Quantum joke

Uncertainty principle, avoid the world falling into absolute nothingness.

1927, Heisenberg put forward the uncertainty principle: the position and momentum of a particle cannot be accurately measured at the same time. The more certain the position measurement of particles is, the more uncertain the momentum is. The more certain the momentum measurement of particles is, the more uncertain the position is. This uncertainty must be greater than or equal to Planck's constant divided by 4π, that is, δ x δ p ≥ h/4π).

Uncertainty principle contains profound philosophical principles. In Heisenberg's own words, "We can't know all the details now, it's a matter of principle." In other words, uncertainty is not a problem of measurement technology, but an inherent nature of things. No matter how advanced the measurement technology is, it will never be absolutely accurate. The uncertainty principle also directly denies mechanical determinism.

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, physicists deduce that there are intense quantum fluctuations in the micro-world: in a very short time, there will be huge energy fluctuations in vacuum, and material particles and virtual particles will be produced in pairs and then disappear in pairs. In the microscopic world, quantum fluctuations are everywhere.

According to the uncertainty principle, when the temperature drops to absolute zero, a particle must still be vibrating. Otherwise, if a particle stops completely, its momentum and position can be measured accurately at the same time. This violates the uncertainty principle. The energy possessed by a particle at absolute zero vibration (zero vibration) is zero point energy.

Therefore, modern science believes that vacuum does not mean nothing, and vacuum is a system composed of positron and negative electron rotating wave packets. The energy associated with this phenomenon is called zero-point energy. In other words, even at absolute zero, this vacuum activity still exists. Dirac described the vacuum state from the quantum field theory and compared the vacuum to a fluctuating ocean of energy. J. Wheeler estimates that the energy density of vacuum can be as high as.

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1948, Dutch physicist Hendrick casimir proposed a scheme to detect the existence of this energy. Theoretically, vacuum energy appears in the form of particles, which constantly forms and disappears on a tiny scale. Under normal circumstances. The vacuum is filled with particles of almost various wavelengths. However, casimir believes that if two uncharged thin metal disks are tightly tied together, longer wavelengths will be excluded. Then, other waves outside the metal disk will generate a force to bring them together inward. The closer the metal disks are, the stronger the attraction between them. 1996, physicists first measured this so-called casimir effect, which verified the quantum vacuum fluctuation phenomenon.

Casimir effect diagram

When someone says that "quantum mechanics makes physics enter Zen Buddhism", you slap him with "quantum vacuum fluctuation".

The law of parity non-conservation makes the universe spontaneously produce observers.

Before 1956, the scientific community always thought parity conservation, that is, the mirror image of a particle is exactly the same as its own properties.

1956, scientists found that the spin, mass, lifetime and charge of θ and τ mesons are exactly the same. Many scientists think that they are the same kind of particles, but when the θ meson decays, two π mesons are produced, and when the τ meson decays, three mesons are produced, indicating that they are different kinds of particles.

After studying various factors in detail, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning asserted that τ and θ are completely the same particle, and then they are collectively called k mesons. Although τ and θ are completely the same kind of particles, their motion laws are not necessarily the same in the weak interaction environment. If these two same particles look at each other in the mirror, their decay modes in the mirror and outside the mirror are actually different. "θ-τ" particles are asymmetric under weak interaction, that is, parity is not conserved.

Chinese experimental physicist Wu Jianxiong used two experimental devices to observe the decay of cobalt 60. At a very low temperature (0.0 1K), she used a strong magnetic field to make the spin direction of the cobalt 60 nucleus in one device to the left, and the spin direction of the cobalt 60 nucleus in the other device to the right. The cobalt 60 nuclei in these two devices are mirror images of each other. The experimental results show that the number of electrons emitted by cobalt 60 in these two devices is very different, and the directions of electron radiation cannot be symmetrical with each other. The experimental results show that parity is not conserved in weak interaction.

Since then, "parity non-conservation" has been recognized as a basic scientific principle with universal significance. Dr. Yang Zhenning and Dr. Li Zhengdao won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics.

The principle of parity non-conservation has completely changed human understanding of symmetry and changed the basic belief of parity conservation in physics.

Subsequently, a team at the European Atomic Energy Research Center found that the anti-K meson was transformed into the K meson faster than its time reversal process, that is, the K meson was transformed into the anti-K meson, and the time asymmetry was directly observed for the first time.

Later, the new experiment of CERN proved that antimatter can be transformed into matter faster than the opposite process.

From the discovery of parity non-conservation, we can understand the general meaning of parity non-conservation.

Now back to quantum vacuum fluctuations.

Due to the existence of parity non-conservation, the disappearance time of matter particles and virtual matter particles produced in quantum vacuum fluctuations may be slightly inconsistent: matter particles disappear slowly, or virtual matter particles disappear slowly. Explain that virtual and real are relative. To put it another way, virtual matter is also matter.

The slowly disappearing material particles belong to the extra material produced out of thin air in a very short time.

This extra material out of thin air instantly broke the energy balance of space and triggered the domino effect of vacuum. In a vacuum containing huge "zero point energy", this extra material particle out of thin air is the observer. The observer observed the nearby vacuum, and another material particle was instantly produced in the vacuum, which was transmitted in the form of domino effect, and the material particle was produced exponentially. Because this speed is too fast, it exceeds the speed of light, so it looks like a big bang.

Matter particles are produced in large quantities in an instant, and gravity prevents the domino effect of vacuum collapse. Then, under the guidance of gravity, matter began its evolutionary journey. The universe does not need a hypothetical observer "God".

Parity non-conservation also shows that the equilibrium state of the universe is temporary and the non-equilibrium state is normal. The equilibrium state of quantum field is temporary and the excited state is normal.

Quantum mechanics contains the contradiction principle of time.

The ground state and excited state of quantum field are a pair of contradictions. The ground state is in equilibrium and the excited state is in non-equilibrium state. Balance is temporary and imbalance is normal. They contradict each other and transform each other. Excited state is the main aspect of contradiction.

The contradiction between ground state and excited state is the fundamental contradiction in the world. This contradiction leads to other contradictions. Such as particles and virtual particles, matter and antimatter.

Contradiction is the source of all things in the universe and the basic driving force to promote the development of all things in the universe. Without the basic contradiction between the ground state and the excited state of quantum field, there would be no world.

Quantum entanglement produces spacetime.

The classical concept of time and space holds that time flows evenly and has nothing to do with any external things; Space, like the stage background, exists independently of the changes of things. Time, space and matter have nothing to do with each other.

Einstein's general theory of relativity breaks the absolute view of time and space, and holds that the change of material quality can cause the distortion of time and space, and there is an inseparable internal relationship between time, space and matter. The geometric structure of space-time is the expression of the existence of gravity.

In 2006, scientists at the University of Illinois discovered that the geometric structure of spacetime is related to quantum entanglement.

In 20 13, physicists from Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies and Stanford University found that if two black holes are intertwined, wormholes will be generated, which is a shortcut to time and space predicted by general relativity. This discovery and further data calculation surprisingly show that quantum entanglement, which used to be thought not to involve physical connection, can actually produce spatio-temporal structure.

Space-time is not the place of quantum entanglement, but the product of quantum entanglement.

Quantum entanglement can produce space-time structure, which shows that space-time is not a prerequisite, but a result. In other words, space-time is not the place of quantum entanglement, but the product of quantum entanglement. It is the material connection that produces time and space, not the time and space that already exists there waiting for the material to fill. Space-time is not a basic existence.

The process of separating two entangled particles is essentially the process of creating a new time and space. In the process of separation, two particles establish their own new space-time. When one of them is observed, the other immediately perceives it. In essence, they have always been a whole. In the microscopic quantum world, connection is fundamental, and the separation of time and space is not a problem.

The principle of complementarity organically unifies matter and consciousness.

Opposing matter and consciousness is a trap of thinking.

The core problem of Marxist criticism and inheritance of quantum theory is objective realism.

With the continuous infiltration of science and technology and human daily life, extreme idealism gradually loses its market.

However, due to the rise of quantum theory, idealism is on the rise. Neo-idealism uses some controversial concepts of quantum theory, such as observation and entanglement, as the "scientific basis" of idealism. Einstein's joke of expressing dissatisfaction with quantum theory "When we don't look up at the moon, the moon doesn't exist" is regarded as a golden sentence of idealism, and even Wang Yangming's "theory of appreciating flowers" is praised as China's quantum theory.

Quantum theory not only denies the absolute view of time and space in Newton's era, but also denies the smooth view of time and space in relativity, and puts forward the quantized discrete view of time and space, negates Einstein's "local" view of time and space, and puts forward the non-local view of time and space. At the same time, it also negates the "rigid sphere atomism" and puts forward the "quantized atomism". The new space-time theory and new material theory do not deny "objective realism", but require Marxism to put forward a new "objective realism" on the basis of criticizing and inheriting quantum theory.

Quantum theory has been accurately verified by numerous experiments and contributed to two-thirds of the global economy. It is undoubtedly foolish to deny it now. If Marxism ignores quantum theory, it can't criticize inheritance with an open spirit as always, and it is bound to be complacent and the opposite of science.

In the related classic works, Marx's exposition of matter and materialism is less, while Engels' exposition is more. Because he was busy leading the revolutionary movement and summing up the revolutionary theory, Marx's work on "Epicurus' atomic deflection problem" was never completed. Marx was born on May 5th 18 18 and died on March 4th 1883. He is in the golden age of classical physics, but he has realized that mechanical and absolute materialism cannot explain the problem of human free will. Laplace, a French mathematician at that time, predicted: "If we know the exact position and momentum of each atom in the universe, we can use Newton's law to represent the whole process, past and future of cosmic events. "Everything is determined by the laws of physics, including human consciousness. Without free will, people lose the meaning of existence. Since everything is "predestined" by physical laws, the revolution loses its legal basis, and even "revolutionary behavior" itself is a kind of "fate". Of course, Marx was well aware of this, so he hoped to find the basis for the existence of free consciousness in Epicurus' "atomic deflection movement". However, he did not succeed. The heavy revolutionary work is only a secondary reason, and the limitations of the times are the fundamental reason.

Lenin lived in the initial era of quantum theory and had a further understanding of the disadvantages of mechanical materialism. He defined matter as: "Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. This objective reality is felt by people through perception. It exists independently of our feelings and is copied, photographed and reflected by our feelings. " The material category of philosophy is the abstraction of the sum of various concrete material forms. The category of matter in natural science, such as atoms and protons. , just a specific material form or the level of human understanding.

Lenin was born on April 22nd, 1870 and died on June 22nd, 1924 +2 1 year1October 22nd. From 1900 to 1925, quantum mechanics has not really been established and belongs to the old quantum theory era. When Lenin defined matter, he did not take into account that in the field of micro-quantum, observation will disturb the micro-system, the observation method determines the observation result, and the observation subject cannot be opposed to the observation object.

Simply put, philosophical matter refers to objective reality; Matter in natural science refers to a specific material form. "Material" and "objective reality" are the same meaning.

However, the opposition between matter and consciousness may be a trap of thinking. As I discussed before, matter and consciousness are complementary, not antagonistic. Without introducing the complementary principle of quantum mechanics, materialism and idealism will have no way out, and they can only choke each other endlessly in the logical trap of "the chicken lays the egg, the first egg lays the chicken". Only quantum science can discourage the epic debate between materialism and idealism.

The complementary principle of quantum mechanics is similar to the principle of unity of opposites in Marx and Engels' philosophy, but there are also differences. The principle of complementarity emphasizes that different observation methods will lead to different observation results, and different classical concepts have different application scopes because of different observation methods. The principle of unity of opposites does not consider the way of observation, and the two sides of the contradiction are not absolutely independent and can be transformed into each other. The principle of complementarity belongs to the category of epistemology, and the principle of unity of opposites belongs to the category of ontology.

The principle of quantum superposition provides physical conditions for the existence of free will.

Consciousness is the purpose of material self-preservation and the tendency of movement. Materiality is the law of material movement. From the perspective of consciousness, regularity disappears and purpose appears; From the material point of view, the purpose disappeared and the regularity appeared. The two complement each other. The matter of quantum theory is a living existence, not a mechanical rigid thing, nor a random abstract spirit.

It is not the uncertainty principle that determines free consciousness, but the quantum superposition principle.

Freedom consciousness is not random, but it can show randomness.

Quantum superposition states provide material basis and physical laws for the existence of free consciousness. Superposition provides unlimited possibilities for free consciousness.

Keeping the quantum-scale field in the brain in a non-observation state is the physical premise of the existence of free consciousness.

If the theory of quantum mechanics is correct, it does not mean that life is really meaningless, but it means that life is more meaningful.

There are three reasons:

First, the "observer effect" in quantum mechanics will make life full of active creativity.

The "observer effect" is that when you are not observing, this thing is like that; When you observe, this thing becomes like this. In other words, what you observe changes because of your observation.

There is a widely circulated story about this principle.

1886, a biologist wrote in a paper that he observed the phenomenon of "mantis eating husband":

"When they are put into the jar, the mated male mantis will try to escape. But in a few minutes, it will be caught by the mother mantis. The female mantis will first tear off the head of the male mantis and eat it, then the tibia and then the thigh ... It seems that if a male mantis can finally escape from this mantis, it is almost a godsend. "

However, biologists later discovered that in nature, the phenomenon that mantis eats her husband after mating actually does not exist.

So, is the biologist mistaken? No, his observation is correct. Later, biologists discovered that the reason why the female mantis eats the male mantis is because someone is watching them. When someone was observing them, the female mantis mistakenly thought that the observer was the enemy, so she got nervous and ate the male mantis.

This phenomenon can be proved by a physical experiment. This is the double-slit interference experiment.

/kloc-at the beginning of the 9th century, physicist Thomas Young designed the double-slit experiment. A baffle with two slits on it. Put another baffle in the distance. The light shines through the first baffle and shines on the second baffle through two slits. In this way, there will be light and dark stripes. This stripe, that is, two beams of light will interfere with each other. On the rear baffle, if the two light waves are in phase, they will strengthen each other and become brighter; If the phases are different, they cancel each other out and become dark.

Later, physicists changed the way of experiment, instead of emitting a beam of light, they emitted photons (particles of light) one by one. A shocking accident happened. Even if only one photon is emitted at a time, interference fringes will still appear on the screen. You know, the last interference fringe is the result of two beams of light interfering with each other through two slits, but now only one photon is emitted, which actually produces interference phenomenon. Why?

The answer is: this photon interferes with itself! In other words, this photon passes through two gaps at the same time. Then hit with electrons or other particles, and the result is the same. Generally speaking, a person walked through the left and right doors at the same time and bumped into himself.

This proves that photons, as well as other particles, appear everywhere in the experiment.

Next, the most crucial thing came.

The experimenter installed a detector next to it, which can be detected as long as photons pass through. The purpose of this is to see which crack the photon passes through. However, the result is that there is no interference fringe on the screen, only one light spot. In other words, once observed, photons will no longer use the "doppelganger method". It used to be "both left and right seams", but now it has become "either left seam or right seam"

This is the observer effect: the observation of the behavior itself will affect the observation results.

When quantum mechanics puts forward this effect, it can be compared that quantum physicists are very excited and excited. If the knowledge of dreaming is popularized in society, it will certainly inspire people to observe, take the initiative and create actively.

Secondly, the discovery of wave-particle duality will make people who grew up in this culture full of respect for China culture and confidence in themselves.

For the observer effect phenomenon mentioned above, the professional expression in quantum mechanics is that when a microscopic particle is not observed, it exists in a fluctuating state, that is, it is not a point, not a fixed particle, but a fluctuating line. And when it is "observed", because of the influence and interference of observation, this fluctuating money is fixed as a point and becomes a particle.

This involves another knowledge of quantum mechanics: wave-particle duality. What it says is: an electron or photon, sometimes a particle, sometimes a wave. Is it particles or waves? How can it be both a particle and a wave? But it is like this: it is both a particle and a wave. When it is a particle, it is a substance; When it is a wave, it is nothing, it is empty, it is an amorphous movement, a movement that can spread and disappear. You don't know what's moving, it's not there, it's not moving.

How do you like it here?

What do you think of the "mysterious and mysterious" in Laozi's Tao Te Ching and the "emptiness" in Buddhism?

19 13 years ago, a physicist named Bohr put forward the theory of "quantum transition", saying that the motion mode of electrons is that one moment they are in this orbit, and the next moment they appear in another orbit. I don't know why it is here for a while and there for a while, because it doesn't move in space. In other words, it appears out of thin air and disappears out of thin air. Later, physicists discovered that all known particles are this phenomenon.

Here, there is another famous experimental idea "Schrodinger's cat". The thing is, in 1953, physicist Schrodinger designed a cat experiment:

Keep a cat in a closed box. There is a container in the box, which contains a very small amount of radioactive material. These radioactive materials have a 50% chance of decay and a 50% chance of not decaying. If decay occurs, the container containing radioactive substances will be discharged, and a hammer will be started through the relay to break the flask containing hydrogen cyanide.

Then, the result is: if there is decay, this mechanism will be triggered, hydrogen cyanide will evaporate and the cat will die. If there had been no decay, the cat would still be alive.

Are you alive or dead? Depending on whether the observer opens the box or not. If the box is not opened, the cat will remain in an uncertain state of fluctuation, that is, in a state of superposition of life and death. When an external observer opens the box to observe, the wave state is fixed in the form of particles: either a live cat or a dead cat.

The significance of this experiment is to change the fuzziness originally limited to atomic field into macro fuzziness, that is, only particles will be in superposition state, and so will macro animals now. That is to say, what happened to particles smaller than atoms, which were originally substances in the micro world, has now been proved to happen in the macro world.

Liu, the author of "Three-body", also has a novel called "Ball Lightning", which describes a person who becomes a quantum state. We can find that people can live or die like that Schrodinger cat; Here and there. The Monkey King's doppelganger method is not completely fictional.

Einstein once said when he was talking about quantum theory: "Do you believe that the moon really exists only by looking at it?"

Explain Einstein's sentence with quantum mechanics, that is, the so-called moon is just a "subjective feeling" of the interaction between waves of a certain frequency and human visual cells. For a popular example, the visual cells of ants cannot interact with the waves of the moon, so for ants, there is no moon at all. When ants have human visual cells, the moon exists.

From the perspective of Buddhism, we all know the "six dust" of the outside world through the "six roots" (six doors). This process is: seeing color, hearing, smelling fragrance, tasting tongue, touching body and knowing meaning. In other words, we were actually blinded by six roots before we knew there was such six dust; If we don't have six, or our six is different now, then the world we know is a different world. Therefore, avalokitesvara said in the Heart Sutra: "Avalokitesvara bodhisattva, who has been practicing Prajna Paramita for a long time, sees that all five aggregates are empty and all sufferings are bitter."

Then think: we know ants, do ants know us? Are we human beings in the eyes of ants? In fact, in the eyes of ants, we are just a bunch of messy voices.

Du Fu has a poem: "Where petals flow like tears, lonely birds sing their grief". When you feel something, the dew on the flower turns into tears; When you are in pain for parting, the birds will be shocked.

Isn't this the result of mental perception? So Wang Yangming, the founder of psychology, said that "there is nothing outside the heart".

This is true of microscopic particles, and so is the macro world. Because the macro world is made up of microscopic particles. For example, subatomic particles that make up our bodies are always making "quantum jumps", from existence to existence; And then from scratch. That is, if we have a pair of eyes that can see particles, we will find that our bodies disappear and appear for a while.

The whole universe is like this.

Now we understand that there is really nothing outside the heart. The universe, in my heart, changes with my heart.

When we truly understand this point and truly experience it, then our level of understanding will make a leap, and with it, the level of practice will also improve.

Third, the discovery of quantum entanglement will make people full of curiosity, imagination and confidence in the future of mankind.

Ai En Stein and some more successful scientists after him expressed their admiration for nature, the universe and the creator.

This kind of admiration is more pious and enthusiastic than previous scientists. The reason is that they found a phenomenon: quantum entanglement.

The so-called quantum entanglement means that no matter how far apart two particles are, the state of one particle changes and the state of the other particle changes immediately. The "no matter how far apart" mentioned here can be as far as hundreds of millions, billions, tens of billions, hundreds of billions and trillions of light years. The "instant" here is a moment, not even a second.

That is to say, even if two particles are hundreds of millions of light years apart, as long as one changes, the other will know in an instant and change at the same time.

This phenomenon makes some of the most accomplished and greatest scientists have to admire the magic of nature and the greatness of the universe. Humans are fortunate to live in such a magical and great universe, and we can't help but be grateful.

I am a graduate student majoring in quantum physics in Tsinghua University, and I know a little about quantum physics. Let me give you a simple example to tell you what the world is. Take ghost stories as an example. The world you see is the entity of Xiao Gan, but the essence of Xiao Gan is an empty body. In other words, everyone thinks that the world is a pseudo-world, all matter has no matter, and the world is an empty virtual world. This explanation is most in line with the practical significance of quantum physics. Give you a correct sentence, that is, color is emptiness and color, and color refers to matter rather than lust. I believe in the existence of God, the wisdom of Buddhism and the power of science, but I will always oppose superstition and ignorance.

I am a graduate student in the Department of Quantum Physics at MIT. I believe in the theory of quantum mechanics, but this does not mean that life is meaningless. Our life and future are in the superposition state of waves, that is, the superposition state of countless possible time and space. For example, if you cross the street, you may be hit by a car the next second, or you may be fine. In other words, there are countless superposition States in the next second space-time. When your consciousness moves forward with the flow of time, your consciousness will participate in the wave function superimposed by countless time and space, which will lead to the collapse of the wave function, and then the superposition of countless time and space will be determined as one of them. To put it simply, there are countless possibilities in our future, and nothing is doomed. How can such a life be meaningless?