How did the wine come from?

The chemical composition of liquor is ethanol, which generally contains a small amount of fusel alcohols and esters. The concentration of edible liquor is below 60 degrees (that is, 60%). After fractionation, liquor was purified to be more than 75% medical alcohol and more than 99.5% anhydrous alcohol. Wine is made from fermented grains. China was the first country to make wine. Brewing technology was invented as early as 2000, and it has been continuously improved. At present, it has developed to produce beverages and alcoholic beverages with various concentrations and tastes, and extracted medical alcohol with a concentration of over 95% and anhydrous alcohol with a concentration of 99.99% for industrial, medical and scientific experiments.

[Edit this paragraph] The Legend of Wine

There is an interesting legend. According to legend, wine was invented and manufactured by Du Kang, so how did he make wine? Why did he name this drink wine?

The story goes like this:

One day, Du Kang wanted to develop a drink, but he couldn't figure out how to make it. He had a strange dream when he slept at night. He dreamed that an old man with handsome hair came to him and said to him, "You take water as the source and grain as the material, and then on the ninth day when the grain is soaked in water, find three people, each of whom takes a drop of blood and adds it." Then the old man disappeared.

Du Kang woke up and did as the old man said. On the ninth day (5-7 o'clock), he went to the roadside to find three people. Soon came a scholar, gentle, modest and polite, and Du Kang hurried forward to explain his purpose. Unexpectedly, the scholar readily promised to cut his finger and drop a drop of blood in the bucket; After the scholar left, another group of people came, led by a mighty and heroic general. Du Kang came forward to explain his purpose. The general also threw off his arms and sleeves to hold Du Kang, cut his finger and dropped a drop of blood in the bucket. It's almost seven o'clock at this moment (in modern words, it's almost seven o'clock), but Du Kang hasn't found a third person yet. He's a little worried. On second thought, as long as he is human, he can't do it. So he found a lonely and stupid beggar in the village, held him down and pricked his finger with a drop of blood in the bucket. The miserable beggar shouted for a while and fainted for a while. With these three drops of blood, Du Kang finally got through it, but he was worried again. What's his name? He thought, there are three people's blood in this drink, and it is still dripping from time to time. Let's write "wine". How to pronounce? This was done on the ninth day. We took homophones and read wine (9). This is a legend about the origin of wine.

It is said that everyone will be influenced by these three people who drink and bleed: 1. Scholar's blood, first drink modest and polite, you let me respect you; 2. When the general drank almost the same amount of blood, he began to be brave and fearless like a general; At this last moment, the blood of a silly beggar may be as varied as that of a beggar.

This passage is purely entertainment, and has no other meaning. Everyone laughed it off. This is exactly what small wine is good for feelings and big wine is bad for health. I advise you not to drink too much.

[Edit this paragraph] The use of wine and alcohol

Edible wine is a health drink, which can promote blood circulation, dredge meridians and dispel wind and dampness. Medical alcohol is used for wound disinfection, edible alcohol is used for preparing oral drugs, and anhydrous alcohol is used for chemical reagents, chemical analysis and scientific experiments. Industrial alcohol is used as fuel and chemical raw materials to produce various chemical products.

[Edit this paragraph] The harm of wine to human body

1. Death: Alcohol can inhibit the respiratory center of the brain, leading to respiratory arrest. In addition, because it inhibits the decomposition of liver glycogen, it may also have a fatal effect on blood sugar.

2. Malabsorption syndrome causes various vitamin deficiencies, which indirectly leads to various nervous system injuries.

Liver injury: fatty liver caused by accumulation of liver fat.

4. Gastric ulcer: It can cause gastric bleeding and endanger life.

5. Nervous system damage: such as peripheral neuropathy.

6. Cerebral cortex atrophy: It is reported that some chronic alcoholics have cerebral cortex atrophy, and some patients have signs of mental decline.

7. Alcohol fetal syndrome group: the metabolism and excretion of alcohol in the fetus are slow, causing harm to the developing fetus.

The influence of alcoholism on family life

1. Emotional excitability, temper tantrums, poor judgment control, easy to conflict with people, sensitive to external stimuli, and high crime rate.

2. Spouses and children are often the targets of violence.

3. Mental trance affects work efficiency.

4. The alienation of relatives and friends makes alcoholics suffer more frustration and pressure and become more self-destructive.

Drunk driving is the chief culprit of family tragedy caused by traffic accidents.

Alcohol has different effects on different people. Most people think that alcohol is a stimulant, however, from a medical point of view, alcohol is a sedative: it will slow down your reaction time and confuse your ability to judge exercise and distance. Even drunk, even walking and talking is a problem.

It is important to know that alcohol is a drug and addictive. The more you drink, the more you want to drink, and the more you need to drink to get instant pleasure and happiness from wine. However, this is a vicious circle; Because after drinking it, you will have a hangover and a bad headache. The main reason is dehydration: alcohol allows water to leave your body cells and enter the blood and urine. [ 1]

Not only that, after a few years, alcohol will lead to cirrhosis, and some results will be like brain injury, stomach disease, vitamin deficiency, hypertension, depression and so on. It is very dangerous for pregnant women to drink alcohol. Even if the mother's blood contains a small amount of alcohol, it may lead to mental retardation or other birth defects.

The influence of alcoholism on society

The social cost of alcoholism is staggering. Alcohol has caused the loss of millions of working days, which is directly related to many industrial accidents and is usually a factor of suicide. The victims of alcohol are often other innocent people, not the drinkers themselves. For example, drunk driving shows indifference to human life, not only to the driver and his passengers, but also to the lives of innocent people.

There are different opinions about whether alcohol is beneficial or harmful to the cardiovascular system. Some alcoholics drink more and more on the grounds that alcohol can pass through blood vessels, and their addiction to alcohol is growing. There is a qualitative and quantitative problem of not knowing the benefits of alcohol on cardiovascular system, that is, drinking a small amount of low-alcohol is beneficial to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, while drinking a large amount is harmful to health.

Some experts believe that drinking a small amount of alcohol is like a disease. Puxi? Hey? A little bottle friend? Brown pheasant DL-C (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) is related to the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Among many liquors, red wine is superior to white wine and other liquors in preventing cardiovascular diseases. As for the amount of alcohol consumed, it is best not to exceed 50 ml per day.

It is reversible that the systolic function of healthy people can be reduced after drinking alcohol. In addition, drinking alcohol can also accelerate the heart rate and dilate peripheral blood vessels, which is unfavorable to some patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Some healthy people may have supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmia after drinking a lot. Because it mostly happens after drinking heavily on holidays, this syndrome is called "holiday heart disease", which is caused by alcohol and sympathetic nerve excitement, and can gradually return to normal after abstinence.

Long-term heavy drinking will lead to heart failure, which is characterized by enlarged ventricles and low left ventricular systolic function. The appearance and regression of pathological changes are related to drinking. When you stop drinking, heart failure can be improved or at least not further deteriorated, but it will recur after drinking again. If this happens repeatedly, it will cause irreversible damage to the myocardium, even after abstinence, there will be progressive deterioration of cardiac function, which will lead to "alcoholic cardiomyopathy".

In addition, the incidence of atrial fibrillation in alcoholics is also high. This kind of atrial fibrillation caused by alcoholism can be reversed or stabilized if alcohol can be stopped early. Alcohol is a food with pure heat energy. Long-term heavy drinking will increase weight, affect the process of glucose metabolism in the body and increase the production of triglycerides. Obesity and hyperlipidemia are both risk factors for coronary heart disease. Therefore, long-term heavy drinking will increase the prevalence and mortality of coronary heart disease in heavy drinkers.

It is not difficult to see that drinking a small amount of low-alcohol wine has positive significance for preventing cardiovascular diseases; Drinking a lot of hard liquor for a long time is extremely harmful to health. In view of the harm of drinking to digestive system, central nervous system and reproductive system, and a series of traffic and social problems that may be caused by drinking, relevant experts suggest not to take moderate drinking as one of the measures to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Advise you not to drink too much, and middle-aged people with drinking habits should limit and reduce drinking; On holidays or when friends and relatives get together, it is advisable to drink low-alcohol wine. Patients with cardiovascular diseases must abstain from drinking alcohol, and children and adolescents should not drink alcohol.

In addition to the immediate impact of one-time excessive drinking (commonly known as drunkenness), repeated heavy drinking will also cause a variety of serious long-term diseases. We summarize the effects of drinking on various organs of the human body as follows.

cerebrum

A small amount of alcohol can make people feel excited, alert and focused, but the actual results show that this is not the case. Drinking a small amount of alcohol has a sedative effect, while drinking more alcohol has serious harm to memory, attention, judgment, function of municipalities directly under the central government and emotional response. Drinking too much can lead to slurred speech, blurred vision and loss of balance.

liver

Long-term heavy drinking will inevitably lead to cirrhosis. The diseased liver can no longer handle nutrients from the digestive tract and drugs ingested by the human body. There are many symptoms of cirrhosis, and they are diffuse. These symptoms include edema (fluid stagnation, bloating) and stomach jaundice (yellow skin and white eyes).

skin

Alcohol is a vasodilator, which can dilate blood vessels on the body surface. In addition to making you look flushed, it will also make your body tissues radiate heat excessively, which will cause you to be cold (hypothermia) in cold weather.

heart

People who drink a lot will develop cardiomyopathy, which means that the muscle tissue of the heart becomes weak and damaged.

stomach

Drinking a lot at a time will make you feel uncomfortable with acute gastritis, and drinking a lot continuously will lead to more serious chronic gastritis.

sex organ

Alcohol can make men impotent. For pregnant women, even a small amount of alcohol will increase the risk of physical defects of unborn babies.

How much is drinking too much?

The question should be: how much wine is enough to drink? The influence of alcohol on the body and mind depends on its concentration in the blood. Alcohol enters the blood through the digestive system and stays in the blood until it is decomposed by the liver or excreted with urine. The decline rate of alcohol concentration in blood is quite stable. In any case, no matter how long you are affected, as long as alcohol reaches a peak in your blood, it will be excreted from your body as long as alcohol leaves those affected people slower or faster than you. However, the rising speed of alcohol concentration in blood varies from case to case. Therefore, if you want to prevent the excessive increase of alcohol content in blood, you should think of the following factors when drinking.

People with big bodies have more blood than people with small bodies. In the case of drinking the same amount, the alcohol concentration in the blood of people with large bodies rises slowly, and its total concentration is relatively low.

Eating food in the stomach while drinking will slow down the speed at which alcohol is inhaled into the blood. If you eat while drinking (or eat some food before attending a social gathering), you can temporarily slow down the speed of alcohol absorption. Of course, you also eat more calories.

Types and drinking speed of alcohol The slower you drink, the less intense the influence of alcohol. If you drink whiskey, a lot of alcohol will increase the alcohol concentration in your blood, which is much faster than drinking beer. If you take a swig of whisky, its alcohol will be quickly absorbed by your system. If you sip a glass of beer slowly, the alcohol in the beer may have dissipated by the time you finish it.

The body's tolerance for frequent drinking will make you gradually "adapt" to the situation that there is a lot of alcohol in your blood, and your brain will "get used to" soaking in alcohol all day. As a result, if you have been drinking for many years, you may be able to drink normally and behave normally, but if you let someone who drinks less than you drink your blood, he will definitely show drunkenness. The appearance is unreliable. Alcoholics may speak neatly and clearly, but their driving ability will still be impaired and their brains and bodies will continue to suffer.

The unfortunate consequence of increasing tolerance is that you must maintain the alcohol concentration in your blood. Moreover, you will gradually need more alcohol to achieve the effect of drinking. It is precisely because of this dependence that some people gradually degenerate into alcoholics (drinking addiction).

Another thing to remember is that the alcohol content in the blood is accumulated over a period of time.

Eating while drinking, eating food while drinking, and even eating snacks when attending social gatherings can slow down the speed of alcohol absorption, so that the amount of alcohol in the blood gradually increases, and its peak value is lower than that when drinking on an empty stomach.

Excessive drinking has not only led to countless tragic events, but also seriously affected the image of individuals and even countries. Former Russian President Yeltsin is one of them.

It is said that one day in September, 1994, Yeltsin, then Russian President, flew back to Moscow from Washington and was scheduled to have a 40-minute meeting with Irish Prime Minister Reynolds. The day before he left Washington, US President Bill Clinton hosted a banquet for him. Although there is no wine on the table, there is everything in it. Yeltsin only ate a small piece of meat, but raised his glasses frequently, and the cups bottomed out. After the wine reached the top, Yeltsin talked a lot, saying a lot of rude words and "three-level jokes." The translator racked his brains to "purify" the dirty words he said. When the plane approached the Shannon airport, Yeltsin woke up, and his wife handed him a shirt, but his buttoned hand never listened. The accompanying officials saw something bad. After some discussion, they decided to let the Deputy Prime Minister have a brief meeting with Reynolds on behalf of the President. When the Vice Premier got off the plane, Yeltsin said to the accompanying officials in tears, "What you did made me lose face in front of the whole world." .

Minimize the harm of alcohol.

"This wine looks like water. Eating spicy food in your mouth is haunted in your stomach. You stumble when you walk, get up in the middle of the night to find water, and get up in the morning to regret it! " This is the truest portrayal of excessive drinking. However, when drinking is inevitable, how can people minimize the harm of alcohol to their health?

Don't neglect the preparation before drinking.

Before drinking, you need to make two preparations:

"One is to choose the best drink.

The second is to eat something before drinking.

The benefits of drinking:

If you drink alcohol in moderation, have some good food and feel comfortable, you will often turn harm into benefit and receive unexpected benefits. Because alcohol needs a variety of enzymes and vitamins when it is decomposed by the liver, the higher the alcohol content of the wine, the more enzymes and vitamins the body consumes, so it should be supplemented in time. Fresh vegetables, fresh fish, lean meat, beans and eggs can all be used as side dishes.

Salted fish, sausages, bacon and other foods, because they contain pigments and nitrite, will not only harm the liver when reacting with alcohol, but also easily damage the oral cavity and esophageal mucosa, so it is not appropriate to use them as side dishes too much.

Drinking only without vegetables will affect your liver.

Some people only drink alcohol and don't eat vegetables, which will make their liver suffer. From the perspective of health care, the higher the alcohol content of wine, the more you should eat dishes rich in animal protein, which is also a trick to drink. All the hepatoprotective drugs sold in the market contain methionine and choline.

There are a lot of methionine and choline in animal foods and bean products such as beef, roast chicken and fish. So eating these foods is equivalent to taking liver-protecting drugs. Alkaline foods, such as cold dishes, vegetables and fruits mixed with vinegar, are also beneficial to protect the liver.

In addition, wine and meat are both acidic foods. Drinking alcohol and eating some alkaline foods such as vegetables can neutralize acidity, thus reducing the burden on the liver. It is also beneficial to eat more fish, chicken, tofu and lobster sauce when drinking.

If you are thirsty after drinking, you can eat some fruit.

Alcohol has diuretic effect and can excrete salt with urine. In order to supplement the salt lost in the body, it is best to drink a glass of light salt water after drinking alcohol in the morning. Because of the diuretic effect of wine itself, and the salt in dishes increases the blood concentration, it is easy to feel thirsty after drinking. At this time, drinking water one after another is not good for the liver.

The best way is to eat some fruits, which can not only neutralize the acidity, but also promote the burning of alcohol in the body, thus reducing its toxicity to the liver.

Eating while drinking and supplementing enough carbohydrates can reduce the occurrence of alcoholic fatty liver. Eating some vegetables while drinking can also reduce the burden on the liver. Vinegar mixed with cold dishes and fruits are good choices. They can neutralize alcohol, and the sugar in fruit can accelerate the burning of alcohol in the body. At the same time, supplementing important antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and trace element selenium can also reduce the toxicity of alcohol to the liver.

Healthy drinking:

Four things to pay attention to when drinking.

Drinking, like eating and drinking, has a lot of attention and knowledge. If you master the tricks of drinking and learn to drink correctly and scientifically, it will not only harm your health, but also be beneficial to your health. From the perspective of the best time, the best variety, the best quantity and the best side dishes, the following is the best way to drink.

◎ Optimum drinking time.

It is not suitable for drinking in the morning and evening of the day, especially in the morning. Because in the morning, the concentration of alcohol dehydrogenase, an enzyme that decomposes alcohol secreted by the stomach, is the lowest. Drinking the same amount of wine is absorbed more by the human body, resulting in a higher alcohol concentration in the blood. (Find out why alcohol makes people drunk) It does great harm to the liver, brain and other organs.

It is safer to drink after 14 every afternoon, especially after 15~ 17. At this time, people are not only sensitive, but also have a strong tolerance for alcohol because they eat a lot of food at lunch, which increases the sugar contained in their blood. So drinking at this time is less harmful to the human body. In addition, drinking alcohol on an empty stomach, before going to bed or when catching a cold is also very harmful to the human body, especially white wine. (Extended question: Is drinking liquor more harmful to your health than drinking other liquors? )

◎ The best kind.

There are many kinds of wine, including white wine, beer, yellow wine and wine. From the point of view of human health, red wine in fruit wine is the most beneficial to human health. According to research, red wine contains a plant pigment called quercitrin. This pigment has the dual functions of anti-oxygen and inhibiting platelet coagulation, which can keep the elasticity of blood vessels and the smooth flow of human blood, so it is not easy to cause heart ischemia, so drinking red wine often can reduce the incidence of heart disease. A Dutch doctor observed 805 men and found that if you drink red wine regularly, your risk of heart disease will be reduced by half. The French benefit from fewer heart attacks. Although liquor is related to it, it has little protective effect on the heart because of the loss of quercitrin during brewing.

◎ The optimal amount of drinking.

The alcohol that human liver can metabolize every day is about per kilogram of body weight 1 gram. A person weighing 60 kilograms should be allowed to drink less than 60 grams of alcohol every day. Those under 60 kg should be reduced accordingly, and it is best to master about 45 grams. Converted into various finished wines, it should be: 50g of 60-degree liquor, 250ml of beer 1kg and whisky. Although red wine is good for your health, don't drink too much. It is better to drink 2 to 3 small glasses every day.

◎ The best table wine for drinking.

The harm of alcohol to the body is closely related to the concentration of alcohol in the blood. When drinking on an empty stomach, the alcohol concentration in the blood often rises sharply, which is harmful to the human body. Choosing an ideal side dish when drinking can not only satisfy the drinker's taste, but also reduce the harm of alcohol to human body. Judging from the metabolic law of alcohol, the best side dishes are foods with high protein and vitamins. Because alcohol needs a variety of enzymes and vitamins when it is decomposed by the liver, the higher the alcohol content, the more enzymes and vitamins it consumes, so it should be supplemented in time. Foods rich in methionine and choline are particularly beneficial, such as eating more fresh vegetables, fresh fish, lean meat, beans and eggs when drinking. Attention! Never use salted fish, smoked sausage, bacon and other foods as side dishes, because smoked food contains a lot of pigments and nitrosamines, which react with alcohol in the human body, which is not only harmful to the liver, but also damages the oral cavity and esophageal mucosa, and even induces cancer.

[Edit this paragraph] Dietotherapy value

A beverage prepared from rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, etc. And koji. It is produced all over China. Due to the different conditions of raw materials, brewing and storage, there are many kinds. According to the method of brewing, liquor can be divided into distilled liquor and non-distilled liquor. The former can be found in common liquor. The latter includes yellow rice wine, yellow rice wine and wine. There are many famous wines in China, such as Moutai, Dongjiu, Luzhou Daqu, Wuliangye, Jiannanchun, Quanxing Daqu, Fenjiu, xifeng liquor, Gu Jing Winery, Red Rose Wine, Liquor and Zhuyeqing. Liquor, rice wine or rice wine can be used as medicine. Ordinary white wine is the mainstay here.

[medicinal properties] pungent, sweet and flat. It can promote blood circulation, dispel cold, strengthen the spirit and enhance the drug efficacy.

In addition, yellow wine can warm the spleen and stomach, and yellow wine has a certain nourishing effect.

[Reference] All alcoholic beverages contain ethanol. Distilled liquor (white wine) contains 50-70% ethanol, while non-distilled liquor contains lower ethanol, which is 15-20%.

Distilled liquor also contains higher alcohols, fatty acids, aldehydes, esters and a small amount of volatile acids and nonvolatile acids. For example, northeast sorghum liquor contains formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, rongyl acetate and rongyl butyrate, and a small amount of propanol, butanol and rongol. Non-distilled liquor, such as Shaoxing rice wine, also contains organic acids, sugars, glycerol, esters and aldehydes; Yellow rice wine also contains more sugars, organic acids and so on.

A small amount of alcohol and alcohol with low alcohol content (about 10%) can increase the secretion of saliva and gastric juice and promote gastrointestinal digestion and absorption. Ethanol is absorbed quickly in the gastrointestinal tract, and low-concentration wine is easier to absorb than high-concentration wine. Most of the ethanol entering the body is completely oxidized, releasing heat, and a small amount of unoxidized ethanol is mainly discharged through the kidneys and lungs. Proper amount of ethanol can promote blood circulation and dilate blood vessels in the skin, so it often makes the skin ruddy and warm, but it can't last long, and eventually the heat dissipates. Ethanol can weaken the inhibitory function of the brain, showing a long-term excited state. Non-distilled liquor has different degrees of nutrition and tonic effects.

【 Usage 】 Used for arthralgia syndrome, adverse meridians, limb pain and contracture; Chest pain, chest yang failure, dull pain in the chest, or chest pain in the back; Blood stasis syndrome or yin-cold syndrome; After fatigue, the body is tired and the limbs are sore.

[Usage] Drink directly or warm. Decoct with medicine or mix with liquid medicine, take some pills and powder, and soak some food and medicine.

【 Precautions 】 Alcohol with high alcohol content should not be taken by patients with damp-heat or phlegm-dampness, blood loss, yin deficiency and hemorrhoids. Drinking alcohol is also forbidden for diseases such as nerve, mental illness, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and tuberculosis. In addition, drinking on an empty stomach is not advisable. Women should not drink alcohol during pregnancy (so as not to affect fetal health).

Excessive drinking in a short period of time can lead to acute alcoholism, which is characterized by irritability, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, coma, pale face, slow breathing, fast and weak pulse and hypothermia, and must be treated in time; Long-term heavy drinking can also cause chronic alcoholism, mental retardation and apathy, vitamin deficiency, chronic gastritis, heart, liver and kidney degeneration, neuritis, cirrhosis and other diseases. Long-term drinking is also considered to be a cause of digestive tract tumors.