ground, trying to establish independent national security. The knight is in trouble again. However, things will turn around soon. Conrad Duke University, the northern part of Kulmerland where Conrad von Masowien tried to expand, was defeated by the local indigenous Prussia. Instead of expanding his territory, he captured part of the original territory against Prussia. Conrad was very depressed, so the Crusaders asked for the religious name of the Culmoran pagan, but other polish vassal states ignored him and seemed to be waiting for a joke. On the positive side, the Prussian, his army is losing ground. In desperation, with the help of the Order of Konrad Teutonic, I hope the Order can help him conquer Prussia. If Andre II asks him for help, because of ignorance, Conrad can only describe the suppression of Man Ku Ray with the stupidity of helping him conquer Prussia. Of course, there are inescapable stakeholders in opening other Polish princes. If they are Conrad, don't bother to be victims in the end. Of course, the Teutonic Knights readily agreed to this invitation, but they didn't want to repeat the story in Hungary. Knights of hermann von salza went to the second column of the Holy Roman Emperor Buffett for the first time to discuss the landowners granted by Conrad. After they conquered the Prussian land, the Teutonic Knights from the emperor to the Golden Imperial edict attacked the Holy Roman Empire and will be severely punished. With Buffett's column and written guarantee, Teutonic knights naturally own the land they conquered. Conrad began to regret at this time and took root at his side to avoid the Teutonic Order, the Order of Prussia organized by Conrad, and his crusade against Prussia. This time, he failed, he couldn't keep his own territory, even the core part, and Conrad had to bow his head and give up. 1230, he signed a treaty with the Teutonic Knights, promising that the Teutonic Knights would conquer Kulmerland, and the land of the Knights was permanently donated. This means the ownership of Kulmerland, the Teutonic knight, rather than the fief-the ownership of the manor still belongs to the monarch. 1234, Pope gregor IX issued a decree recognizing the knights' ownership of the conquered land and asking them to go to the local indigenous Christianity. In this way, the Teutonic Knights received a triple written promise that all they had to do was to conquer this land, which was obviously their best effort. Starting from 1226 Teutonic Order, Teutonic Order began to conquer Prussia. After more than 50 years of bloodshed, 1285, the Teutonic Knights finally conquered. On this land, they established a powerful state power-knights, knights of countries with Prussia as the center. 1237, the Knights of Livonia merged. On the other side of the country, the Knights of Livonia in Nhari and the Knights of Prussia established a series of castle fortifications. The colonial activities of Teutonic Order Center in eastern Asia Minor have never stopped, and its headquarters has been in Akasui. After the fall of Arco, in 129 1 year, the Teutonic Order went to Venice instead of Cyprus and became the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospital. 1309, the Order headquartered in Venice moved to marienburg, Prussia, and became a completely independent country.

sports

The expansion of Teutonic knights in the East was not easy. They lost to the Russian Coalition forces in the Battle of Glacier Lake in 1242. In this battle known as Pepsy, whether the armies of both sides are clearly recorded in the history books, it is generally estimated that the heavy cavalry of Teutonic Order is centered on Party members. The commander of the Russian Allied Forces 15000- 17000 Infantry is: Alexander Dangel Cod, Duke of Novgrad; Davis Yaroslavets Russian Coalition forces, lined up in a wall array (I estimate it is a square), guarding the glacial lake on the east coast. Cavalry troops began to attack the wedge array with concrete heavy cavalry as the pioneer, followed by infantry assault, wings and light cavalry. Wedge array is usually a tactic, its advantage is the knight's attack ability, which can quickly tear the opponent's defense line. The defender's military literacy is not high, which easily leads to the failure of one-size-fits-all effect. However, it also has its own defects. Its wings have limited defensive power. If you can't tear open the defense line quickly, the wings will gradually disappear. Alexander knows the characteristics of this tactic very well, so it is the main light infantry arrangement in the Coalition forces. The eyelashes on the middle side are thick, and the knight's heavy cavalry assault ability is spent, while his Grad elite infantry wing. The Cavaliers' attack made some successful starts, regrouping the Russian Coalition forces, making it difficult for them to completely tear open the defense line. The geographically disadvantaged knights are in trouble, and the shore of the lake is tilted, but it is frozen, so it is difficult for the heavy cavalry of the knights to exert their influence effectively, so the attack is gradually deadlocked. At this time, the weak wings of the wedge array began to expose its shortcomings, and the pressure of the elite infantry in vogler slowly compressed from both sides to the center. The knights began to fall into the besieged Coalition forces. As a final blow, Alexander sent his elite guard to outflank the attacking knight from the right rear. The encirclement of the allies is getting smaller and smaller, and the heavy cavalry of the Order has strong personal combat capability. However, because the exhibition space is getting smaller and smaller, their combat effectiveness can't be exerted, so they can only struggle to support it. The lance rider of the Union Infantry fell off his spurs. In order to bear the weight of the ice, many cavalry in heavy armor fell into the ice hole and couldn't stand up anymore. In the Battle of Glacier Lake, only a few knights killed them from the encirclement of the Russian Coalition forces and fled to western countries. Most of them died, including about 500 knights, and more than 50 nobles were captured, including the knights in The Exorcist, including. The Russian Coalition forces said that 3,500 people were killed and about the same number were injured. The devastating glacial lake battle defeated the Teutonic Knights and stopped there, continuing to expand eastward.

Poland, the southern knight country, was originally divided, not a knight opponent. But in the second half of the14th century, Poland, under the leadership of the king, I reunited with Varadislau and became tense with the knights. 1308, when the Knights occupied Danzig and Pomeran, the relationship between the two countries deteriorated sharply. Even in 1343, the Cali facility admitted Pommerellen's occupation in Poland, and the hostility between the two sides remained. Polish knights hate this country and are a potential threat to knights of an important country. However, even in the second half of14th century, under the leadership of Pinckney Prode (135 1- 1382), they defeated the main enemy of Lithuanians in the heyday of 1370.

Facing the strong pressure from the knight's country, Lithuania and Poland gradually came together. 1386, 38-year-old Lithuanian Grand Marquis Jagello married Polish Queen Hedwig, who was 13 years younger than her (this little girl is poor, beautiful, and has a very talented record, and can speak five languages? -but unfortunately, it does not include the language that her husband can speak. Her husband is not only old, but also savage. The poor woman died at the age of 26. ) Married, the Marquis of Lithuania was crowned King of Poland, and Lithuania and Poland formed a United front to jointly deal with the Knights Kingdom.

14 10, the battle between the knights and the Polish-Lithuanian alliance broke out near the fortress tower, which was a huge battle history. In the Middle Ages in Europe, the knight war was the largest. The battle between the two armies has been recorded in different documents, but one thing is certain: the strength of the knights is less than that of the alliance. One side of the Knights Order may be165438+100000 to 2.7 million troops, and the commander is ulrich von Lingen, head of the Teutonic Knights Order. Troops, Polish-Lithuanian Party 16000-32000, mainly Poles and Lithuanians, including Russians and Tatars, jointly command the Polish King Jagello and Lithuanian Grand Marquis Vitold, who is the cousin of Jagello. Giancarlo deployed the whole army into three fronts, and the first line troops stretched for three kilometers. The joint forces of Lithuanians, Russians and Tatars were ordered by the right-wing Vito. The Cavaliers' army is also pre-deployed in three parts, but when Rong saw that the head of the League pushed the front line very long, he realized that it might be surrounded (it can be inferred from this that it can be basically divided into two aspects, so it does not mean that the ratio of troops in the Cavaliers' League is about 2:3). The warring parties believe that a flag team (about 400 to 600 combat units in the medieval army), cavalry and infantry were placed in the front line and stayed in the camp. The first line of the Cavaliers' team was also equipped with a mortar stone. At noon on July 14 10, the battle of the bunker began. In the previous war, Iaghello, the Polish king of Rongjingen, the master's knight, sent two swords, which is said to be a contest between knights.

The cavalry artillery fired by the Allies for the first time, but it didn't achieve any effect because of rain and gunpowder. Under the command of Lithuanian and Tatar Vitold, the right wing of the alliance, the Order launched an attack, but the Order quickly repelled the attack and counterattack. In the first flight of the allied Tatars, the allies will soon be unable to accommodate the right-wing defense. The allied forces are facing a very unfavorable situation: the Cavaliers' German flag team attacked the Polish main Central Alliance Cavaliers' flag team from the right in the league and began to attack from the front. Both sides believe that the troops in the second and third lines of the annex went into battle because we all know that it is necessary to break. As a result of the balance, the Alliance Party finally fell behind, but it was also a battlefield emergency: Rong, the head of the Knights Order, was killed in battle. Losing the supreme commander, the knights began to fall into chaos, and many knights fled the battlefield in a hurry. The allied attack seized this opportunity and defeated the knights of the army.

descend

The knights of the Battle of Tannenburg suffered a devastating blow, and its significance was similar to that of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Battle of Harding. Knight's country is on the decline.

The foreign war was disastrous, and the knight fell into civil strife from top to bottom. Farmers were dissatisfied with the knight's exorbitant taxes and levies, and rose up and rebelled. The power struggle among knights intensified, and the urban and local nobles paid high taxes and demanded to participate in decision-making. 1440, 53 nobles and 19 cities were in marienburg, knights of the Prussian Union who resisted autocratic rule. 1453 The Prussian Union formed an alliance with Poland, which led to the continuous war of 13, ended the second stab, and just signed in 1466. Knights of countries with peace treaties lost many territories, including marienburg. The recognition of Poland as a political knight country has caused great controversy among knights. Germany in the sub-group hopes to get the support of the holy Roman Empire and the holy existence. In 1494, the head of Germany was recognized, even to the holy Roman emperor Maximilian I. As for the internal problems under foreign invasion, the Knights have reached a dead end.

Luther's knights of religious reform have been launched again, which is a watershed in history. 15 1 1 year, Zorin Albright, who was only 2 1 year old, was elected as the head of the 37th Teutonic Order. He was also the Teutonic Knights as a military religion and the last exorcist in Britain. Albright rejected the war between Poland and the country. 1520, knight, knight's country was defeated. Depressed Albright returned to Germany. On German territory, a vigorous religious reform in Albright soon attracted Luther Protestantism to know that Martin Luther was the initiator of the Protestant reform. Luther's opinion, Albrecht resigned as the head of the Teutonic knight as a secular state principality, instead of the religious reform, the public and the vassal of domestic and foreign relations Poland refused. Conservative forces within the Order and German Catholic nobles were very dissatisfied with Albright's conversion, but my daughter Albright, a powerful king of northern Denmark, got married in 1527 and reluctantly opposed it.

As a military religious history, albrecht's conversion to the Teutonic Order has come to an end. Prussia originally belonged to the Knights, and this country has a new revelation from Albrecht. The countries of the Order of Livonia include Poland and Estonia, which were annexed and occupied by Sweden but did not have their own territory. In this case, the Teutonic Order basically gave up its military mission and concentrated on managing its own industry, because it only existed as a religious organization.

1809, after Napoleon invaded Germany, the Teutonic Order, Austria's only knight refuge, was banned. Until 1834, the Austrian emperor rebuilt the Order, which was a religious charity. 1929, as a purely religious order, the Teutonic Order was reorganized from OT (Teutonic Order) to DO (German Order).

The German Order has about 65,438+0,000 members, mainly engaged in charity, including caring for the sick and the elderly. It is divided into five provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, with headquarters in Vienna, Austria, Italy, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Knight Management.

At the beginning of the establishment of the Knights, the Pope approved them to wear white robes and knights templar, but embroidered black crosses were the difference between them. Since then, the white and black crosses have been the symbols of knights. The Teutonic knight's cross flag is generally too left-sided and asymmetrical. If you pay attention to the flags of the Nordic countries such as Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland, there is such a tendency to cross to the left, which is really called Scandinavian crossing. The Teutonic Knights perished, but the Black Cross of the Knights was still inherited from the flags of the Second Reich, Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. It is an important symbol of the Black Cross, representing the military tradition of the Teutonic Order. The slogan of Teutonic Order, Help, Heal and Defend, (Heilen Wehren, Helfen). -Excerpted from [Encyclopedia Britannica]