Who knows the ancient knowledge?

Which dynasty are you talking about? Every dynasty is different. . But I know something. .

The answer to the second question: heavenly stems and earthly branches is 22 Chinese characters used in ancient times, including ten heavenly stems, namely A, B, D, E, G, N and N; There are twelve branches, namely Zi Chou Yin Mao and Tatsumi Shen You Xu Hai at noon.

The combination of the two forms 60 nails, which cycle year, month and day. According to the age of 60, we can work out the specific year, month, day and time. In the use of timing, because a day is twenty-four hours, which happens to be twelve o'clock in ancient times, the conversion relationship between two hours and one hour is formed, specifically:

From 23: 00 midnight to midnight 1: 00, it is ugly, 3-5: 00 Yin Shi, 5-7: 00 Shi Mao, 7-9: 00 Chen Shi, 9-1/kloc-0 Shi Si,1/kloc. 15- 17 is the application time, 17- 19 is the unitary time, 19-2 1 is the time, and 2 1-23 is the time.

In addition to this timing method, another branch timing method is also related to the calculation of branch days, forming a sixty-branch timing method, that is, the date of Jiaxu begins with A, when it becomes Jiazi, it becomes ugly, when it becomes ugly, and so on. When the date of B Geng begins with C, it becomes C; Bing Xin Tian began with e and became a pentathlon. Ding Ren's days began with Geng and he became a boxer. When Pentecost began with nonyl, it became nonyl. In this way, 60 days of heavenly stems have formed a complete chronological method, and everyone will have a definite date of birth consisting of four groups of heavenly stems and eight characters, which is called "eight characters" for short.

The third question, the first question: different dynasties, women get married at different times. . Yes, in ancient times, women's 14 age and women's clothes were signs of adulthood, and they could get married and have children. Therefore, the average life expectancy of ancient people was short, which should be about 60 years old in the Tang and Song Dynasties and 65 years old in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

As for injuries, there must be. For example, in addition to maternal health, the high infant mortality rate can also explain some problems.

Six small problems: weapons shop, blacksmith shop, restaurant, teahouse, ceramic tile

Question 7: It's all because of the territorial dispute, trying to unify the world and claim the title of emperor.

Eighth question: relatives can't get married, because they are related by blood, so the children born become fools.

Question 9: The form of wood structure from ancient times to Han Dynasty is still not fully understood and is still being explored. From Banpo Site in Shang Dynasty to Panlongcheng Site, Joo Won? Architectural Site in Western Zhou Dynasty, Ritual Architecture in Han Dynasty, Stone Que, etc. Although there are restoration studies, no systematic conclusions can be drawn, only some threads can be seen: ① The tombs of Yin and Shang Dynasties all adopt well-dry structure, which has not been widely adopted by later generations, but occupies an important position in the history of wood structure development. (2) From the Shang Dynasty to the ruins of the Warring States Palace, the layout of the plane column network has been excavated, which is arranged vertically and horizontally, but not horizontally. Based on this, it can be inferred that the roof truss structure was mainly longitudinal truss, which was still in use until the Han Dynasty, so longitudinal truss should be a widely used structural form in the early days. Later, in Liao and Jin Dynasties, the vertical frame was occasionally used to support the horizontal frame, which was an improved vertical frame. (3) From the Western Zhou Dynasty, the bucket arch was used as a component to combine columns and beams, and then it gradually developed into a complex structural form of bucket arch and corner paving (see bucket arch).

At present, the earliest records about specific structural forms are three kinds of hall structure, hall structure and cluster angle beam structure in Architectural Style of Song Dynasty. According to the existing examples, it can be inferred that these three structures have been widely used at least in the early Tang Dynasty. Their characteristics are as follows.

Hall structure: the whole structure is divided into three integral structural layers: column, pavement and roof, which are installed layer by layer from bottom to top and stacked layer by layer. If you build a building, you only need to increase the number of columns and lay the floor (sit flat). Houses with this structure are all rectangular in plan view. There are four kinds of land sub-troughs, namely, the bottom trough of the golden box bucket, the double trough, the single trough and the bottom trough of the distracted bucket.

Hall structure: horizontal and vertical roof truss. Each roof truss consists of several columns and beams with different lengths, which are only used for paving on eaves columns. Every two roof trusses are connected into a room through rafters, rafters, etc. The number of rooms in each house is not limited, as long as the number of rafters and the plane length of the corresponding step truss are required. The number and combination of beams and columns used in each roof truss can be different, and it is not necessary to specify the plane form. The hall structure is simpler than the hall structure, but it is not suitable for building multi-storey houses. Building small-scale houses without paved hall structure is called "column-beam structure", which is widely used. In the existing examples, there is also a form of comprehensive hall structure, such as the main hall of Fengguo Temple, which is composed of columns, beams and pavements in vertical, horizontal and vertical directions, which are intertwined to form a whole. The construction is complex and difficult, and it was not used again in Liao and Jin Dynasties.

Cluster corner beam structure: used for buildings with regular circular or polygonal plane. The corner beam on each column head intersects with the middle beam (Leigong column) to form a circular or square conical roof.

Schematic diagram of Song-style cluster angle beam frame

In the official buildings of Ming and Qing dynasties, the hall structure is only superficial, but in fact it is a hall structure, which is called "big wood and big money" The widely used "column and beam works" are called "big wooden small letters". Cluster corner beams, called "gathering points", are often used in small pavilions.

In addition, in the Yangtze River basin and the southeast and southwest regions, it is customary to use barrel-piercing frames. It belongs to the horizontal and vertical roof truss with the hall structure, but the beam of the hall structure is raised and shortened step by step to bear the weight of purlin and roof, so it is called girder frame. Bucket frame is directly supported by columns, without beams, and purlins between columns are just a connecting member.

Component type: Big wood, as a structural component, can be divided into 12 according to its function. Among them, Arch, Ang, Jue Tou and Dou belong to four paving components.

Song dynasty girder lifting frame

According to the "building method", the following is introduced:

1 shape. The inner and outer columns of the palace-shaped frame are the same height, there is a horizontal pavement above the column head, and another beam runs through the depth direction of the whole house and overlaps with the slope of the roof. The columns in the hall-style frame are raised, and there are no beams running through the whole house in the depth direction, so shorter beams are stacked between the columns.

2 columns. Mostly spindle-shaped, the pillars around the eaves have rising and lateral feet.

③ beam. Exposed beams are called exposed beams, beams covered by smallpox are called grass beams, and some exposed beams are processed into moon beams. According to the length and position of each beam, such as eaves, chests, flat beams, tie rods, etc. The length of beam is in rafters, and rafters refer to the horizontal length of rafters above two volts. Generally, the length of a beam is several rafters, which are called eaves. But there are two rafters at the top of the frame, which are called flat beams, and the one between the inner and outer columns is called milk couch, which is above the milk couch.

4 pave the way. The bucket arch at the intersection of beam and column forms pavement, which can not only strengthen the integrity of the frame, but also skillfully absorb and transmit loads from different directions, and is an important part of the beam-lifting frame.

Beam lifting framework in Qing dynasty

According to the engineering practice of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the following are introduced:

Qingqi 'ao Hard Mountain Big Wood Small Frame

1 shape. The architectural framework of honest officials can be divided into large and small. Large-scale buildings are of high grade and adopt bucket arches. Some eaves columns are the same height as the inner columns, and there are bucket arches and beams, which are mainly used for decoration, similar to the Song-style palace structure, while most of them are similar to the Song-style hall structure. There are also large buildings that do not need a bucket arch, and the materials are relatively thick. Small buildings are small in scale, do not need a bucket arch, and use less materials. However, there is no difference between large and small buildings.

2 columns. The columns in the hanging beam frame are named according to their positions. The columns located at the outermost side of the front and rear eaves are called eaves columns, the columns located in the center of gables are called mountain columns, the inner columns on the longitudinal center line of the building are called central columns, and all the inner columns except the central columns are called golden columns. Judging from the existing buildings in the Forbidden City, the practice of raising columns with side feet was still retained in the Ming Dynasty, but it was not obvious in the Qing Dynasty.

③ beam. The main beam in each beam frame is named according to the number of purlins it supports. For example, those supporting nine purlins are called nine beams, followed by eight beams, seven beams and three beams. The length of the beam is measured by the horizontal distance between purlins. Nine beams and eight frames long, seven beams and six frames long and six beams and five frames long. In addition, there are several minor short beams, such as the beam between the eaves column and the golden column, which is only one step. It is called Tao Jianliang in large buildings and Baotou Beam in small buildings. If the corridor is two steps wide and the peach-pointed beam is doubled, it is called a two-step beam; At this time, a beam with a short step size often appears, which is called a single-step beam. The aspect ratio of all kinds of beams is nearly 6:5 or 5:4, and the cross section is nearly square.

④ Bucket arch. After the Yuan Dynasty, the arch at the beam-column connection gradually became smaller. Compared with the bucket arch in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the structural function is weakened and the decoration is strengthened. In the Qing Dynasty, the bucket arch almost degenerated into a decorative component.

⑤ Others. The standard practice of canceling the fork arms and braces in the beam frame, reducing the longitudinal connectors, and unifying the beams and chords into purlins, pads and purlins is called "one purlin and three purlins".

The structural system formed by suspended beam frame plays an important role in the development of ancient wooden buildings in China, and also provides reference materials for the development of modern buildings.

Bucket-passing type

A wooden frame form of ancient architecture in China, which directly supports purlins with columns without beams. The original work wore a pocket rack, which was later simplified as "wearing a funny rack" and "wearing a bucket rack".

Schematic diagram of barrel piercing frame

The bucket frame is characterized by erecting a row of columns along the depth direction of the house according to the number of purlins, each column is supported by a purlin, and the purlin is covered with rafters. Roof load is directly transferred from purlins to columns without beams. Each row of columns is transversely penetrated by beams passing through the columns to form a frame. Every two frames are connected by barrels and fibers to form a space frame of a room. Bucket Fang is used between the stigma of eaves column, which looks like a gap on the hanging beam frame; Fibers are used between the inner columns. Buckets and fibers often double as the keel of the attic of a house.

Under each purlin, a pillar landed, which is its initial form. According to the size of the house, different frames such as "three purlins, three columns and one penetration", "five purlins, five columns and two penetration" and "eleven purlins, eleven columns and five penetration" can be adopted. With the increase of the number of columns, the number of layers penetrated also increases. After this method developed to a more mature stage, in view of the fact that the columns are too dense, which affects the use of the house, sometimes the bucket frame is changed from the original landing of each column to every other column, and the columns that can't land will ride on the purlin, and the number of layers of these load-bearing columns will increase accordingly. After putting on the eaves column, it becomes a cantilever supporting the eaves. At this time, purlins also partly played the role of lifting beams. The roof of a barrel-shaped frame house is generally flat and has no concave surface. Sometimes, by padding tiles or increasing the overlapping length of tiles, the part near the roof is slightly arched, and the effect similar to that of a concave roof is obtained.

The practice of supporting purlins with columns in bucket-type frames may have a certain origin with the early longitudinal frames and has a long history. On the stone reliefs, we can see the image of the bucket-rack house in Han Dynasty. The invention uses less materials to assemble an integral roof truss on the ground and then erect it, which saves labor and materials, and is convenient and economical to construct. At the same time, closely arranged columns are also convenient for installing wallboard and building mud walls. Therefore, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, a large number of houses with bucket structures were preserved in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Some buildings in these areas need a lot of space, so the combination of bucket-piercing frame and beam-lifting frame is adopted: the gable part adopts bucket-piercing frame, and several buildings adopt beam-lifting frame, which complement each other.

The bucket frame is a light frame, and the column diameter is generally 20 ~ 30 cm. The square section is only 6× 12 to10× 20cm2; The purlin spacing is generally within 100 cm; Rafters are also made of fine materials. Tiles are laid directly on the rafters, without looking at boards and bricks. The roof is light in weight and excellent in shock resistance.

Good drying structure

Yunnan Nanhua Jinggan Structure Residential Buildings

A building structure without columns and girders. In this structure, logs or rectangular and hexagonal wood are stacked in parallel on the upper floor, and the two ends of the wood cross at the corner to form four walls of the house, which are like wooden fences on ancient wells, and then short columns are erected on the left and right walls to form the house.

The shaft structure has been used in tombs of Shang Dynasty in China, and it is still used in tombs of Han Dynasty. At present, the earliest images and documents of dry well houses belong to Han Dynasty. Among the bronzes unearthed from Shizhai Mountain in Jinning, Yunnan, there is a dry room with double slopes. There is a record of "building a plank road and living a well" in Huainanzi.

The shaft structure needs a lot of wood, which is greatly limited in absolute scale and opening doors and windows, so its universality is not as good as that of hanging beam frame and bucket frame. At present, there are only some houses built with this structure in the northeast forest area and southwest mountain area in China. The well-structured residence in Nanhua, Yunnan is an example of well-structured residence. It has a bungalow and a two-story building, both of which are rectangular in plan, with two rooms wide and a suspended gable roof. The roof practice is that the short columns at the top of the left and right side walls bear the ridge purlins, and the rafters are placed on the ridge purlins and dry wood at the top of the front and rear eaves walls. The depth of the house is only two rafters.

Question 10:

Its shape is as beautiful and elegant as Youlong. Glory Qiuju, Song Chun, Hua Mao. Like a light Yun Zheyue, like the wind flowing back to the snow. Looking from a distance, if the sunrise rises; If you are forced to check it, it will burn like a wave. If you are satisfied with the fiber, you will shorten the fit. If the shoulders are cut, the waist is as good as the elements. Neck stretching looks good, and its quality is exposed. If you don't add Fang Ze, you will get rich in lead. The clouds are towering and the eyebrows are repaired. Red lips are bright outside, white teeth are fresh inside, bright eyes are good at looking, and cymbals help. Elegant, elegant and quiet. Tender as water, charming language. Stunning clothes are outstanding, and the bone image should be mapped. The glory of wearing a sweater is the glory of Yao and Bi. Wear jade jewelry and embellish pearls to show off your figure. To practice a long journey of writing is to drag the fog lightly.

Question 1 1: 1. Cuju is an ancient football sport in China.

2. China ancient wrestling-wrestling.

3. The shape and rules of modern Scottish golf are strikingly similar to those of ancient China. And the history of the game is 300 years earlier than the original appearance of golf.

4. Archery is the originator of ancient sports in China.

5. Riding a horse is an ancient sport in China.