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What is the origin of Northeast dialect?
Northeastern dialect can refer to the Chinese language in Northeast China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), or it can also refer to certain specific Chinese languages ??in the Northeast region, such as "Northeastern dialect" that is often used in sketch performances. This article mainly Discuss the first mode of reference.
Although the Chinese in most areas of Northeast China can be classified within the scope of Northeast Mandarin, "Northeast Mandarin" and "Northeast Mandarin" are two different concepts.
The Chinese spoken in Northeast China is Mandarin.
According to the classification method of the Chinese Language Atlas, it can be subdivided into:
●Northeast Mandarin: distributed in most Northeast regions.
Except for the following areas: Liaodong Peninsula and the lower reaches of the Yalu River, parts of the Ussuri River basin, and individual areas on the Sino-Russian border.
The languages ??spoken in the three provincial capitals of Northeast China (Shenyang dialect, Changchun dialect, and Harbin dialect) all belong to Northeastern Mandarin.
There is some controversy as to whether Northeastern Mandarin is an independent regional dialect.
In addition, Northeastern Mandarin is also distributed to a certain extent in areas outside Northeast China.
●Jiao-Liao Mandarin: Distributed in
the Liaodong Peninsula and the lower reaches of the Yalu River, and part of the Wusuli River basin.
Dalian dialect is a typical Jiao-Liao Mandarin.
Jiao-Liao Mandarin is also distributed in the Jiaodong Peninsula, Shandong.
●Jilu Mandarin: The distribution range is very narrow, only distributed in some areas on the Sino-Russian border.
The main distribution range of Jilu Mandarin is not in Northeast China.
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There is a place called Tuoer Ding in a county in western Liaoning.
The accent of the Taoerdeng people is considered particularly "Kao" even locally.
But they themselves feel - a joke circulating in the area says - "We Taordian people can't say the word '二' well; if we can say the word '二' well, it will be Beijing dialect." ".
In fact, what they said makes sense.
To explain this, I have to say some boring words: In the early days, people in Beijing and Northeast China spoke Youyan dialect. During the Jin, Liao and Yuan dynasties, this place was somewhat isolated from the Central Plains. In the Jurchen Under the influence of Chinese, Khitan and Mongolian dialects, dialects developed relatively independently. At that time, the difference between Liaodong dialect and Dadu dialect was that the former was more influenced by Jurchen dialect, while the latter was more influenced by Mongolian dialect.
The first large-scale influx of people from Hebei and Shandong into Guandong occurred during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The Northeastern dialect of this period added elements of Shandong dialect; while Beijing became the capital in the Ming Dynasty, people from other places did it Officials, shopkeepers, soldiers, and workers brought their own dialects to Beijing, especially Shanxi dialect, Anhui dialect, and Nanjing Mandarin. The influence is still traced to this day. The Beijing dialect of the Ming Dynasty was similar to the Northeastern dialect. The words were a little different.
In the Qing Dynasty, hundreds of thousands of bannermen entered Beijing, bringing with them the Liao-Shen dialect, which gradually merged with the original Beijing dialect of the Ming Dynasty to form today's Beijing accent.
So Northeastern dialect is indistinguishable from Beijing dialect.
In dialectology, they are brothers.
The difference between Northeastern dialect and Beijing dialect today is that Northeastern dialect retains some of the pronunciation of the past. For example, Northeastern people pronounce "Xue" as XIAO, which is the Youyan sound in the past. Beijingers later The pronunciation of XUE is influenced by southern dialect. Northeastern people pronounce "Rong" as YONG, which sounds very awkward, but it is also an ancient pronunciation (in phonology, "Rong" is a "symbol", which is how it is originally pronounced) ; Some are influenced by the Manchu dialect. Northeastern people have "big tongues". In some places, there are no Japanese characters and they are pronounced with zero initial consonants. There are only "Zi Fesi" and no "Zhi Chi Shi". These are all due to the influence of Manchu. .
As for the people in the Dalian Peninsula who pronounce "Zhi Chi Shi" as "Ji Qi Xi", they are speaking Jiaodong dialect, not Northeastern dialect in the strict sense.
In terms of tone, Northeastern dialect is a bit complicated to my ears that have not received phonetics training, especially in some places in Liaoning. .
For example, in Xiuyan, when the word "大" in "大ye" is stressed, it refers to the father's brother, which is the same as our usage. When the word "ye" is stressed, it refers to grandfather's brother: pronunciation A little difference can make a difference.
Another characteristic of Northeastern dialect—especially Liaoshen dialect south of Kaiyuan—is that there are many second tones (this characteristic may have something to do with Jidong dialect).
Once, Cao Xueqin’s grandfather Cao Yin was suffering from malaria, and someone else wrote a letter on his behalf to ask the emperor for medicine.
There is this sentence in Kangxi's instructions: "Take two doses of (Cinchophylla Nashuang) in a row, and you can get roots." "To get out the roots" should be "to remove the roots." The emperor made a typo. Come on, it seems that leaders have made typos since ancient times.
But why is "out" mistaken for "out"? As soon as I arrived in Shenyang, I understood that the word "out" in Shenyang dialect means pronounced twice. Kangxi learned Chinese from Han bannermen when he was a child, and what he learned was Shenyang dialect.
It’s a pity that Kangxi in the TV series speaks in the standard voice of the Broadcasting Academy, which is not pleasant at all.
If I were to film a Qing Dynasty drama, it might be more popular if everyone in it spoke with Northeastern accents.
In the first few years, "sketch" plays performed by Liaoning people became popular, and the Northeastern dialect has become familiar to the majority of Guanli people.
There are two signature words, one is "Maitai" and the other is "碢碜".
In fact, "碢碜" is an old word from the north. It is found in Yuan operas. It is not a Northeastern specialty, and "Maitai" comes from Manchu.
A major feature of Northeastern dialect vocabulary is that it contains many Manchu elements.
Let’s take the most common example. “Ting” is a good word, “Ting” is used by everyone, but who would notice that it comes from Manchu? One of the influences of Manchu on grammar is the postposition of predicates. People in Guanli say "Can't you see?", people from Northeast China will say "Can't you see?", and "I'm afraid the future will be worse than this" in "A Dream of Red Mansions". There are still some weird jokes." These are all examples.
In "A Dream of Red Mansions", it is written that the girl in Yihongyuan "caught (chua, three sounds)" on the kang. This game is called "chua Galaha" in the Northeast. I played it when I was a child.
What is "Galaha"? This is a Manchu term referring to the talus on the animal's leg (it is said that this game is related to some kind of shamanistic ritual).
The word "grab" when pronounced as "chua" in Northeastern dialect also refers to picking up scattered things, such as the action of a pig eating, which can also be called "grab".
I once heard an old man in Beizhen say that when Zhang Zuolin returned to his hometown after becoming successful, he threw money on the ground and shouted with high spirits: "Catch them, boys!" The word "catch" was used. .
Another example is why hide-and-seek is called "Hide and Seek"? It turns out that "cat" is also a Manchu word, meaning bush.
There are not that many houses in the northeast. If the child wants to hide, he will naturally hide in the bushes.
As for some people's argument that "Mao Ni'er" in Beijing dialect also comes from the same origin, I have some doubts, because "Mao'er Tou" appears in "Jin Ping Mei", and its meaning is the same as the current "Mao Ni'er". It seems that It is hinting that this word comes from Shandong.
There is also a red berry, whose scientific name is probably physalis. Children from the Northeast take it when it is ripe, twist it to soften it, suck out the pulp inside, leaving an empty shell, and "swish" it in the mouth. "Xian'er" is a seasonal toy.
(But generally only girls have such patience, I am not good at it, I only know how to eat.
) In the Northeast, it is called "Red Girl" ("Mother" is emphasized, three (voice), also referred to as "girl".
"Red Girl" was also available in Beijing earlier. Nalan Xingde of the Qing Dynasty even wrote a poem for it.
The thin monk in the novel "Heroes of Sons and Daughters" rolls up his arms and sleeves, trying to make the thirteenth sister look like a "red girl who has lost the fire", which does not refer to the girl of the girl, but to this game Yi'er.
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As a kind of northern dialect, the Northeastern dialect is concise, vivid, vivid, and rich in rhythm. feel.
It is quite consistent with the bold, straightforward and humorous character of Northeastern people.
Dialect is a social phenomenon.
Most dialects are formed due to isolation, isolation, poor communication, and asynchronous language development
.
The Northeastern dialect is somewhat different. It is a unique cultural phenomenon formed by the casting of history and the cultivation of nature.
Some of the dialects in the Northeast come from diversification, because the Northeast is a multi-ethnic area where Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Korean, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen, and Daur live here. , Xibo and other ethnic minorities. It was not until the Qing troops entered the customs that a large number of immigrants gradually poured in.
With the integration of various ethnic groups in the Northeast for more than three hundred years, today's Northeast dialect has gradually formed
today.
Although the Northeastern dialect is a type of northern dialect, it still retains many words at the bottom of the language that reflect the customs and culture of local ethnic minorities, which makes the Northeastern dialect unique. feature.
Dong
A considerable part of the northern dialect comes from Manchu, such as meat and oil that have gone bad are called "Ha La"; some Northeast dialects have also directly absorbed
Foreign words, such as calling a bucket with a small bottom and a big top "Weidaluo".
When someone is negligent, he is called "Lahu", and when he sings
he is called "Xielie", the steep stone mountain is called "Lizi", and the Changbai Mountain Tianchi is called "Tumen Bo". ", meaning the source of all waters.
Songhua River is a Jurchen language, and Songhua means white.
Jilin is the abbreviation of "Jilin Wula" in Manchu.
"Jilin" means "along" and "Wula" means river. It is named after it is located on the bank of Songhua River.
The word "Karun" in Lake Karen
means border checkpoint in Xibe language.
"Mudanjiang" comes from the Manchu "Mudanwula", which means curved river.
The word "Nen" in "Nenjiang" means "green" in Mongolian and "sister" in Manchu.
After the Manchus took over the Central Plains, the Han nationality broke through the ban and went to the northeastern region to make a living, commonly known as "crossing the Guandong".
There were also a large number of people who were exiled by the Qing Dynasty.
Members of the Qing Dynasty came to the Northeast. More than 200,000 people from the suppressed "Three Feuds" alone were exiled, injecting the Central Plains language into the Northeast. and
culture.
As the Manchus and Han people lived together and blended together, many Manchus learned Chinese and Chinese.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, fewer and fewer people spoke Manchu and
Manchu, and there are even fewer now.
Some Northeastern dialects have also directly absorbed foreign words, such as calling a bucket with a small bottom and a big top
"Weidaluo" □ calling bread "Leba" comes from Russian, The word "cigarette" comes from the Japanese language such as "beating eight buckles".
Some Northeastern dialects come from mispronunciation of orthographic characters.
The development of language spread from the Central Plains region to the whole country. Due to
the asynchronous development and backward transmission methods caused differences, many orthographic characters were misunderstood during the communication , and customary customs
form a dialect.
The "mothers" often spoken by Northeasterners is a misreading of "we".
The typical Northeastern dialect "Nagada"
is a misreading of "that place".
In rural areas, the old couple is called "old aunt and uncle", which is a misreading of "old man and mother".
"ganha" is a misreading of "ganha".
"Rare" is a misreading of "like".
Some Northeastern dialects come from multiple meanings.
"Thief" means a thief in Mandarin, and it also means "very" and "special" in Northeastern dialect.
"The thief is good" does not mean that the thief is good, but "very good";
"The thief is beautiful" does not mean that the thief is beautiful
It means "extremely beautiful".
"Duzi" is a derogatory word "bastard" in Northeastern dialect, but it has completely different meanings in different language environments.
"Bullshit" does not mean bullshit
It means chatting and not doing serious things;
Bad meaning.
Some Northeastern dialects cannot be investigated.
There are some Northeastern dialects whose origin and origin are difficult to find, and it is difficult for outsiders to understand them. However, Northeasterners are familiar with them, recognize them, and use them.
Northeastern dialects mostly use adjectives, and the stress is often placed
on the preceding words.
For example, "Maiti" means dirty, "緷碜" means ugly, "Tomoji" means really nagging
"Old Nose" means a lot of things. means, "the whole wanderer" means the whole thing, "倭哧哧皓" means hesitating, and "无码六 feelings" means being bored.
In recent years, Northeastern dialects have spread across the country.
This should be attributed to the creators of cross talk, sketches and TV series with Northeastern characteristics. They use dialects to express the characters' images, giving people a completely new feeling.
People from the Northeast feel friendly, people from the North can understand it, and people from the South find it particularly fresh.
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