How is the sleeping beauty in Grimm's fairy tales reflected in children's literature?

The background of the world children's literature is mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, the progressive view of children gave birth to children's literature; Secondly, folk literature gave birth to children's literature; Thirdly, adult literature gave birth to children's literature; Fourthly, romanticism creates unique conditions for fairy tale literature; Fifth, important people played a driving role in the early stage.

& lt Children's Outlook on Progress >

14- 16 The European Renaissance played an important role in promoting children's understanding and discovery. Humanism realizes that children should be treated cautiously and meticulously and their human rights should be respected. They emphasize the importance of children's personality, the development of children's independence, the stimulation of children's creativity and the attraction of children's books. 1658, Slavic educator Jan A. Comenius (1592- 1670) published the first encyclopedia of children's knowledge, The World Map, which shows that "children's books should belong to a special level because children are not shrinking adults" (Concise Encyclopedia Britannica).

Emile, a children's biographical novel by Jean Jacques Rosso. Written in 1762, it is the first novel in the history of children's literature in the world to describe children as people with independent personalities. The west regards the end of18th century as the beginning of children's literature. However, Rousseau's assertion that fantasy books will have harmful effects on children has hindered the development of fantasy literature from Bello, Fran? ois and Madame Beaumont (masterpiece Beauty and the Monster, 1756).

& lt Folk Literature >

The Old Testament, The Five Classics, Carriles and Dimunay, Arabian Nights and so on are all necessary to be mentioned in the study of fairy tale detection.

Five Books is a collection of ancient Indian fables. In the middle of the 6th century, the translator Ibn Ali Mugfa published an Arabic translation of this book. In addition, something new has been added to this translation, and even the name has been changed, called Karilai and Dimunai. Mu Gefa is the first writer in the history of children's literature in the world who claimed that his story was written for children and provided them with literary reading materials.

Arabian Nights was basically finalized in15th century.

Aesop's Fables is a fable handed down orally by the ancient Greeks. It is said that it was compiled by a domestic slave of Summers in the 6th century BC.

There are four other folk fairy tales in Europe: The Story of Lena Fox, the essence of French civic literature, and a long legendary animal epic; The German folk fruit "Travel Notes of Hao Min's Hallows" was written on 1786. Because of its absurdity, it was translated into "Adventures of Bloggers" by Chinese people. The Story of Mother Goose by French writer Charles Bello; About 1500, an anecdote about Robin Hood appeared, and stories featuring Robin Hood emerged one after another.

& lt Adult Literature >

/kloc-The Biography of the Giant by French writer rabelais in the 6th century;

/kloc-Don Quixote by Spanish writer Cervantes and Pilgrim's Progress by British writer Bunyan in the 7th century;

Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Swift's Griff's Travels, Spain's Little Turtle by Anonymous18th century.

& lt romanticism >

Adelbert von Chamizo: The Adventures of Peter Schlemmett.

Brothers Grimm published two volumes of children's and family's fairy tales in 18 12 and181816-18.

Wilhelm hauff: 1826 published camel caravan, 1827 published Alexander and his slaves.

Pushkin: 1833 Fisherman and goldfish

Peter Ershov: 1834 Narrative poem "Little Camel"

Zhukovsky: A cat in boots.

Hawthorne: A writer who wrote The Scarlet Letter. Before that, he wrote a book about children's literature, called Strange Book.

< Several other people who played a driving role >

Fernando Fran? ois: The adventures of French writer Taylor Marcos, the story of the old queen and the young peasant woman, flores.

Newbury: The world's first children's book publishing house was established. The newbury Children's Literature Book Award was awarded in 1922, which is the earliest and most formal children's literature award in the world.

Hoffman: German writers The Golden Jar, Chahays the Dwarf, The Nutcracker and The Mouse King.

Children's literature stands on its own feet.

& lt overview >

19 Three epoch-making giants of children's literature in the world: Andersen, Collodi and Mark Twain.

The appearance of Danish Andersen's fairy tales in the19th century marked the first prosperous period of children's literature in the world.

Collodi: Pinocchio.

Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

English Children's Literature in Early Spring;

fairy tales

Alice in Wonderland: Lewis Carroll, 1865.

Wilde's Fairy Tales: The Happy Prince and Other Fairy Tales, Pomegranate House

Joseph La Kipling: The Legend of Lin Mang

Helen Bannerman: Three Treasures of Little Black Boys.

Potter: The Story of Peter Rabbit

| Novel category |

Dickens: Oliver Twist and david copperfield.

Widad: Flanders' dog.

Sylvie: Hi.

Robert Lewis Stevenson: Treasure Island.

Haggard: King Solomon's Treasure.

Idis naisbitt: The children of the Boer family in The basta Trilogy, Five Children and The Sandman.

James Machu Barry: Peter Pan

Graham: The wind among the willows

Hugh loftin: Dr. Doolittle's trip to Africa

Milne: Winnie the Pooh

Hobert George Wells: The Invisible Man and Dr. Molo Island.

Page (abbreviation of page) travers: Mary Poppins

J. Tolkien: Hobbit

2 General situation of China

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In the 20th century, the emergence of a large number of outstanding works in Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, France, Italy, Sweden and other countries marked the world.

Children's literature has entered a second period of prosperity. Due to the feudal rule of China for thousands of years, children and children's education have been neglected for a long time, so children's literature appeared late. Children's poems, children's novels, children's dramas, etc. written specifically for children did not come out until the late Qing Dynasty. Children's literature became an independent literature category at the beginning of the 20th century and after the May 4th New Culture Movement. The foundation works of modern children's literature in China are the fairy tale Scarecrow written by Ye Shengtao and published in the early 1920s, and Bing Xin's epistolary children's prose for a young reader, which came out a few years later. Zhang Tianyi is a representative writer of children's literature in 1930s, and his long fairy tale Dalin and Kobayashi is a representative work of children's literature in China. Chen Bochui, He Yi, Yan Wenjing and Jin Jin made outstanding achievements in the 1940s. Most of their creative activities began in the 1920s and 1930s, and their representative works include Miss Alice (Chen Bochui), Wild Child (He Yi), Wind of the Four Seasons (Yan Wenjing) and A Red-faced Shell (Gold and Gold).

3 concept

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Children's literature after the founding of the People's Republic of China is called China Contemporary Children's Literature. 1949 ~ 1966 is the first golden age, with excellent works by new and old writers, such as Zhang Tianyi's novel The Story of Luo and the fairy tale The Secret of the Treasure Gourd, Bing Xin's novel The Little Orange Lamp, Gao Xiangzhen's novel Xiao Pang and Xiao Song, and Xu Guangyao's novel Zhang Ga. Chen Bochui's fairy tale A Cat Who Wants to Fly, Jin Jin's fairy tale The Fox Beats the Hunter, Hong's fairy tale The Good Horse, Xiao Bu Tou's fairy tale The Adventure, Ge's fairy tale The Wild Grape, Ruan's fairy tale The Golden Conch, Ke Yan's children's poem The Story of the Soldier, etc. During the Cultural Revolution 10, the Children's Literature Garden was devastated and presented a scene of withering. 1976, 10 months later, China children's literature entered another golden age, which was called China children's literature in the new period. From 1992 to 16, the quantity and quality of creation far exceeded that of 17 after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Among them, Zheng, Zhou Rui's fairy tales, Cao Wenxuan, Shen's children's novels and Jin Bohe's children's novels are the most prominent.

In 1980s, a fairy tale magazine "The King of Fairy Tales" was born, which kept the record of publishing personal works for 24 years. 1985. Since then, its total print run has exceeded 1 100 million copies, and the number of words in its works has exceeded 20 million words. The legendary fairy tale writer in China is Zheng. Zheng's works created well-known fairy tale characters such as Pipiru, Lu Xixi, Luo Kehe and so on, which influenced a generation. However, compared with his brilliant achievements, Zheng's position in China children's literature and even the whole literary world is extremely shabby. Many people are puzzled by Zheng's collective loss of voice and question the objectivity of China's right to speak in literature. 2 1 century, when the English fairy tale novel Harry Potter was popular all over the world, a gratifying work appeared in China children's literature in 2009, which was called the China version of The Heart Lamp of Harry Potter. The first work, Divine Mission, is based on the ancient myth of China, and tells the story of a group of children entering the ancient and mysterious fairy world in order to achieve ecological harmony. The novel not only preaches the philosophy of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, but also incorporates well-known elements in China traditional culture, such as Spring Festival, New Year's Eve and lucky money, as well as unknown ancient myths and legends, such as Huoguan, Shan Gui and Youdu, which not only inherits the cultural traditions of predecessors, but also endows them with new connotations. The work is very imaginative and the plot is fascinating.

The floorboard of children's literature works. Including fairy tales, fables, poems, dramas, novels, science fiction stories, historical stories and other forms. Both content and form are suitable for children of different ages.

4 literature category

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Children's literature is usually compiled by adults, and the deep motivation can be said to be to recreate childhood or educate children. Many children's literature will also be adapted from adult literature. Although children's own creations can also be widely included, because children's creations are often superficial or artistic, it is still necessary for adults to identify whether they have literary value.

In modern times, there are stories in the west, such as Robin Hood and Knight of the Round Table, which instill correct values in children, but these two stories are condensed from adult literature. The first truly children's literature for children was Britney Spears Pocket Book published by John Newbery in 1744.

China wrote children's works for children in ancient times, and it was not until the Scarecrow of the Republic of China that the first children's literature appeared in China.

At present, children's literature is generally classified by age in publishing circles, which is consistent with Piaget's theory on children's growth and development. These categories are as follows:

0-5 years old preschool children;

Primary school readers aged 5-8;

8- 1 1 year-old primary school senior readers;

1 1- 13-year-old junior high school readers (English "pre-teen");

13- 15 year old young readers.

For preschool children, picture books and story books are very suitable for them, because each page of the story has a small amount of words with pictures, so that children can understand without understanding the contents of the words. In the west, picture story books are a good helper for reading guidance in class.

In addition, children's songs, children's operas and juvenile novels can be generally included in the category of children's literature, while simple children's songs (such as baby lullabies) or performing dances are not in the category of literature.

Readers aged from 16 to 19 are generally called "young adults", and their age is beyond the scope of children's literature. The unique problems of young adults in this age group and Japanese light novels packaged like cartoons are another kind of works that try to pull young readers who are used to thinking in images back to adults' abstract thinking.

5 literary purpose

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Children's literature always adheres to the principle of taking children as the standard, that is, taking children as the center, taking children as the main body, serving children and cultivating their hearts; Adhere to the purpose of pure literature with high taste, high style and high quality; Adhere to close to life, close to the times, close to readers, constantly surpass themselves and keep pace with the times.

In recent years, under the background of the weak market of pure literature publications, children's literature has stood out and the number of publications has increased year after year. 1997 since the reform of children's literature, the implementation of the boutique strategy has made the circulation of publications increase at an average annual rate of 30%. It can be said that the circulation of children's literature magazines is second to none, whether in the field of children's literature in China or in the whole field of pure literature. After years of efforts, children's literature magazine has expanded from a children's literature book to a family book, and is now slowly moving towards a social book. It has been widely recognized by children's readers, parents, teachers, writers and researchers for its first-class taste and rich content, and its social influence is increasing day by day. Our goal is to let the public form such a kind of knowledge: let children get all-round promotion of moral education, intellectual education and aesthetic education in the process of reading children's literature, and make their own contributions to shaping the national character in the new century.

6 historical evolution

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ancient times

Ancient children's literature is a story told to children by illiterate storytellers, and there is usually no written record for future generations to consult [1]. The earliest spread in written form was in ancient Egypt in 1 300 BC. From then on, children's literature began to appear in the writing style of literary works. For example, Cupid and Psyche appeared in The Golden Donkey written by Apprex Erus from BC 100 to AD 200, or Panchatantra from AD 200 to AD 300. There is a lot of evidence that many stories in later fairy tales were rewritten according to folk stories. Besides these collections, Taoist philosophers in China, such as Liezi and Zhuangzi, also put some fairy tales and fables in their philosophical thoughts. And Japanese Fairy Tales In the ancient countryside of Momotaro, Japan, grandparents told stories to their children and grandchildren at night, which were passed down from generation to generation.

From a broader definition, Aesop's Fables (6th century BC) is the first famous collection of fairy tales in the western world.

The Grimm brothers in Germany tried for the first time to preserve not only the personality of the characters in the fairy tale, but also the style of the story. Ironically, although the first editions of Grimm's Fairy Tales (18 12 and 18 15) are a treasure trove of folklore researchers, in order to ensure sales and popularity, the Brothers Grimm began to rewrite the stories in later editions. The deformation of Grimm's fairy tales not only deviates from the original folk stories, but also affects the appearance of the original folk stories. In addition, Brothers Grimm did not include some German folk stories, because they thought that the stories that appeared in Charles Perrault's stories were French stories rather than German stories.

It was Danish writer Andersen who independently created fairy tales and made them mature children's literature. Andersen's fairy tales are the basic works of children's literature.

Modern Times

Carlo collodi's Pinocchio, 1880, published in Italy, is considered as one of the early children's literature classics, and has been made into movies for more than 20 times. The Adventures of Tom, published by Mark Twain on 1876, has become a famous American children's literature.

The Wizard of Oz is an American fairy tale series published from 1900 to 1920, which has a far-reaching influence on the world children's literature in the future. The Adventure of Riding a Goose, published by 1908, is a famous fairy tale novel by Selma Lagoff, a famous Swedish writer, and has also become a world masterpiece. 1937 The Adventures of the Hobbit is a fairy tale originally written by J.R.R Tolkien for his son, but Tolkien's book is not famous in children's literature. Later 1943, the French fairy tale "The Little Prince" written by Saint Exupery was published, translated into 100 languages, made into a film and adapted into a drama. The Legend of Narnia by Clive Staples Lewis, a famous British writer, became one of the classic works of British and American children's literature in the 1960s.

7 literary requirements

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educational

Children's literature is very different from adult literature in that it emphasizes education. Children have great plasticity. The ancients used plain silk as a metaphor, saying that it was "light when dyed and yellow when dyed". Children's literature pays special attention to education because of their age characteristics and are easily influenced by the surrounding environment.

visualize

Abstract preaching is not easy and unwilling for children to accept. Educate children with vivid images; The younger children are, the more they rely on visualization. Children's novels, like drama, need actions, and more are used to express the characters' personality and psychological activities. Children's poetry needs more "comparison" and "interest" to strengthen its image. The language of children's literature works should be vivid and beautiful. Children's literature should mobilize all artistic means and shape various artistic images.

interesting

Children's knowledge and life experience are not rich, and their understanding is weak. It is difficult to understand those complicated arrangements, and it is also difficult to understand the life experiences and some thoughts and feelings of adults. They don't like or even watch what they are not interested in. Excellent children's literature works tell children a profound truth or do some useful enlightenment with interesting stories in a relaxed and happy way.

story

The storyline of children's literature requires simple structure and compact and vivid plot. It is emphasized that the story is not simply pursuing the strangeness of the plot, not starting from life, not writing people, but writing things. Children's literature mainly describes people, portraying their character, psychology and thoughts. Its protagonists are not all people, but also other animals, plants and even inanimate objects. These are all personified in the works. Whether writing about people or other things, we should use the story to express their thoughts and personalities, rather than static and lengthy environmental descriptions and psychological descriptions.

intellectual

Children's literature works should be skillfully interspersed with some intellectual things to increase the artistic charm of the works and satisfy children's curiosity and thirst for knowledge.

8 literary theory

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Conceptual orientation

Children's literature includes fairy tales, fables, fairy tales, idioms, riddles, folk stories, children's stories, Grimm stories, humorous stories, children's poems, children's jokes and five thousand years.

Stuart Xiuwei pointed out in How to Guide Primary School Students to Read that children's behavior is based on the principle of "pursuing happiness and reducing pain". If reading books or listening to stories is a kind of enjoyment in his experience, he will associate them with positive feelings. Therefore, the most basic principle of children's literature is to guide children to enjoy the reading process. Otherwise, a book, no matter how good, will fail if it can't arouse children's interest in reading.

In short, good children's literature should conform to the following concepts:

1) There are a lot of orgasms to attract children to read and avoid long speeches.

2) The characters are distinct and the backbone of the story is outstanding.

3) Educational significance

Readability characteristics

Readability, in a narrow sense, refers to the degree of being easily understood. According to E Simpson's "readability formula" in the World Book Encyclopedia, six important factors affecting readability are summarized:

1. The average number of words in a sentence.

2. The number of commonly used words.

3. The average number of syllables in vocabulary.

4. The number of long complex sentences.

5. The number of abstract concepts.

6. Use of personal pronouns.

The characteristic is that children pay equal attention to interest and education. Because some children's literature is enlightening and instructive, adults are also suitable for reading.

Many adult works are based on fairy tales (such as the original Arabian Nights and the series of Grimm's Fairy Tales). When buying a book, you must first find out what language and version the book you want to buy is translated from, and carefully review its order and content.

Relationship with adult literature

At first, the audience of fairy tales included adults and children, because many children were illiterate and had to be taught orally by adults. Many evidences show that many stories in fairy tales were adapted from adult folk stories. These stories are usually based on older folk stories, such as Arabian Nights, vikram and Vampires, and Bell and the Dragon.

Many fairy tale allusions in children's literature are widely quoted by adult literature, such as Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, Spencer's The Queen of Fairy Tales and Shakespeare's stage plays. The story of King Lear is thought to have quoted many fairy tales. 16th,17th century, Italian Giovanni Francesco Straparola reinterpreted the stories in western literature in his book The Facetious Nights of Straparola, which contained a large number of fairy tales, while Giambattista Basile's Nablus (. Carlo Gozzi used many fairy tales in his Italian opera scenes. For example, a scene in his opera is taken from the Italian fairy tale Love of Three Oranges. At the same time, Pu Songling of China collected many fairy tales in his 1766 Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. Fairy tales themselves became popular in French upper class at the end of17th century, among which fairy tales compiled by the fable poet La Fontaine and another famous writer Charles Perrault (the author of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella) are popular representatives. Although the fairy tales of Tlapa Lola (the author of Puss in Boots), Charles Perrault and Baggery contain many earliest fairy tales, these editors have reinterpreted these stories to achieve literary effect.

Educational relations

The educational value of children's literature includes language education, personality education, teamwork, empathy and Si Qi ... Generally speaking, the number and category of children's books published and the quality of books can roughly reflect the country's economic development and cultural and technological progress; At the same time, it is also the reference index of the country's cultural quality and national education.

discipline construction

In the arrangement of China's contemporary academic system, the subject of children's literature is usually reluctantly placed under the name of "China Modern and Contemporary Literature" under the first-class discipline of "China Language and Literature". On the other hand, from the internal knowledge composition and subject combination of children's literature research, it also includes the basic theory of children's literature, the history of Chinese and foreign children's literature, comparative children's literature and other sub-fields. In fact, in the university system of many developed countries, children's literature has been well arranged administratively and academically in the departments of language and literature, education and library of many comprehensive universities.

9 new learning mode

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Since the beginning of the new century, the whole pattern of literature has changed, or with the changes in external fields, literature has been reorganized internally. As far as children's literature creation is concerned, its external environment is not only social, but also includes the overall situation of literature. In other words, the external force of children's literature creation not only comes from the overall cultural environment of society, but also the whole literary world is an important environment to promote or influence the development of children's literature. In the new century, children's literature has entered a pluralistic era and entered a state of strength team dispute and strength writer competition.

From the time of creation, both children's literature and the whole literary world have a natural alternation between the old and the young. However, the differences between the three generations in children's literature today seem to be more and more obvious and growing. There is a great difference between the writers' artistic concept and their concept of children's literature creation in the 1980s and the writers' artistic concept in the 1990s. The children's literature creation ideas of these writers who debuted in the new century are brand-new, which has a greater distance from the previous two generations. For example, the natural integration with the market and the recognition of the concept of "best seller" are things that writers rarely take the initiative to think about in the 1980 s, and even they are very taboo and rejected. But now writers try their best to make themselves have a huge market effect and a larger readership. Therefore, according to the past, the subjectivity of children's literature creation seems to have lost. But is the market just a "trap"? Is the pursuit of "entertainment" and "fashion" a complete artistic surrender or a kitsch artistic commitment? Under the situation of entertainment in the whole society, "literary entertainment" is the inevitable fate of writers. In fact, commercialization is the pursuit of fashion. Without popularity, there can be no commercialization and no industrial benefits. Therefore, it is inevitable that today's children's literature writers pursue market benefits and their creations become more and more commercialized and entertaining. In fact, without enough entertainment elements and market acceptance, the publishing industry will not give literary works opportunities and living space.

Authority weakening

For nearly half a century, children's literature has been growing in a circle that constantly produces "authority", and the "generation of writers" commonly used in literary criticism in the past are actually "generation of authoritative writers". For example, when we talk about the first generation writers of contemporary children's literature, we will talk about Zhang Tianyi, Yan Wenjing, Jin Jin, Chen Bochui and so on. When it comes to writers who appeared in the 1980s, Cao Wenxuan, Qin Wenjun, Zhang Zhilu and Chang Xingang will be listed. Today, there are more and more famous writers of children's literature, but their authority is disappearing. Network media and cultural system also strengthen the individual labor characteristics of writers' creation, so it is difficult for writers to follow an authoritative guidance. Writers' associations and other literary organizations lack direct contact with writers in economic interests, so it is difficult for writers to play a decisive role in entering the market and readers, so they cannot play a leading role.

For theoretical critics, if there is no brand-new discourse, they can't effectively form interaction and dialogue with writers, not only can't become masters of theoretical criticism, but also can't become an authority in the eyes of writers. Moreover, today's theoretical criticism of children's literature depends to a great extent on creation, and it is difficult to get rid of the promotion of children's literature by attending a new book conference.