How to write the explanatory text?

Explanatory writing is an article genre that takes explanation as the main expression and gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things. It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts. Descriptive words are very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on.

Generally, explanatory text includes three specific styles:

A, with a certain literary, refers to scientific sketches, such as "Zhou Nan litchi Dan in June".

The second is popular science, such as March to the Desert and What's in the Universe.

Third, practicality, such as instructions and commentaries.

Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, significance, characteristics and evolution of things. Shang Yu Shu Gong is China's earliest expository essay.

Explanatory essays are widely used, generally divided into two categories: plain expository essays and literary expository essays. According to the different objects and purposes of explanations, they can also be divided into two categories: things expository essays and things expository essays.

Literary discourses are discourses that introduce scientific knowledge through literary forms.

The characteristic of expository writing is "saying", which has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge, whether it comes from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific. If we want to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things and then reveal the essential attributes of things, that is, we must explain not only "what" but also "why". Generally speaking, the application of explanatory text only needs to explain the characteristics of things, and explanatory text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.

Explanatory articles must be organized, and the order of explanations should be arranged according to the organization of things themselves and the laws people know. For example, the introduction of scenery and buildings is mostly arranged according to the geographical environment and orientation layout; Introduce the origin and evolution of things, mostly in chronological order; Explaining things is often arranged in a logical order. In a word, it is expounded step by step in a certain order, from the outside to the inside, from the real to the virtual, from the distance to the close, from the shallow to the deep. Sometimes in order to let others know things more accurately, under certain circumstances, as long as it does not violate the characteristics and laws of things, some adjustments can be made in the order.

Description is an expression method to explain and analyze things. Different objects have different interpretation emphases and levels. When explaining physical things, we should generally pay attention to the position of space; When explaining abstract things, we should focus on explaining concepts, characteristics, sources, structures, types, similarities and differences, comparisons, connections and functions.

Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.

In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed.

The instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions orderly. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.

The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. The explanation is practical. A slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. For example, an explanatory article said, "A dragonfly can eat 2400 mosquitoes a day and night." It is obviously impossible for 2400 mosquitoes to get together, which is many times larger than a dragonfly's body. How did this mistake come about? According to statistics, dragonflies can eat 50 to 100 mosquitoes an hour. Eat/kloc-0.00 animals an hour, 24 hours a day, of course, 2400 animals. The author's multiplication calculation is correct, but he ignores that dragonflies can't keep eating mosquitoes 24 hours a day. This is a joke.

On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic.

Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.

A: Breeze and green willows.

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At 20:58 on April 18, we should pay attention to the following aspects when analyzing the explanatory text:

Structure of expository text

1. The structure of the explanatory text includes: total score, juxtaposition, progression and contrast (the structure includes paragraphs). A complete exposition is often a comprehensive application of several structures.

2. Grasp the meaning of the structure.

Description order

1. The order of interpretation is: spatial order, chronological order (including development order), logical order, etc.

2. Find out the meaning of order.

means of interpretation

1. Interpretation methods include: example, list, analogy, comparison, classification, definition (including interpretation), quoted materials, list, etc.

2. Understand the role of various methods.

3. Explanatory texts sometimes borrow other rhetorical devices to help explain, and the functional analysis of these devices should closely focus on the object of explanation and follow the requirements of explanatory texts.

Language of expository writing

1. The basic requirements of explanatory language are scientific, accurate, concise and clear; Literary discourse also requires vividness and vividness.

2. Analyze the basic requirements of descriptive language: first, the function of explaining the characteristics and essence of things; second, the rigor and scientificity of explanation; third, the vividness and image.

Problem solving thinking and skills

(1) clearly explain the object: when reading an article explaining things, whether it is the whole article or the whole paragraph, we must first grasp what the article explains, that is, what the object is; When reading an explanatory article, you should find out what it explains.

How to find a suitable explanation object?

1, look at the topic, many topics are the objects of explanation. Such as (Chinese stone arch bridge).

2. Grasp the first enclosed sentence and the central sentence. A good expository often uses this sentence to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.

(2) Grasp the characteristics of things: the characteristics of things are mainly manifested in the aspects of structure (inside and outside), shape (size, length, etc. ), properties (hard, soft, cold, hot, etc. ), changes (dynamic, static, fast and slow), causes (simple and complex), functions (wide, narrow, positive and negative) and so on. Generally speaking, the main points to be explained in explanatory texts are often the characteristics of things. In addition to the key points, it is also necessary to find out from which aspects and angles the author introduced the characteristics of things. For example, the article Immortality of the Dead Sea illustrates the characteristics of the Dead Sea from three angles: first, the "death" of the Dead Sea (phenomenal characteristics), then the "immortality" of the Dead Sea (essential characteristics), and finally the "immortality" and "death" of the Dead Sea (current situation and future development characteristics). In this way, the comprehensive characteristics of the Dead Sea are revealed layer by layer. Another example is the article Suzhou Garden, which focuses on the general feature of "No matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you" and expounds it from five aspects: the layout of pavilions; The cooperation between rockery and pond; Against the flowers and trees; Close-up level; And the carving and color of doors and windows. In this way, through inductive analysis from different aspects, we can fully grasp the characteristics of Suzhou gardens.

(3) Inductive interpretation methods: When reading the explanatory text, mark the interpretation methods used in the article at the same time, then summarize the main methods used, and then analyze the role of these interpretation methods in accurately explaining the characteristics of things.

(4) Summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph, and clarify the order of explanation: When summarizing the main points, pay attention to the function of the first closed sentence, the last concluding sentence or interrogative sentence, and the function of the statement that defines or explains the concept. You can sketch out these sentences when reading. It is best to use complete sentences when summarizing the main points, and the meaning should be concise. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, the full text is divided into relatively independent parts by the method of "similarity merging", and the general idea of each part is summarized, and then the general idea of each part is connected in turn, so that the interpretation order of the full text can be clearly displayed. What order of interpretation is used depends on the object of interpretation. Generally speaking, time sequence is used to explain the evolution and development of things; Spatial order is used to describe architecture; Introduce high-tech products or explain the relationship between things in logical order.

(5) overall perception, grasping the center: on the basis of clear explanation order, it is easy to see the basic structure of the article by analyzing the relationship between paragraphs and parts. If it is a total score structure, we should also focus on the combination principle of "scores", whether it is parallel, progressive or contains the total score relationship. Progressive structure should focus on how the meaning of each layer develops step by step, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to reason, and so on. After mastering the structure, it is best to draw a schematic diagram of the structure. The center of explanation is to summarize an explanation article, explaining what characteristics the explained thing has, or what it explains. On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and grasping the structure of the article, it is not difficult to summarize the center of explanation.

(6) Experience the accuracy of language: accuracy is the characteristic of language. Analyzing the language of explanatory writing is to see how words and sentences accurately explain the characteristics of things to be explained. Pay attention to analyze the function of keywords. For example, in the article "March on the Desert", "Desert is one of the most tenacious natural enemies of mankind", removing the word "most" is not enough to explain the serious harm of desert; The nature of removing "nature" and "enemy" is unclear; Take out "one" and it will be absolute. Of course, we should also pay full attention to the vividness of words.