What are destroyers, frigates and cruisers?

A large surface warship with various combat capabilities, mainly in the ocean. Main types of ships in combat vessels. It is used in maritime offensive and defensive operations, covering aircraft carrier formations and other fleet formations, defending ourselves or destroying enemy maritime traffic lines, attacking enemy ships, bases, ports and shore-based targets, providing fire support in landing operations, and undertaking the command task of maritime formation ships.

Cruisers are equipped with attack and defense weapon systems commensurate with their displacement, sophisticated detection and calculation equipment, and command and control communication systems. Divided into light guided missile cruisers and heavy guided missile cruisers according to the displacement; According to the power plant, it is divided into conventional power cruisers and nuclear-powered cruisers. Its full-load displacement is 0.5 ~ 30 thousand tons, and its maximum speed is 30 ~ 35 knots. It has high speed, great endurance and good seakeeping.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9th century, it was mainly armored cruisers and horizontal armored cruisers. During the First World War, cruisers with full displacement of 3,000 ~ 4,000 tons appeared. At the beginning of World War II, heavy cruisers (equipped with naval guns over 203 mm) and light cruisers (equipped with 152 mm naval guns) appeared, and later, large cruisers with full displacement of 27,000 tons and equipped with naval guns of 305 mm appeared ... In the early 1960s, the United States built nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers. Modern cruisers are generally equipped with ship-to-ship missiles, ship-to-air missiles, new naval guns, anti-submarine weapons and anti-submarine helicopters, as well as new radars and sonar. , constantly improve the anti-submarine and air defense capabilities, equipped with ship command and control automation system, with rapid response capabilities.

Cruiser is one of the most active warships with guns and missiles, and it is an older type of warship in the navy. It is mainly used to destroy the enemy's maritime traffic lines, join the formation to carry out maritime operations, protect their own maritime traffic lines, ensure the landing of landing soldiers, and lay mine obstacles.

Cruiser is a powerful and versatile surface ship and one of the main battle ships of modern navy. Can carry out mobile operations for a long time under bad weather conditions. It is equipped with an offensive and defensive weapon system, which is fast and has great endurance.

Early cruisers, like battleships, used naval guns as their main weapons. With the rise of ship-to-air carriers, cruisers once declined like battleships. The missile weapons and nuclear power devices that were born and widely loaded in the 1950s brought the cruisers back to life. In 1950s, the United States took the lead in equipping cruisers with missile weapons, and later built the world's first nuclear-powered cruiser "Long Beach". The former Soviet Union never stopped building large cruisers. France, Britain and Germany also attach great importance to the development of cruisers. In this way, by the early 1990s, there were still nine countries in the world with 85 cruisers.

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Destroyers are medium-sized warships with missiles, torpedoes and naval guns as their main weapons and various combat capabilities. It is one of the ships with strong assault force in the naval fleet, which is used to attack submarines and surface ships, fleet air defense, escort, reconnaissance patrol alert, mine laying and attack shore-based targets.

Among modern naval vessels, destroyers are the most widely used and have the largest number. They are medium-sized surface vessels, equipped with air-to-air, sea-to-sea, submarines and other weapons, and have various combat capabilities. Its displacement is between 2000-8500 tons and its speed is about 30-38 knots. Destroyers can perform tasks such as air defense, anti-submarine, anti-ship, ground attack, escort, reconnaissance, patrol, vigilance, mine laying, fire support and attack on shore targets, and are known as "versatile at sea".

Destroyer is a kind of ship developed with the appearance of torpedo boat. In the 65438+60' s, torpedo boats appeared, which were small in size and fast, and could pose a great threat to large enemy ships. In order to deal with torpedo boats, people built anti-torpedo boats-torpedo gunboats, which are the predecessors of destroyers. Subsequently, the torpedo gunboat, which constantly updated its equipment to improve its speed, was renamed torpedo boat destroyer, or destroyer for short. It has not only artillery devices, but also torpedo weapons, which can be used against enemy torpedo boats and other ships. During World War I, destroyers could sail with the fleet. Therefore, the destroyers at that time were also called "fleet destroyers". With the passage of time, the displacement of destroyers is increasing, from the initial 400 tons to more than 8,000 tons now; Speed increased to 38 knots. Many new naval weapons and equipment are mostly equipped on destroyers, and even some countries have built helicopter destroyers for anti-submarine.

19 in the 1990s, steam power plants made new progress. On the advice of a Arrowhead, the British navy built a warship with strong fighting power and high speed, which can effectively deal with torpedo boats. 1893, destroyers Hawok and Hodnet were launched with a displacement of 240 tons and a speed of 50 km/h, equipped with four naval guns and three torpedo tubes. They were the earliest destroyers in the world and the fastest warships at that time. Since then, navies of various countries have built destroyers one after another, and increased tonnage, enhanced firepower, improved endurance, and made them have stronger combat capabilities.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the displacement of armored ships (battleships) increased continuously, while destroyers lighter than cruisers undertook the tasks of reconnaissance, patrol and escort. During the First World War, due to the extensive use of submarines, the role of torpedo boats declined, so destroyers were more used for escort and anti-submarine fleet. During this period, the performance of the destroyer, such as firepower, speed and endurance, has been continuously improved, and the displacement has reached more than 1000 tons.

In the Second World War, destroyers that continued to be strengthened not only carried out anti-submarine escort missions, but also undertook more fleet air defense missions due to the rise of naval aviation. It has also played an important role in supporting island and coastal operations, transporting people and materials and patrolling bases. He has also participated in naval battles between fleets for many times, with outstanding performance, and is known as the "generalist at sea".

After 1950s, destroyers did not decline like battleships and cruisers. On the contrary, because of its flexibility and versatility, it has been highly valued by navies of various countries and is developing rapidly in the direction of missiles, electronics and command automation. Anti-submarine destroyers and air defense destroyers have a division of labor, and the tonnage of destroyers has also increased significantly. Large destroyers have a displacement of more than 6,000 tons, equivalent to light cruisers. Some destroyers are also equipped with anti-submarine helicopters.

Missile destroyer-The first missile destroyer in the world was the destroyer Mitchell built by the United States in 1953. It has a displacement of 5,200 tons and is equipped with "Tatar" air defense missiles. The earliest destroyer equipped with anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles was the guided missile destroyer "Cüneyt" launched by the United States 1958. The first nuclear-powered destroyer was the bainbridge built by the United States in 1962.

At present, about 30 countries in the world have 400 destroyers.

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Frigate is a medium or light warship with artillery, missiles and underwater weapons (torpedoes, mines and depth bombs) as its main weapons. It is mainly used for anti-submarine and air defense escort, as well as reconnaissance, alert patrol, mine laying, landing support and protection of military flanks, also known as escort ships. In modern naval formations, frigates are surface warships with tonnage and firepower second only to destroyers. Frigates, like battleships, cruisers and destroyers, are also traditional naval vessels. They are medium-sized surface ships with the largest number, the widest distribution and the most opportunities to participate in war in the world.

Early frigates had a displacement of 240-400 tons and were mainly equipped with naval guns to deal with submarines. Sometimes, even the hull is used to collide with enemy submarines. In World War II, the full-load displacement of frigates was 800 tons ~ 1300 tons, and the speed was 12 ~ 20 knots. Depth charges, torpedoes and mines are the main weapons, and sonar, radar, artillery and anti-aircraft guns are also equipped. Frigates can participate in naval battles and amphibious landing operations. Since the 1970s, frigates have been equipped with various missiles, which greatly improved their air defense and anti-ship capabilities. Modern frigates have a full displacement of 2,000-4,000 tons, a speed of 30-35 knots and an endurance of 500-600 nautical miles. They adopt a closed structure, have the ability of "five defenses" and have complete weapons and equipment. It is also equipped with various types of radar, sonar, automatic command system, weapon control system and ship-borne helicopter, which is responsible for long-range anti-submarine early warning and missile relay guidance.

The frigate is an ancient ship. As early as16th century, people called three-masted armed sailboats frigates. In the first world war of this century, German submarines ran around the sea, posing a great threat to the ships of the Allies. In order to protect the safety of maritime traffic lines, the Allies began to build a large number of frigates, and the tonnage, firepower and endurance of new frigates were improved. At that time, the largest frigate had a displacement of 1000 tons and a speed of 16 knots, and was capable of ocean-going operations.

During the Second World War, German submarines did the same thing and used the "wolf pack" tactics to attack allied ships, which caused heavy losses. Moreover, aircraft are increasingly becoming a serious threat to the fleet and transport fleet, which makes the demand for frigates greater and the tasks more diversified. As a corresponding strategy, the allied forces began to build a large number of frigates, which seriously threatened the fleet and transport fleet, making the demand for frigates greater and the tasks undertaken more diversified. Many countries have built frigates with better performance. Britain, the United States, France, Germany and Italy alone built as many as 1800 frigates, and as many as 2,000 during the whole war. The displacement reached 1.500 tons, and the speed was increased to 18-20 knots, which greatly improved the air defense and anti-submarine capabilities in escort. Frigates played an important role in anti-submarine, air defense and escort operations in World War II, and participated in mobile formation naval battles and amphibious landing operations many times. During this period, the frigate was fully loaded with 800- 1300 tons of water, equipped with 2-3 76- 127 mm naval guns and 8- 10 anti-aircraft guns, and equipped with torpedoes, mines, deep-water radar and sonar.

After World War II, frigates were mainly used for offshore patrol or fishing escort in addition to escorting large ships, and the equipment on board was gradually modernized. After the 1970s, missiles and helicopters began to be equipped on ships, and new concepts such as missile frigates appeared. At the same time, in order to meet the needs of third world countries in the 200-nautical-mile economic zone, a small frigate with a displacement of about 1000 tons was developed, with missiles as the main weapon. In addition, there is a small tonnage, usually only tens to hundreds of tons, used for coastal or river patrol alert.

Modern frigates are already medium-sized ships that can maneuver in the ocean, with a full displacement of 2,000-4,000 tons, a speed of 30-35 knots and an endurance of 4,000-7,500 nautical miles. Become the largest number of ships with a tonnage of more than 600 tons.

1904- 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese ships broke into the Russian naval base in Lushunkou many times, attacked Russian ships with torpedoes and artillery fire, laid mines, blocked the port with sunken ships, and restricted the movement of the Russian fleet. At first, the Russian fleet patrolled the port, and the number of destroyers was small. It also undertakes other tasks, and the tactical and technical performance of the modified civilian ship is poor. So after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia built the first batch of special frigates in the world. The original frigates had small displacement (400-600 tons), small gun caliber, weak firepower, poor wind and wave resistance and low speed, and were only suitable for offshore activities.

After 1950s, the development trend of frigates was similar to that of destroyers, and they developed towards large-scale, missile-oriented, electronic and command automation. Air defense, anti-submarine and radar early warning frigates have a special division of labor, and some frigates are also equipped with anti-submarine helicopters. The difference between modern frigates and destroyers is not obvious, but the former is slightly inferior to the latter in tonnage, firepower and endurance, and even large frigates in some countries are better than some destroyers in these aspects. At present, the displacement of frigates is generally 1500-4000 tons, and a few of them are more than 5000 tons.

Modern missile frigate is a medium-sized ship that can maneuver in the ocean. The full-load displacement is generally 2000-4000 tons, and some have reached 4900 tons. The speed is 30-35 knots and the endurance is 4000-7500 nautical miles. The main weapons are missiles, torpedoes, artillery and so on. , generally can carry 1 ~ 2 anti-submarine helicopters. According to different weapons and tasks, frigates can be divided into many types, such as air defense type, anti-submarine type and anti-ship type. At present, the largest frigate in the world is the third batch of 22-type "Dali" class frigates in Britain, reaching 4900 tons, which is even larger than the average destroyer. The "Dali" class is equipped with 8 harpoon anti-ship missiles, 115mm main guns, 4 30mm anti-aircraft guns and1set of "goalkeeper" near-defense weapon system. In addition, it is equipped with two six-pack "Sea Wolf" ship-to-air missile launchers, two triple-pack anti-submarine torpedo tubes and two "Sea King" anti-submarine helicopters.

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