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Cromwell

1. oliver cromwell (1599- 1658) was the leader, politician and strategist of British bourgeois revolution in the 7th century.

Cromwell was born into a declining new noble family in Huntington County. When he was young, he studied in a famous Puritan college in Cambridge and was influenced by Puritan thought. 1628 was elected to parliament. Moved to cambridgeshire in the 1930s. He once helped local farmers to oppose the behavior of aristocratic landlords draining swamps against farmers' interests, so he was quite popular in eastern counties. 1640 As a representative of Cambridgeshire, he was elected as a "short-term parliament" and a "long-term parliament" successively. In the long-term parliament, stand with the members who resolutely oppose the Wang Party. Participate in the formulation of documents such as the Great Protest. 1642, when the British Civil War began, he stood in the revolutionary camp of the Congress and made repeated military exploits with his "warrior". 1645, Congress authorized Cromwell to reorganize the army, and he formed a "new model army" based on fighters. He commanded the army and defeated the royalist army. 1649 65438+1On October 30th, under the pressure of the people, he executed King Charles I in the name of the parliament and the army. In May, Britain declared a republic and became a real military dictator. He suppressed the excavation movement and sent troops to Ireland. 1653, he dissolved parliament and became "lord protector". However, the domestic economic situation continued to deteriorate, class contradictions became increasingly acute, and Cromwell never stabilized the situation. 1658 died of illness.

2. Cromwell

1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the script was not performed, the preface was regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.

Oliver cromwell ad 1599 ~ ad 1658.

Oliver cromwell led the parliamentary army to win a great victory in the English Civil War. He is an outstanding and all-round military general and a key figure in making parliamentary democracy a British political system.

Cromwell 1599 was born in Huntington, England. In his youth, England was in turmoil because of sectarian disputes, and the incumbent king believed in and hoped to implement absolute monarchy. Cromwell himself was a farmer, a squire and a devout Puritan. 1628 was elected to parliament, but it didn't last long, because King Charles I decided to dissolve parliament the next year and rule the country alone. It was not until 1640 that the new parliament was convened when funds were needed to fight the Scots. Cromwell was re-elected as a member of parliament. The new parliament strongly urged the king to stop dictatorship. But Charles I was unwilling to submit to parliament, so 1642 a war broke out between the army loyal to the king and parliament.

Cromwell sided with parliament. He returned to Huntington and organized a cavalry unit to fight against the king. During the four-year war, his outstanding military talents made his reputation grow day by day. Cromwell played an important role in the crucial battle of meston, which turned the tide. 1646 After the war ended, Charles I became a prisoner, and Cromwell was regarded as the most successful general in Parliament.

But peace didn't come, because there were internal differences and fundamental differences between the factions, and because the king knew all about it and didn't want to make peace. In less than a year, the king absconded in an attempt to make a comeback and rally the army again, and the second civil war broke out. As a result of the continuation of this war, Cromwell defeated the king's army, dismissed most moderate members of parliament, and put the king to the guillotine on June 30, 649.

Britain then became a Republic (called the Republic), temporarily led by a Council of State, with Cromwell as its director. But royalists soon took control of Scotland and Ireland and supported the future charles ii, the son of the executed king. As a result, Cromwell's army successfully occupied Ireland and Scotland. This long and continuous war ended when the royalist army was completely defeated in 1652.

Now that the war has ended, it is time to establish a new government, but there is still the problem of implementing constitutionalism, which has never been solved in Cromwell's lifetime. The Puritan general can lead the army against absolute monarchy to victory, but his prestige is not enough to solve the social conflicts among his supporters and make them reach an agreement on the new constitution. These social conflicts and religious conflicts are intertwined, which makes Protestants split and draw a clear line with Roman Catholicism.

When Cromwell came to power, all members of the parliament formed by 1640 belonged to a small, unrepresentative and radical minority, the so-called residual parliament. At first, Cromwell hoped to hold new elections through negotiations, but when the negotiations broke down, he forcibly dissolved the remaining parliament (1653 April 20). From then until Cromwell died in 1658, three different parliaments were established and dissolved. Two different constitutions were adopted, but neither of them worked. Throughout this period, Cromwell relied on the support of the army to maintain his rule. In fact, he is a military dictator. But he repeatedly tried to establish a democratic regime and insisted on refusing to be crowned by others. The purpose is to show that he doesn't want dictatorship, and he has to do so because his supporters can't establish a real regime.

From 1653 to 1658, Cromwell ruled England, Scotland and Ireland with the title of protector. During these five years, he established a generally sound political system and an orderly administrative organization in Britain. He improved rude laws and supported culture and education. He advocated freedom of religious belief and allowed Jews to settle in England again and practice their religion there (he was expelled from England by King Edward I of England more than three centuries ago). Cromwell's foreign policy was also successful. He died of malaria in London on 1658.

Cromwell's eldest son, richard cromwell, succeeded his father to the throne, but his rule was extremely short. Charles ii reigned on 1660. Oliver cromwell's body was dug up and hung on the gallows. This kind of revenge can't hide the fact that the struggle for absolute monarchy has failed. Charles ii is fully aware of this and does not want to compete with the supreme power of Parliament. When his successor James II tried to restore the absolute monarchy, he was abolished by the bloodless revolution of 1688 in an instant. The result of the revolution was exactly the same as Cromwell's expectation in 1640-constitutional monarchy, in which the king clearly obeyed the parliament and practiced freedom of religious belief.

Oliver cromwell's character has been the object of argument since his death. Many critics accused him of being a hypocrite, pointing out that although he always recognized the supreme power of parliament and opposed autocratic rule, he actually established a military dictatorship. Most people think that Cromwell's dedication to democracy is very sincere, although he had to implement dictatorship when the situation got out of control. According to people's comments, he never went to extremes, never accepted the throne and established a permanent dictatorship. His rule is usually mild and tolerant.

How should we evaluate Cromwell's overall influence on history? Of course, his important role is that he is an outstanding military general who defeated the royalist army in the English Civil War. Because the parliamentary army had been defeated to some extent at the beginning of the war before Cromwell's first appearance, it is entirely possible that this army would not have won the final victory without him. Because of Cromwell's victory, democracy was maintained and consolidated in Britain.

People should not regard this as an event that will happen anyway. In the17th century, most parts of Europe were developing towards a more powerful monarchy. The victory of democracy in Britain is an event that goes against the historical trend. In the following years, the model of British democracy was an important factor in the French Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the final establishment of democracy in Western Europe. It is also obvious that the victory of British democratic forces has played a vital role in the democratic construction of the United States and former British colonies such as Canada and Australia. Although Britain is only a tiny place in the world, democracy has flocked from Britain to other parts of the world.

If the philosopher John Locke had not made almost equal contributions to the establishment of Anglo-American democracy, oliver cromwell would have ranked higher in this volume. Cromwell is basically a doer and Locke is a thinker, so it is difficult to estimate their relative importance. According to the intelligence of Locke's time, even without him, someone may soon put forward a very similar political thought. But without Cromwell, Parliament might have failed in the English Civil War.

Cromwell's important deeds

/kloc-During the British bourgeois revolution in the 0/7th century, the bourgeoisie, the representative of new noble Group, was the leader of personages without party affiliation. In the two civil wars of 1642- 1648, he successively commanded the "iron cavalry army" and the new model army, and defeated the Wang Party's army. 1648, the forces of congressional elders were purged. 1649, under the pressure of urban civilians and farmers, King Charles I was executed and declared a republic. At the same time, he brutally suppressed the democratic movements of the Equality Party and the Nuggets Party and the national uprising in Ireland. 1653 established a military dictatorship and appointed him "lord protector". In order to expand outward and compete for colonies, he fought against Holland, Spain and Portugal and won. Engels once said that he was "robespierre and Napoleon" in the bourgeois revolution.

Major military and political issues during the British bourgeois revolution. single

Establish a leader. Cromwell was born into a middle-class aristocratic family in Huntington County.

Court. When he was young, he studied in a famous Puritan college in Cambridge and was puritanized.

The edification of thought. 1628 was elected to parliament. Moved to cambridgeshire in the 1930s. once

Help local farmers to oppose aristocratic landlords draining swamps and infringe on farmers' interests.

Therefore, it is quite popular in eastern counties. 1640 as cambridgeshire

The delegates were elected to the "short-term parliament" and the "long-term parliament" successively. in the end

In parliament, stand with members who are firmly opposed to the Wang Party. Participate in the formulation of "big"

Protests and other documents.

After the civil war began, Cromwell formed a cavalry team of 60 people. 1644

In 1993, he was ordered to command the cavalry of the entire Eastern Alliance. He has never been deeply religious.

Believing in ordinary farmers to recruit soldiers made his army not only fight.

Brave and disciplined. The cavalry he commanded participated in the Battle of Marston Wasteland (1644

After the victory on July 2, 2008, it was known as the "Iron Riding Army".

At the beginning of the civil war, the parliamentary army was defeated. 1644 65438+ Cromwell in February

Put forward suggestions for restructuring the army. At the beginning of 1645, the parliament formally passed the "suicide law".

A "new model army" under the command of T. Fairfax and Cromwell was formed.

1June, 645, he won a decisive victory over the Wang Party in the Battle of Nasby.

1647 in March, the Presbyterian church in power in parliament ordered the dissolution of the army.

The soldiers objected angrily. Cromwell hesitated for a moment and stood with the soldiers.

On August 6 of the same year, he led an army into London to disperse the Presbyterian members in parliament. follow

After that, independent senior officers and equal soldiers headed by Cromwell

Contradictions are becoming increasingly acute. Cromwell suppressed equality when he inspected the army.

Send soldiers to resist.

At the end of the same year, Wang Dang everywhere was ready to go. Cromwell had to go back.

People who are United and equal. 1648 spring, the second civil war broke out and reunited.

Soon the parliamentary army defeated the Wangs. In the domestic revolution, enthusiasm is high.

In this atmosphere, Cromwell gave up the idea of compromise with the king and turned to the establishment.

The Supreme Court, which tried the king, sentenced him to death.

A Republic founded in 1649, headed by Cromwell, is a highly independent faction.

Senior officials hold political power. Cromwell did not realize the reform of the middle and lower classes.

Leather requirements have caused widespread dissatisfaction. Cromwell suppressed the egalitarian uprising, and later

Decentralized excavation movement. Subsequently, Cromwell led the army to conquer Ireland and

Scotland.

1653 65438+In February, Cromwell took office in lord protector (see Patriarchal System) and entered.

Gradually strengthen military dictatorship. However, the domestic economic situation is deteriorating, and the class spear

The shield is getting sharper and sharper. Cromwell never stabilized the situation. 65438+September 0658

He died in Whitehall on the 3rd.

/kloc-During the British bourgeois revolution in the 0/7th century, the bourgeoisie, the representative of new noble Group, was the leader of personages without party affiliation. In the two civil wars of 1642- 1648, he successively commanded the "iron cavalry army" and the new model army, and defeated the Wang Party's army. 1648, the forces of congressional elders were purged. 1649, under the pressure of urban civilians and farmers, King Charles I was executed and declared a republic. 1653 established a military dictatorship and appointed him "lord protector". 1June, 645, he won a decisive victory over the Wang Party in the Battle of Nasby.

1647 in March, the Presbyterian church in power in parliament ordered the dissolution of the army.

The soldiers objected angrily. Cromwell hesitated for a moment and stood with the soldiers.

On August 6 of the same year, he led an army into London to disperse the Presbyterian members in parliament. 1648 spring, the second civil war broke out and reunited.

Soon the parliamentary army defeated the Wangs.