(A) the war before the Qin and Han Dynasties

1. The Battle of Zhuolu in Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor

The Yellow Emperor originated in Jishui, north of Weihe River, and took the bear as the totem, so he was called Xiong's family. Because he lives in Xuanyuan Mountain, he is also called Xuanyuan Stone. Later, he settled in Huashan area, where ancient Chinese characters were interlinked with flowers, forming a tribe with flowers as its totem.

Distribution map of military pass in history

In the early days, Emperor Yan was still active in Jiang Shui, the west branch of the upper Weihe River. Maybe they moved eastward earlier and have reached Hebei Plain. The Yellow Emperor mainly developed in northern Shaanxi, and then entered the Weihe River to expand eastward, so the two families clashed in the east of Taihang Mountain. There were three wars between them in Zhuolu, and Emperor Yan was defeated. The two are integrated, and the "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" come from this.

Shaanxi version, Yan Di, also known as Shennong, moved from Weishui to Yangtou Mountain in the north of Changzhi to settle down. He tasted a hundred herbs, knew about grains, and taught the people to cultivate crops. At the foot of the mountain, there are Shennong Spring and Shennong Well. Later, it developed westward in Yuncheng area, under the name of Xia (Jianxia County). Extending to the Hebei plain, it fought with Chiyou, the leader of Miao nationality in the north and south, and turned to Huangdi tribe for help after defeat. At this time, the battle of Zhuolu happened. The allied forces defeated Chiyou in Banquan, south of Yuncheng, killed Chiyou and dismembered him, and then got to know the place name of the state. There is no war between the Flower Family of the Yellow Emperor and the Xia Family, and the two sides unite to form an alliance, so they are called "Chinese sons and daughters".

In a word, in the tribal society, there was a battle of Zhuolu, whether it was the battle of Yanhuang or the battle of Chiyou, and it is still inconclusive. It happened in Taihang Mountain in Shandong Province. There was a deer county in the west of Shijiazhuang in modern times. Perhaps that was the ancient battlefield. We think the Shanxi version is more reliable. Where is the battle with Chiyou? According to official records, the battle between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou took place in Zhuolu, north of Taihang Mountain. Archaeological excavations show that there are place names of Huangdi City and Chiyou Well. So the war should be fought here.

First of all, when an ancient city is discovered by archaeology, why can it be proved to be Huangdi City? There was no written record at that time, and it may be the capital of other tribes. Secondly, it is recognized that Chiyou comes from the south. Why did he cross Badaling and catch up with the small basin in the north? Since the Yellow Emperor admitted that Jishui originated in the north of Weihe River, how could he go so far to build a city? In the battle of Zhuolu, the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in Hebei Plain, and Chiyou occupied a large plain, which was enough. Why do you have to chase them to Banquan in Huailai Basin? This doesn't make sense logically. Moreover, Badaling is high and steep, and it is puzzling how the chariot of the Yellow Emperor passed.

If Emperor Yan settled in Changzhi and developed to Yuncheng, with the benefits of salt, both Yan and Huang could share it. Then it is natural for Yanhuang to return to Yuncheng after the defeat and fight Chiyou in Nanbanquan of Yuncheng to defend the salt pond. Chiyou occupied Hebei Plain, so it was more reasonable to plunder the scarce salt resources in Banquan.

2. Taihang Mountain in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

Xia, Shang and ancient dynasties were a loose federation. At that time, small countries or vassal States had no obvious national boundaries and no long-term garrison. The so-called country is made up of some towns, the regular army is owned only by the monarch, and the rest are made up of wartime soldiers. In addition, at that time, the capital countries and even Xia and Shang countries often moved. This is due to extensive agricultural production methods.

During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, although we entered the agricultural society, the mode of production was extensive. We dug a pit with a knife to plant seeds, and fertilized the field by relying on the original fertility of the land and the ashes (rich in potassium) after the fire. At that time, we probably didn't know how to fertilize, so after planting for seven or eight years, the fertility in the field was exhausted and there was almost no crop harvest. I can only be forced to move to another place to set fire to the wasteland. Therefore, agricultural production mode belongs to wandering farming type. This is very similar to the rotation system implemented later. After several years of land waste, plants and trees are flourishing, and Tian Li is very fat, so it cultivates on it again. This mode of production determines that the village often walks back and forth. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, even the capital of the tribal alliance moved a lot. For example, in the Xia Dynasty, the capital moved from Dengfeng, Henan (then called Yangcheng) to Anyi, Yuncheng, then to Puyang in the southeast (then called Diqiu), then to Jiyuan, then to Kaifeng (then called Laoqiu), and finally to Xihe (now Anyang South) on the north bank of the Yellow River. The capital of Shang Dynasty also moved back and forth six or seven times. Most of these migrations were in the middle and lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River, and sometimes they entered Shanxi, but only in Hedong.

In the late Zhou Dynasty, the emperor's power was not strong, and vassal states often merged. By the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Jin had become a powerful country at that time, and it expanded its development direction, mainly in the southeast of Taihang Mountain, and often went out from Taihang Mountain in the east to northern Henan, or crossed the Yellow River in the south to the east of Longdong and northwest Henan to March and fight. According to the situation of the Eight Masters of Taihang Mountain, Taniguchi, Taihang Mountain and Jiguan are common places for troops to cross Taihang Mountain. Baekje is too dangerous. Jingxing was still a remote place in the Spring and Autumn Period, but it was not important in the Warring States Period.

After the Battle of Chengpu in Chu Jin (632 BC), the State of Jin finally developed into an equal with the State of Qin and the State of Chu. At that time, Qin Jin often formed an alliance with Chu and fought against Chu in the south. After Jin arrived, there was a friction with Qin, so there was a war with Ma Tunnel (in the period of 578 BC), and the place of the war was in the north of Jingyang, Shaanxi. There was a battle between Pingyin and Qi (in 555 BC, Pingyin was in Pingyin County, Shandong Province).

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Jin and Chu were four great powers. In 546 BC, together with Chu, Zheng, Lu, Chen, Zheng and other small countries 13, they gathered in Song State and unanimously elected Chu as the ally, followed by Jin State. In order to seek peace, small countries paid tribute to these two big countries every year. At this time, the hegemony of the state of Jin has begun to decline. Since then, the influence of the six families in Jin has been expanding. By 490 BC, the result of the infighting gradually changed from the separation of powers between the six ministers to the dictatorship of the four ministers, and the status of the Jin king was in jeopardy. Later, Zhao, Wei and Han jointly destroyed Zhi Bo, leaving only three Liu Qing. In 403 BC, King Lie of Zhou officially made Wei Si, Evonne and Han Yu vassals, and Jin disappeared after three points. This is the origin of Shanxi Sanjin today. The era of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period was finally formed.

From then on, the northern part of Shanxi belongs to Zhao, the south-central part to Wei and the south of the Yellow River to South Korea. Shanxi belongs to Qin in the west, Yan in the northeast, Zhao in the southwest and Chu in the south of Han and Wei. This is the position of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period. At this time, the areas of Zhao and Wei all crossed the Taihang Mountain, and parts of South Korea also crossed the Taihang Mountain. It can be seen that the danger of Taihang Mountain can't stop Jin's eastward expansion, but there was no major war in Taihang Mountain during the Spring and Autumn Period, because the rugged mountain road was not conducive to military operations. So all the great wars that can go down in history took place in the plains.

3. Taihang Mountain when Qin swallowed the Six Kingdoms.

When the Seven Heroes of the Warring States were tied together, the State of Qin became increasingly powerful because of Shang Yang's political reform, and it was difficult for Dong Chang to attack the other six countries. Therefore, Su Qin suggested that the six countries unite to fight against the State of Qin, which is called alliance. Later, the State of Qin sent Zhang Yi to say that the six countries cooperated with the State of Qin, and the State of Qin adopted the strategy of attacking near and far friends, wishing benefits to distant countries so that they would not help the attacked countries, that is, breaking the "alliance" by the method of "Lian Heng", so the State of Qin gradually expanded eastward.

Qin Yong's famous soldier Leitian defeated the Korean-Wei Coalition forces in Luoyang West, killing 240,000 enemies; Later, Chu was broken (in Du Ying, Hubei). Then the main force went north to attack Wei Han first, and then went to Shangdang area in the hinterland of Taihang, using deviant tactics to make Zhao use Zhao Kuo instead of Lian Po, an armchair strategist. As a result, in the battle of Changping (now Gaoping), Qin trapped more than 400 thousand Zhao soldiers.

Qin Shihuang unified the six countries. Although the army did not have a major battle at the checkpoint on the Taihang Mountain watershed, both the Great Wall and the Pass were built on the border during the Warring States Period. Weixi has the Great Wall of North and South Shaanxi; There is also the Great Wall at the junction of South Korea and South Chu in Henan and Hubei. In the north, there is the ancient Great Wall between Zhao Yan and Xiongnu (located in the north of today's Great Wall of Shanxi and Mongolia); The early Great Wall also crossed Shandong between Qilu and Qilu. Between Yan and Zhao in Taihang Mountain area, the Great Wall is built in the upper reaches of Tanghe River and Juma River, so there should be two checkpoints: Zijingguan and Daomaguan. At that time, there was an ancient place name Yangchangban in the central-south section, indicating that it had become a popular cockroach at this time and was also a dangerous road for marching.

Judging from the construction of the Great Wall in various countries, at this time, countries are not limited to certain towns, but have exact borders to protect scattered agricultural land and pastures in communities. It can be further speculated that the boundary is no longer an empty line on the map, but is often divided according to rivers and mountains. When the border is in the plain area, if it is not divided by artificial buildings such as ditches and roads, it will have to be divided by villages and buildings. At this time, in addition to friends and neighbors, the border was guarded by soldiers and Ding Zhuang, who were scattered at important passes, dangerous places, ferries and major intersections. These later developed into passes.

Zhao Greatwall Ruins