Do not drink for a long time, what effect does it have on the body? Drink occasionally, what effect will it have on your health? Never drink. Is this good? Never smoke?

Rational drinking ≤ 1.5 bottles of beer ≤ half a bottle of beer reduces the risk of heart disease.

Harmful to drink 2 ~ 2.5 bottles of beer 1 ~ 1.5 bottles of beer, uncoordinated, depressed or nervous,

Confusion, impotence,

Driving a car or machine is prone to danger.

Dangerous drinking ≥3 bottles of beer ≥ 2 bottles of beer is harmful to the brain and produces physical dependence.

Memory loss and liver diseases

What are the benefits of drinking less?

Physically.

No physical discomfort after drinking, good sleep, more energy, light weight and good memory.

Better figure, lower risk of hurting yourself and others, high blood pressure, liver damage,

The risk of brain injury and cancer is reduced.

Psychological aspects

Improve mood, quarrel with family, and reduce driving danger.

otherwise

save

Specific action plan to reduce alcohol consumption

1. Set a goal: below what level should you control your drinking?

The amount and frequency of drinking.

Male ≤ 2 bottles of beer five times a week.

Female ≤ 1 bottle of beer 5 times a week.

Pregnant women ≤ half a bottle of beer 2 ~ 3 times a week.

Patients do not drink alcohol 0 times a week.

Alcoholics don't drink alcohol 0 times a week.

2. Take action: How to reduce alcohol consumption to the above target level? Eat first and then drink.

Quench your thirst with non-alcoholic drinks before drinking. Drink a non-alcoholic drink before drinking every time. correct

Drink low-alcohol beer. Drink less with each bite. Arrange other activities or work while drinking.

When you are bored or nervous, exercise instead of drinking. Cultivate hobbies, such as fishing, photography,

Socializing and exercising. Avoid going to bars after work. Try to avoid or reduce friends who drink a lot.

Together. When someone tries to persuade you to drink, you can say, "The doctor told me to drink less."

Drink moderately. Beer contains only 4% alcohol, which is less irritating and well received by doctors. Since ancient times, the right amount of wine has been regarded as "the length of a hundred medicines." As long as you drink it properly, but don't overdo it, alcohol is really good for your health, it can play a role in strengthening your body and preventing cardiovascular diseases. But if there is more than one glass of white wine every day, a bottle of beer will go bad and the health care effect will be zero. Moreover, daily overdose, regardless of the burden of the liver, will increase the incidence of heart disease. Therefore, scientists suggest that a glass of white wine and a bottle of beer every day, no more or less, are most beneficial to health. Drinking red wine or beer can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, but drinking red wine has the best protective effect. Drinking red wine containing 22-32g alcohol every day can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and cancer by about 33%, while drinking red wine or beer, or both, is helpful to heart health as long as it is drunk in moderation every day. In a study, experts from King's College and St. Thomas Hospital pointed out that one of the best ways for young men and women to keep strong bones is to drink a glass of beer every day. Drinking beer every day can provide a lot of natural silicon, which is very helpful for bone health. In addition, hops, which make beer bitter, contain a female hormone, which has the functions of beautifying and relieving stress.

But what happens if you overdo it? Anything that you eat and drink too much will be harmful, and wine is no exception. Excessive drinking will make you susceptible to many other diseases, and drinkers are more likely to suffer from kidney disease and liver disease than ordinary people. Excessive drinking can cause alcoholism, damage the central nervous system and even paralysis of the medulla oblongata; Inhibit gastric juice secretion, weaken pepsin activity, stimulate gastric mucosa, make people suffer from chronic gastritis, and bring great harm to human body. Alcohol can also reduce the testosterone level of the main male, affecting male fertility and the health of future generations. For male teenagers, it can delay the maturity of sexual function. Excessive drinking by pregnant women may make the baby deformed, mentally retarded or even stillborn. For patients with liver disease, the stimulation of alcohol will increase the burden on the liver and aggravate the condition. For hypertensive patients who are taking antihypertensive drugs, alcohol will not only reduce the efficacy of drugs, but also dissolve the shell of slow-acting drugs, making drugs suddenly powerful and life-threatening. Generally speaking, every time people drink alcohol, when the alcohol concentration in the liquid reaches 0.05-0.2%, the inhibitory function of the brain is weakened, the memory is reduced, and the discrimination, concentration and understanding are obviously reduced. At this time, drinkers often lose their usual manners, become rude, talkative, boastful and even fight and make trouble. When the alcohol concentration in human blood reaches 0.4%, drinkers will fall into lethargy, coma, pallor, slow breathing, hypothermia and even lose their lives. Long-term heavy drinking can also cause chronic alcoholism, mental retardation, chronic gastritis, liver, heart, kidney degeneration, liver cirrhosis, polyneuritis and other diseases. People who often drink often don't pay attention to the nutrition of food. In addition, alcohol will consume thiamine (vitamin B 1) and nicotinic acid (anti-pellagra vitamin) in the body, leading to mental and organ disorders. Don't be careless People who drink too much are often malnourished. The experimental results show that even a small amount of alcohol will affect the short-term memory ability of normal people. Long-term alcoholics will suffer from severe amnesia due to vitamin B 1 deficiency.

So to sum up, you should try to control the number of 2-3 bottles within 1 bottle now, so as not to achieve a bad situation and put health first.

Moderate drinking has a health care effect on the body ... but frequent and large drinking definitely has many adverse effects on the body ... First of all, alcohol will stimulate your gastrointestinal tract, especially your stomach. The most direct effect will cause stomach bleeding. At the same time, drinking a lot will aggravate the detoxification function of the liver, and the diseases caused by the increased burden on the liver can not be ignored. ....

It is impossible to avoid absolute harm to the body by drinking a lot. We can only say that we can eat something to relieve alcohol after drinking to speed up the decomposition of alcohol ... such as tea and mung bean soup.

■ Benefits of drinking:

If you drink alcohol in moderation, have some good food and feel comfortable, you will often turn harm into benefit and receive unexpected benefits. Because alcohol needs a variety of enzymes and vitamins when it is decomposed by the liver, the higher the alcohol content of the wine, the more enzymes and vitamins the body consumes, so it should be supplemented in time. Fresh vegetables, fresh fish, lean meat, beans and eggs can all be used as side dishes.

Salted fish, sausages, bacon and other foods, because they contain pigments and nitrite, will not only harm the liver when reacting with alcohol, but also easily damage the oral cavity and esophageal mucosa, so it is not appropriate to use them as side dishes too much.

Drinking only without vegetables will affect your liver.

Some people only drink alcohol and don't eat vegetables, which will make their liver suffer. From the perspective of health care, the higher the alcohol content of wine, the more you should eat dishes rich in animal protein, which is also a trick to drink. All the hepatoprotective drugs sold in the market contain methionine and choline.

There are a lot of methionine and choline in animal foods and bean products such as beef, roast chicken and fish. So eating these foods is equivalent to taking liver-protecting drugs. Alkaline foods, such as cold dishes, vegetables and fruits mixed with vinegar, are also beneficial to protect the liver.

In addition, wine and meat are both acidic foods. Drinking alcohol and eating some alkaline foods such as vegetables can neutralize acidity, thus reducing the burden on the liver. It is also beneficial to eat more fish, chicken, tofu and lobster sauce when drinking.

If you are thirsty after drinking, you can eat some fruit.

Alcohol has diuretic effect and can excrete salt with urine. In order to supplement the salt lost in the body, it is best to drink a glass of light salt water after drinking alcohol in the morning. Because of the diuretic effect of wine itself, and the salt in dishes increases the blood concentration, it is easy to feel thirsty after drinking. At this time, drinking water one after another is not good for the liver.

The best way is to eat some fruits, which can not only neutralize the acidity, but also promote the burning of alcohol in the body, thus reducing its toxicity to the liver.

Eating while drinking and supplementing enough carbohydrates can reduce the occurrence of alcoholic fatty liver. Eating some vegetables while drinking can also reduce the burden on the liver. Vinegar mixed with cold dishes and fruits are good choices. They can neutralize alcohol, and the sugar in fruit can accelerate the burning of alcohol in the body. At the same time, supplementing important antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and trace element selenium can also reduce the toxicity of alcohol to the liver.

■ Harm of drinking:

Harm of drinking alcohol

In our daily life, we often drink beer, wine and white wine. The source, brewing technology and alcohol content of all kinds of wines are different. Alcohol usually refers to the percentage of alcohol content in wine (by volume), such as Beijing beer with 5.4% alcohol and wine with about11-kloc-0/6% alcohol, which is usually called11-kloc-0/6%.

Article 7 of the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents is "Those who drink alcohol should be limited", and there is a paragraph explaining the harm of excessive drinking. Drinking a small amount of low-alcohol wine is not necessarily harmful, but drinking too much or even drinking too much is definitely harmful. So what can I drink? How to limit alcohol consumption?

A large number of data in epidemiological studies show that if the daily alcohol consumption does not exceed 24 grams of ethanol, which is equivalent to 540 ml of beer, 200 ml of fruit wine and 60 ml of 40-degree liquor, the risk will be reduced.

Long-term drinking will lead to a variety of nutrient deficiencies in the body. Wine is one of the foods with pure heat energy. Can be decomposed in the body to produce energy. However, it does not contain any nutrients. Excessive drinking first reduces the intake of other foods containing many important nutrients (such as protein, vitamins and minerals). Secondly, it can reduce appetite, reduce food intake, and damage intestinal mucosa for a long time, affecting intestinal absorption of nutrients, which can lead to a variety of nutritional deficiencies.

The alcohol in wine has a direct toxic effect on the tissues and organs of the body, and the organ most sensitive to alcohol is the liver. Excessive drinking will damage liver cells and interfere with the normal metabolism of the liver, which will lead to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Excessive drinking affects fat metabolism. Ethanol slows down the oxidation of fatty acids, which may be beneficial to the storage of dietary lipids, increase the synthesis of liver fat, increase the content of triglycerides in serum and increase the possibility of triglycerides.

In addition, population epidemiological studies show that long-term excessive drinking will increase the risk of hypertension and stroke. Alcoholism can also lead to violent accidents and endanger personal health and social security.

Recently, people often talk about the beneficial effects of fruit wine. A report in France found that the incidence of coronary heart disease in some drinking areas is lower than that in other areas. However, the reduction of the risk of heart disease cannot be attributed to some ingredients in red wine, because in areas with high consumption of French red wine, vegetables and fruits are also consumed more, and their antioxidant capacity is higher. These data show that the lifestyle of people who drink fruit wine (such as less smoking and high consumption of vegetables and fruits) leads to a decrease in the risk of cardiovascular disease.

To sum up, drinking alcohol has advantages and disadvantages to human health. Drinking a small amount of low-alcohol wine has certain benefits, but drinking a large amount for a long time is harmful. Especially teenagers and pregnant women. Teenagers are in the stage of growth and development and are more sensitive to the harm of alcohol. So teenagers can't drink. The harm of alcohol to pregnant women affects fetal development and even induces fetal congenital malformation, so pregnant women are absolutely forbidden to drink alcohol.

Excessive drinking: the harm is not shallow

Although "no wine, no table", at the same time, wine is also "intestinal toxicity", and excessive drinking brings a lot of harm. Every year, I don't know how many people have accidents because of drinking, how many people have ruined their lives, and how much health has disappeared between bottles and cans.

Heartbreaking, excessive drinking breeds tragedy.

According to a statistical data of Peking University Institute of Mental Health, the number of drinkers in China has been on the rise in recent years. At present, the drinking rates of men and women in China are 84. 1% and 29.3% respectively, of which men 16. 1% and women 2.5% drink alcohol every day. 1982, the incidence of alcohol dependence in China was only 0. 16‰, which was more than three times that of 1990, and the alcoholics were younger and the proportion of women was increasing.

According to a set of data from the World Health Organization, the mortality and morbidity caused by alcohol are the sum of measles and malaria, which is also higher than that caused by smoking. In China, 1 14 100 people die of alcoholism every year, accounting for1.3% of the total mortality; 2.737 million people are disabled, accounting for 3.0% of the total disability rate.

Speaking of the tragedy caused by drinking, Professor Qu Yao, director of Shanghai Hepatology Research Center, told the reporter a story: a middle-aged patient with acute icteric hepatitis just returned to normal was discharged from the hospital, which coincided with the continuous wedding banquets during the Spring Festival. At first, he could still remember the doctor's repeated instructions when he was discharged from the hospital, and he didn't touch a drop of wine, no matter who advised him. But at a special dinner table, a close friend asked him what he smelled. He finally couldn't resist the temptation of Maotai, thinking that he would be fine if he only drank a small cup and tasted something new! But the day after drinking this cup of wine, he found that his urine was yellow, weak and disgusting ... It was this cup of wine that caused his hepatitis to recur and quickly developed into acute severe hepatitis, and eventually he lost his life because of ineffective rescue.

Excessive drinking has not only led to countless tragic events, but also seriously affected the image of individuals and even countries. Former Russian President Yeltsin is one of them.

It is said that one day in September, 1994, Yeltsin, then Russian President, flew back to Moscow from Washington and was scheduled to have a 40-minute meeting with Irish Prime Minister Reynolds. The day before he left Washington, US President Bill Clinton hosted a banquet for him. Although there is no wine on the table, there is everything in it. Yeltsin only ate a small piece of meat, but raised his glasses frequently, and the cups bottomed out. After the wine reached the top, Yeltsin talked a lot, saying a lot of rude words and "three-level jokes." The translator racked his brains to "purify" the dirty words he said. When the plane approached the Shannon airport, Yeltsin woke up, and his wife handed him a shirt, but his buttoned hand never listened. The accompanying officials saw something bad. After some discussion, they decided to let the Deputy Prime Minister have a brief meeting with Reynolds on behalf of the President. When the Vice Premier got off the plane, Yeltsin said to the accompanying officials in tears, "What you did made me lose face in front of the whole world." .

Excessive drinking is harmful to health.

"If you drink too much, it is the liver that hurts the most." Professor Qu Yao pointed out: "The core chemical of wine is alcohol (namely ethanol), and drunkenness is actually alcoholism. Because more than 90% of alcohol enters the body through the liver, its metabolites and the metabolic disorder of hepatocytes caused by them are the main causes of alcoholic liver injury. According to research, normal people drink 40 grams to 80 grams a day on average, and alcoholic liver disease can occur in 10 years, such as cirrhosis in 160 grams a day and 8 ~ 10 years on average. What a sensational figure! "

Professor Li Youming, vice president of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, told the reporter that he led a scientific research team to make a survey on the alcohol intake of 20,000 people in urban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province. The results show that the prevalence rate of alcoholic liver disease in this population is 4.34%, and 48% of people who drink more than 40 grams a day for more than five years will suffer from alcoholic liver disease in different degrees. Alcoholic liver disease basically occurs in drinkers who have been drinking for more than 5 years and their total alcohol intake exceeds 100 kg.

Studies have shown that excessive drinking is more than twice as high as non-excessive drinking, the incidence of thyroid cancer increases by 30% ~ 150%, and the incidence of skin cancer increases by 20% ~ 70%. The risk of breast cancer in women increases by 20% ~ 60%. Among patients with esophageal cancer, 60% drink excessively, and only 2% don't drink. Patients with hepatitis B are at greater risk of liver cancer. If they drink alcohol or drink too much, the incidence of liver cancer will increase greatly.

In addition, excessive drinking will also have adverse effects on other parts of the body:

Drinking more alcohol in the brain has serious damage to memory, attention, judgment, function and emotional response. Drinking too much can lead to slurred speech, blurred vision and loss of balance.

Alcohol in reproductive organs will reduce the sperm quality of men; For pregnant women, even a small amount of alcohol will increase the risk of physical defects of unborn babies.

People who drink a lot of alcohol in the heart will develop cardiomyopathy, which can lead to the weakening and damage of muscle tissue of the heart, while the proliferation of fibrous tissue will seriously affect the function of the heart.

A large amount of alcohol in the stomach will cause discomfort symptoms of acute gastritis, and continuous intake of alcohol will lead to more serious chronic gastritis.

(1) Excessive drinking will cause the following disadvantages.

1. Death: Alcohol can inhibit the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata, causing respiratory arrest, and the drop of blood sugar may also be a fatal factor.

2. Malabsorption syndrome causes various vitamin deficiencies, which indirectly leads to various nervous system injuries.

(2) the influence of long-term heavy drinking

1. Liver injury: fatty liver caused by accumulation of liver fat.

2. Gastric ulcer: It can cause gastric bleeding and endanger life.

3. Nervous system damage: such as peripheral neuropathy.

4. Cerebral cortex atrophy: It is reported that some chronic alcoholics have cerebral cortex atrophy, and some patients have signs of mental decline.

5. Alcohol fetal syndrome group: the metabolism and excretion of alcohol in the fetus are slow, which causes various injuries to the developing fetus, including fetal malformation, stillbirth, growth retardation and behavioral defects.

(3) the influence of alcoholism on family life

1. Emotional excitability, temper tantrums, poor judgment control, easy to conflict with people, sensitive to external stimuli, and high crime rate.

2. Spouses and children are often the targets of violence.

3. Mental trance affects work efficiency.

4. The alienation of relatives and friends makes alcoholics suffer more frustration and pressure and become more self-destructive.

(2)

The stock market makes people sad, and many people drown their sorrows by drinking. Doctors pointed out today that although alcohol can temporarily anesthetize yourself and escape from the immediate predicament, long-term drinking will lead to mental illness such as depression, and it is also easy to cause malnutrition, which is harmful to physical and mental health.

Yang Shangru, a physician in the Affiliated Hospital of Kaohsiung Medical University, pointed out that alcohol is an inhibitor of the central nervous system. Excessive drinking will not only damage health, but also damage attention or memory, and even lead to coma.

He also said that if you suddenly give up drinking after drinking for a long time, you will have withdrawal symptoms, and the nerve tissue that has been suppressed for a long time will rebound and show excessive excitement; About 40% alcoholics have experienced the symptoms of major depression, and most of them escape from reality by drinking. The two are mutually causal, and excessive drinking can easily induce psychosis such as dementia.

He pointed out that alcohol addicts use alcohol as the main energy source for a long time and lack other food nutrition, which is easy to cause malnutrition.

Yang Shangru emphasized that psychological problems should be alleviated by psychologists or other channels. Eliminating anxiety through alcohol will not only aggravate anxiety, but also damage physical and mental health, which is not worth the candle.

Alcohol can be promiscuous, and drunken accidents emerge one after another. In addition, its influence on the body is endless, such as:

The disadvantages of excessive drinking

Alcohol can be promiscuous, and drunken accidents emerge one after another. In addition, its influence on the body is endless, such as:

1. inhibits glycogen production and causes hypoglycemia.

2. Produce ketone bodies, causing ketoacidosis, and diabetic patients may even cause ketoacidosis coma.

3. Increasing the blood concentration of triglycerides will increase the incidence of pancreatitis, and the mortality rate is quite high.

4. It is related to the incidence of breast cancer.

5. Aggravate gastritis and liver disease.

6. Addiction, mental disorder, etc.

Excessive drinking is not allowed when you are sick.

■ Ways to help your family stop drinking.

Unless sometimes (such as a serious accident) leads to a medical emergency, alcoholics will not be forced to accept the help of abstinence, but there is no need to deliberately cause a serious car accident to persuade your family to quit drinking. Many alcoholics have put forward the following ways to help stop drinking.

1. Don't hide all the wine.

Families often find some excuses to try to hide the wine to prevent them from drinking too much. Don't do this, let them experience the consequences of drinking.

2. Grasp the best time to persuade wine.

The best time to talk to alcoholics is after asking questions related to drinking (for example, after a fierce family quarrel or accident). Choose a time when he or she is quiet and you can have a private conversation.

3. Special care.

Tell your family to worry about his or her drinking problem. If necessary, use some examples of injuries caused by drinking, including some recent events.

4. Tell the results.

Explain to the drinker what you would do if he or she didn't ask for help-not blame, but take some measures to avoid his or her problems, such as refusing to participate in some social activities that provide alcohol and leaving home to stay away from alcohol. Don't do anything rash.

Ask for help.

Collect information about alcohol treatment in your community in advance. If he or she needs help, call immediately to make an appointment with a treatment consultant. It is recommended that you accompany a treatment plan for the first time.

6. Mobilize friends.

If a family member still refuses to get help, ask a friend to talk to him or her in the above way. Friends who have just overcome alcoholism may be persuasive, but anyone who is sympathetic and easy-going may be helpful. It usually takes more than one person to talk a few times, so that alcoholics can gradually ask for help.

7. seek synergy.

With the help of a medical and nursing professional organization, some families and their relatives and friends formed a group to overcome alcoholism. The implementation of this method can only be guided by experienced professional institutions.

8. Get support.

It is important to remember that you are not alone. Support some community-provided organizations to help family members realize that they are not only responsible for personal drinking problems.

Alcoholism treatment is suitable for many people. But just like some chronic diseases, treatment has different results. Some people stop drinking and try to control themselves, while others start drinking after a period of inactivity. As for treatment, it is obvious that the longer a person abstains from alcohol, the more likely he is to keep a clear head.

As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. . Different cigarettes release different chemicals when they are lit, but the main chemicals are tar and carbon monoxide. Harmful substances produced by cigarette ignition can be roughly divided into six categories:

(1) Aldehydes, nitrides and alkenes can stimulate respiratory tract.

(2) Nicotine can stimulate sympathetic nerve and cause intimal injury.

(3) Amines, cyanide and heavy metals are all toxic substances.

(4) Radioactive substances such as phenylpropyl pyrene, arsenic, cadmium, methylhydrazine and aminophenol. These substances are carcinogenic.

⑤ Phenolic compounds and formaldehyde, etc. It has the effect of accelerating cancer.

(6) Carbon monoxide will reduce the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the whole body.

I. Carcinogenesis

People have realized that smoking can cause cancer. Epidemiological investigation shows that smoking is one of the important pathogenic factors of lung cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma. The risk of lung cancer of smokers is 13 times that of non-smokers. If you smoke more than 35 cigarettes a day, your risk is 45 times that of non-smokers. The mortality rate of lung cancer in smokers is 10 ~ 13 times higher than that in non-smokers. About 85% of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking. If smokers are exposed to chemical carcinogens (such as asbestos, nickel, uranium and arsenic, etc. ), the risk of lung cancer will be higher. PAHs in tobacco smoke are cytotoxic and mutagenic only after being metabolized by PAH hydroxylase, and the concentration of this hydroxylase in smokers is higher than that in non-smokers. Smoking will reduce the activity of natural killer cells, thus weakening the body's function of monitoring, killing and clearing tumor cells, which further explains that smoking is a high risk factor for many cancers. The incidence of laryngeal cancer in smokers is ten times higher than that in non-smokers. The incidence of bladder cancer increased by 3 times, which may be related to β -naphthylamine in smoke. In addition, smoking is also related to the occurrence of lip cancer, tongue cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer and cervical cancer. Clinical research and animal experiments show that carcinogens in smoke can also affect the fetus through the placenta, leading to a significant increase in the incidence of cancer in its offspring.

Second, the impact on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Many studies believe that smoking is the main risk factor of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the incidence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease of smokers has increased significantly. Statistics show that 75% of patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension have a history of smoking. The incidence of coronary heart disease in smokers is 3.5 times higher than that in non-smokers, the mortality of coronary heart disease is 6 times higher than that in non-smokers, and the incidence of myocardial infarction is 2-6 times higher than that in non-smokers. Hypertension, high cholesterol and the incidence of coronary heart disease in smokers increased by 9 ~ 12 times. 30% ~ 40% of cardiovascular deaths are caused by smoking, and the increase of mortality is directly proportional to the amount of smoking. Nicotine and carbon monoxide in smoking are considered to be the main harmful factors causing coronary atherosclerosis, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. Most scholars believe that blood lipid changes, platelet function and abnormal hemorheology play an important role. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) can stimulate vascular endothelial cells to produce prostacyclin (PGI2), which is the most effective substance to dilate blood vessels and inhibit platelet aggregation. Smoking can damage vascular endothelial cells, and cause the decrease of serum HDL-C, the increase of cholesterol and the decrease of PGI2-2 level, thus causing contraction of peripheral blood vessels and coronary arteries, wall thickening, lumen stenosis and slow blood flow, resulting in myocardial hypoxia. Nicotine can also promote platelet aggregation. Carbon monoxide in smoke combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which affects the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells and causes tissue hypoxia, thus inducing coronary artery spasm. Due to tissue hypoxia, compensatory erythrocytosis and blood viscosity increase. In addition, smoking can increase the level of plasma fibrinogen, leading to dysfunction of coagulation system; Smoking can also affect the metabolism of arachidonic acid, reduce PGI2 _ 2 production and increase thromboxane A _ 2 relatively, thus causing vasoconstriction and increasing platelet aggregation. All these may promote the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease. Due to myocardial hypoxia, myocardial stress increases and ventricular fibrillation threshold decreases, so patients with coronary heart disease who smoke are more prone to arrhythmia and the risk of sudden death increases.

It is reported that the risk of stroke of smokers is 2 ~ 3.5 times that of non-smokers. If smoking and hypertension coexist, the risk of stroke will increase nearly 20 times. In addition, smokers are prone to arteriosclerosis obliterans and thromboangiitis obliterans. Smoking will lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and eventually lead to pulmonary heart disease.

Third, the impact on the respiratory tract

Smoking is one of the main causes of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic airway obstruction. Experimental research shows that long-term smoking can damage and shorten the cilia of bronchial mucosa and affect the cilia removal function. In addition, submucosal gland hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increased mucus secretion, composition has also changed, easy to block bronchioles. In dog experiments, exposure to a large amount of smoke can cause changes in emphysema. A study by the Institute of Respiratory Diseases of China Medical University found that the number of macrophages (AM), neutrophils (PMN) and elastase in the lower respiratory tract of smokers was significantly higher than that of non-smokers. The mechanism may be due to the stimulation of smoke particles and harmful gases, which activated the mononuclear phagocyte system in the lower respiratory tract. Activated AM not only releases elastase, but also releases PMN chemokines, which makes PMN transfer from capillaries to lungs. Activated AM also releases macrophage growth factor to attract fibroblasts. However, PMN releases a large number of toxic oxygen free radicals and proteolytic enzymes, including elastase and collagenase, which act on elastin, mucin, basement membrane and collagen fibers of the lung, thus leading to the destruction of alveolar septa and interstitial fibrosis. It is reported that there were nearly130 thousand COPD patients in the United States during 1986, and more than 90 thousand people died in 199 1 year. Smoking is the main reason. The probability of smokers suffering from chronic bronchitis is 2 ~ 4 times higher than that of non-smokers, and it is directly proportional to the amount of smoking and the number of years of smoking. Patients often have chronic cough, expectoration and dyspnea during activities. Pulmonary function examination showed airway obstruction, decreased lung compliance, ventilation function and diffusion function, and decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure. Even young asymptomatic smokers have slight pulmonary dysfunction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is prone to spontaneous pneumothorax. Smokers often suffer from chronic pharyngitis and vocal cord inflammation.

Fourth, the impact on the digestive tract.

Smoking can increase gastric acid secretion, which is generally 965438 0.5% higher than that of non-smokers, and can inhibit the secretion of sodium bicarbonate by pancreas, thus increasing duodenal acid load and inducing ulcer. Nicotine in tobacco can reduce the tension of pyloric sphincter, make bile easy to reflux, thus weaken the defense factors of gastric and duodenal mucosa, promote chronic inflammation and ulcer, and delay the healing of original ulcer. In addition, smoking can reduce the tension of lower esophageal sphincter and easily cause reflux esophagitis.

For details about the hazards of smoking, please refer to:

Health/2006-01/25/content _ 4098386.htm