Du Mu's Translation of Li Guo Shan Zuo

I. notional words

The word 1 It is ambiguous.

( 1) 1

(1) Six kings finish their work, and the four seas are one family (unified).

(2) a torch, poor scorched earth (number)

(3) The Yellow Crane Never Comes (once)

(4) or long smoke, bright moon thousands of miles (all, all).

⑤ Eat dirt and drink graves, and be single-minded (single-minded).

⑥ Combination and association, and integration.

All landowners muster (the first time, the first time)

(2) Love

(1) Qin loves luxury, and people miss their home (love).

(2) Make Fu Qin love the people of the six countries (love)

(3) Don't love treasures, treasures and fertile land (stingy)

(4) Let the three countries love their places (cherish)

(3) Take

(1) How to capture all the money?

(2) Green, which is taken from blue, is blue (extraction)

(3) now enter the customs, without anything (take).

(4) Take the heart of Dan and follow the history (words, auxiliary words)

(5) Qin's dead ear. Steal for the king without taking (taking)

6. I gave this woman today, and I don't want it anymore (the same as "marriage")

(4) family

(1) Qin Qin also, not the world also (genocide).

(2) Yue's scholar-bureaucrat, Yue's teacher (a disciple of Ban Yue) Yun.

(3) Shandong Haojun, hence the rise and fall of Qin family (aristocratic family)

④ Family blister moon changing knife (universal)

As for kinship, I think it's very difficult, but it's just a warning.

(5) making

(1) Make more columns in negative buildings than farmers in nanmu (shout, let, imperative verb)

(2) Make the six countries love each other (if, conjunction)

If you let Candley see Qin Jun, the teacher will retreat (dispatch, verb).

Everyone can do it (use, drive, verb)

(5) When the two armies are at war, they will not cut ambassadors (envoys, nouns).

2. Different meanings of ancient and modern times

(1) each has its own terrain and intrigue (intrigue means that all kinds of buildings gather in the central area. Pissing off means that the corner of the house is facing each other, as if it were quarrelling. The article points out that the structure of the palace is uneven and beautifully made. Its figurative meaning is widely used today, which means that people try their best to crowd out each other.

(2) within a day, between a palace and a palace, and the climate is uneven (here refers to the meaning of "weather". In modern Chinese, it refers to the meteorological survey of a region)

(3) Zhao Yanji, The Rule of Han and Wei Dynasties, The Elite of Qi and Chu (Ji), the usage is the same as that of modern Chinese. Management is different from the usage of modern Chinese, which means planning, planning or organization. This is the meaning of collection and preservation. The usage of elite is the same as that of modern Chinese, but now it is also used to refer to excellent people.

3. Flexible use of parts of speech

(1) Six kings finish, and the four seas are one (numerals as verbs are unified)

(2) Mount Li is built in the north and folded in the west (the noun of orientation is directly used as an adverbial, facing north ...; To the west ...)

(3) Qi Lai Yu Qin ("Qi" is a cart pulled by ancient people, a noun. It is used flexibly as a verb here, that is, to ride in a chariot)

(4) Ding Dangyu, gold nuggets, pebbles (nouns as verbs, iron pots; Like a stone; Like clods; As rubble)

(5) Later generations mourn it without learning it (for verb usage, mourning for ...; Conviction usage, take ...)

Second, function words

(1) Yan

(1) What about the dish, the honeycomb, the vortex (auxiliary word, appearance ...)

(2) or teacher how, or how (modal particles)

(3) How to place dirt and stones (pronouns, where)

(4) how to use Zheng Wu to accompany neighbors (How).

⑤ Accumulated soil is a mountain, and wind and rain are clouds (and, yes).

6. Still ask the teacher questions (equivalent to "zhi")

(2) and:

(1) Mount Li is built in the north and folded in the west (another coordinate conjunction)

(2) Dare not speak, dare to be angry (turning conjunction, but, but)

(3) Whoever wins will be destroyed (table modification)

If gentlemen are interested, they can look at the horse.

Every time I say anything, I always say "My mother is here" (pronoun, you).

(3) Husband

1) Husband! Making the six countries love each other is enough to reject Qin.

Husband is a big country, unpredictable and fearful.

(3) Yu Baling wins (demonstrative pronoun, namely)

(4) then lead the children to bear the burden of three husbands (collectively referred to as adult men)

Third, sentence patterns

(1) Judgment sentence: If six countries perish, so do six countries. Qin clan, Qin also.

(2) Passive sentence: Shout for the soldiers and lift for the valley. (mentally passive, lift, pull, grab. The meaning here is captured)

(3) Postposition sentence of prepositional structure: more words than city people. Use it as a sediment.

Fourth, others.

1. Zhao Yanzhi's Collection, the Rule of Han and Wei Dynasties, and the Elite of Qi and Chu (using intertextual figures of speech)

2. Make the six countries love each other; Let Qin fall in love with the six countries again (the "person" in these two sentences is the "people", that is, the people. The taboo technique is used here, in order to avoid the taboo of Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin)

Key tips

1. From the content point of view, what kind of article is Epang Palace Fu?

2. How does this article organically combine description with discussion?

3. As an essay, this paper gives full play to the advantages of Ci Fu in language: metaphor and elaboration are used together, and Fu, comparison and prosperity are combined in one furnace, which has the advantages of all schools; Especially in sentence patterns, whether it is long or short, whole or scattered, constant or changeable, it is just right to use it freely. Please take the third section of the article as an example to talk about the relationship between sentence patterns and the content expressed.

Thinking refers to body fluids.

Question 1

For this problem, we should seek solutions from two aspects: first, the stylistic characteristics and the background of the times; The first is the content of the article. The following is only a hint of the previous aspect:

As a style, Fu flourished in Han Dynasty. However, most of Han Fu's works have become the works of people who help leisure. The content is mainly flattering, but the form is difficult and dry. People in the Six Dynasties wrote Fu and worked hard on it, which went to extremes. This kind of parallel prose, beautiful and extravagant, fell into the quagmire of formalism. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, influenced by the "ancient prose movement", prose-style fu appeared in the literary world, which was quite different from the difficulty of Han Fu and the glitz of parallel prose in the Six Dynasties. Du Mu's A Fang Gong Fu is an excellent masterpiece in this respect.

In 825 AD, after Tang Jingzong succeeded to the throne, he built palaces wantonly, which caused widespread indignation and discontent. Du Mu said in "Introduction to a bosom friend": "Paulie has a big palace, which is wide and pretends to be" A Fang Gong Fu "." It can be seen that this is a satire. Epang Palace, described in Epang Palace Fu, is a witness of the arrogance of the Qin emperor and a symbol of the feudal dictator. Due to the large-scale architecture and palace construction in Tang Jingzong, Du Mu wrote Epang Palace, which satirizes the present by borrowing the past and reflects a strong ideological tendency of critical realism.

Question 2

The ingenious combination of narrative, description, discussion and lyricism is a major feature of this fu's expression. To explore this problem, we should not only distinguish between narrative description and lyricism in the text, but also explore and understand the author's feelings and attitudes in combination with the purpose of writing and the theme of expression. The tips are as follows:

The real intention of this article is to discuss current politics. Description is the foreshadowing and necessary condition of discussion; Discussion is the destination and inevitable result of description. Around Epang Palace, the author repeatedly narrates, exaggerates in many aspects, and makes the finishing point to achieve the effect of expressing feelings.

The article first points out the background and environment, and then describes the image of Epang Palace. According to the order of spatial position, draw the outside first and render its size as much as possible; Followed by indoor description, enjoy the beautiful scenery, so far, the grand image of Epang Palace is in sight. From the description of the palace to the description of the imperial secretary. Write about imperial secretary and his life of eating, drinking and getting up; Palace life, writing songs, making up, combing hair, washing, burning pepper orchids, driving chariots, looking forward to happiness and so on. Then from describing imperial secretary to describing treasures. The jewels of the Six Kingdoms were all collected in the Qin Dynasty, but they were regarded as earth and stone in the palace and discarded at will, which was extravagant and unintentional. At this moment, the author's remorse tendency gradually overflowed; The edge of the pen is gradually exposed. The sentence "I don't regret it" seems to have heard the author's reprimand and indignation.

Next, the article enters the center of the author's discussion from the grand description of Epang Palace. The palace is so luxurious and expensive that it will inevitably bring disaster and misfortune to the working people. "Take all the money and use it as a deposit." Disasters and misfortunes will inevitably cause people's dissatisfaction and resistance. "Call to death, raise a letter to the valley, the Chu people will burn, and the poor people will be burnt." Historical review has realistic intention. The chess piece Zhang Xianzhi and the author's comments at the end of the article poured cold water on the Tang Dynasty. The article highlights the word "Jian", which is used to draw lessons from the past and satirize the world by telling the past. I hope that the rulers of the Tang Dynasty will take Qin as a mirror and change their minds. At this point, the original intention of the author's article is completely revealed.

The description of the article begins with the palace. The more spectacular and prosperous it is, the more solid and credible the discussion of the following article will be. The more accurate the exposition of the article comes from the palace, the more it can reflect the good intentions described by the author in the last article. In this way, the description and discussion of the full text are organically combined, and the brushwork and unrestrained Wang Yang complement each other, achieving a perfect artistic effect.

Question 3

The third part of the article turns from description to discussion, and points out the significance of this article. Let's talk about "rivers and lakes" first, which has the function of reminding attention. "One person's heart, the heart of ten million people also. Qin loves luxury and people miss home. " These words are loose sentences, which are reasonable in a calm tone and leave room for aftertaste. The sentence "How to make the best use of it and use it as sediment" has become a sharp question, which is thought-provoking and prepares for the discussion of parallelism below. "Being a pillar of a negative building ... is more than what people in the city say", using six long sentences of parallelism and metaphor, which is extremely plain and "extravagant". Generally speaking, these sentences are rhyming, coherent, magnificent and quite shocking. "Make the world dare not speak, dare to be angry", take the above table with loose sentences and open the following discussion. "A single husband's heart is getting more and more arrogant and practical" has become a four-word short sentence, which hits the nail on the head and is simple and powerful. "Shout at your feet, lift in the valley", using passive sentence, the rhythm suddenly accelerated, solemn but humorous and vivid. "Chu people were burned to the ground" is a variant sentence. Although the tone is a bit slow, it is still imposing, vividly depicting the end of the burning of Epang Palace and suggesting the collapse of the Qin Dynasty.

Difficulty analysis

1. Do the two words "man" in the following sentences have the same meaning?

(1) The corridor has a low back and high eaves. (2) Standing with farsightedness, I hope to be lucky.

Clear: The two words "person" have different meanings:

The original meaning of "human" is silk without patterns. In the "Langya Summit", "Shouhui" is used in its original meaning. "Manhui" is an adverbial of nouns, which modifies the master-slave structure of verbs and represents a tortuous cycle similar to Manhui. Textbook note: "Man, lingering. Back, twists and turns. " "Wandering" and "twists and turns" are actually the meaning of "back" in the word "standing far-sighted", and "person" should be the general term of "person". Shuowen: "People are rewarded." Duan Yucai quoted Mao as saying: "People grow up." Textbook note: "Standing for a long time." "Chang" is the extended meaning of "Chang". But it seems that it is better to take the original meaning here, "people (people) stand", that is, stand by the neck and stand by the neck (waiting for the emperor's luck).

2. How to translate the following three sentences?

(1) The stage is warm and full of spring; Ballroom cold sleeves, wind and rain bleak.

(2) Singing at night

(3) The collection of Zhao Yanzhi, the rule of Han Weizhi, and the elite of Qi and Chu.

Clear: it is not difficult to translate these three sentences mechanically, but they may not be in line with the original intention, because they are all intertextual and the corresponding words must be regarded as a whole. (1) The sentence means that the performances on the stage and ballroom sometimes make people feel warm and sometimes sad; The second sentence means that ladies-in-waiting are playing the piano and singing, regardless of morning and evening; The third sentence refers to the precious things collected and collected by Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu. Speaking separately may even lead to jokes, such as singing in the morning and playing the piano at night in the second sentence, just like having a class according to the schedule.

Text reading guidance

Example 1 The usage of four "yes" words in the following four sentences is different from the other three ()

A. There are more pillars in the negative building than farmers in Nanmu.

B. Make everyone dare not speak but dare to be angry.

C those who make Fu Qin love the six countries will be handed over to the third generation forever.

D. also let future generations mourn for future generations.

Answer and analyze this question to examine the understanding of the specific meaning of polysemous words in the text. The answer is item c, which is a conjunction, if, if; The other three are causative verbs, calling and letting.

Example 2 Find the sentences from the text that are consistent with the underlined content in the following poem.

Liguoshanzuo

Du Mu

Qin Shihuang swam eastward out of Zhou Ding, and Liu Xiangling took him by the neck.

It's really hard to level the world, but it's for the poor on the roadside.

If you are not stupid, you will be stupid, and if you are stupid, you will benefit.

The shepherd boy burned to the bottom of the grave, but he was not dead after burning to ashes.

The theme analysis of this poem is similar to a Gong Fangfu, and it is also a mockery of the past, warning the rulers not to run amok, so as not to cause people's resistance.

The answer is that my husband's heart is getting more and more arrogant. When the guards shouted, the valley was lifted and the Chu people were burned. Poor Shi Jiao.

The premise of answering this question is that you are familiar with the content of the text and can accurately understand the meaning of the given poem. When answering questions, you can pay attention to the key words in the poem, such as "Guan Guan", "Du Fu", "Huo" and "Zuo Hui", and quickly select the necessary sentences from the text through association and comparison.

Expand and explore

Knowledge expansion

1. Writing background

Epang Palace is a palace built by Qin Shihuang in Weinan. It was built in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC). It started less than two years ago. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi Hu Hai continued to build, but it was far from finished. It was burned by Xiang Yu in 206 BC. Since then, the rise and fall of Epang Palace has been linked with the rise and fall of Qin Dynasty, which has become a topic of discussion.

Du Mu also joined this traditional discussion. This article was written in the first year of Emperor Jingzong of the Tang Dynasty (825). At this time, the buildings in the Tang Dynasty were crumbling. Tang Jingzong Li Zhan acceded to the throne when he was young. He was fond of hunting, music, large-scale construction projects and did not care about state affairs. Du Mu said in the preface to bosom friends: "Bao Li has a large palace and a wide range of voices. Pretending to be "Epang Palace Fu". "

This is a prose of fu style, which satirizes the present with the ancient. By describing the construction and destruction of Epang Palace, the author vividly summed up the historical experience of the rulers of Qin Dynasty who were arrogant and extravagant, issued a warning to the rulers of Tang Dynasty, and showed the feelings of loyal literati in a feudal era who were concerned about the country and the people and helped the people.

2. About the author

Du Mu (803-852) was born in Tang Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi). Fan Chuan Villa, who lived in the south of Chang 'an in his later years, was later called "Du Fanchuan". Jingzhao Du family is a famous family since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Du Mu's grandfather Du You was a famous prime minister and historian in the middle Tang Dynasty. General Code is the first book in the history of laws and regulations. Du Mu was a scholar in the second year of Daiwa, Tang Wenzong (828) and was awarded the title of owner of Hong Wen Pavilion. Later, he served as an aide to the military government in Jiangxi, Xuanhua and Huainan for many years. Tang Wenzong returned to Chang 'an in the fourth year of Kaicheng (839), where he was appointed as the minister of food. Two years after Tang Wuzong Huichang (842), he successively served as the secretariat of Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei), Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui) and Zhou Mu (now Jiande, Zhejiang). During his tenure at the local level, he made outstanding achievements in reforming graft. In the third year of Dazhong (849), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty returned to Chang 'an, where he was appointed as a foreign minister of Sixun and edited by the History Museum. Later, he served as the secretariat of Huzhou (present-day Zhejiang), and later returned to Chang 'an as a doctor of Kao Gong, knowing the imperial edict and being an official in the middle of the book. He lived in the late Tang dynasty, where the soldiers were raised in the buffer region, the eunuchs were authoritarian and the people were poor. Epang Gong Fu was written when he was 23 years old. Du Mu's poetry creation is unique in the late Tang Dynasty. People compare him with Du Fu, so they call him "Xiao Du". Like Li Shangyin, they are also called "Little Du Li". Li Shangyin is about ten years younger than him and appreciates Du Mu's character and poetry. He wrote in a poem: "Tall buildings are warm and rainy, and they are short-winged. Deliberately hurting the spring and healing, there is only Du Sixun in the world. "

3. About "Fu"

Fu is an early literary style in the history of China literature. Founded at the weekend, the Han Dynasty was particularly developed. Since then, the system has been constantly changing through the creative practice of writers in past dynasties. Fu has always been one of the important literary styles in China's ancient literary creation, and the so-called "Poetry Fu" and "Fu" are just one of them.

According to the information we have seen so far, Xun Kuang, a famous scholar in the Warring States Period, was the first person to write Fu. After Xun Kuang, Fu literature developed further, and Song Yu, a Chu man, was the forerunner of Han Fu. Song can be said to be the real founder and founder of Fu literature. Chu is the birthplace of Fu literature. On the basis of Xun Fu, mainly Song Fu, Han Fu is a new style developed by widely absorbing and synthesizing some stylistic features and creative techniques of Chu Ci, Book of Songs and pre-Qin prose.

The creation of Fu in later generations has gone through different periods, and the system is constantly changing. In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Shizeng divided Fu into four categories in Bian Ti, which can roughly reflect the changes and characteristics of Fu in different periods. Ancient fu mainly refers to ci fu produced in Han dynasty; Nuo Fu, also called Parallel Prose, is a new style of Fu developed and changed on the basis of ancient Fu, which began after Wei and Jin Dynasties and prevailed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Rhyme Fu is mainly adapted to the use of imperial examination Fu in Tang and Song Dynasties, and it is a new fu style that gives consideration to duality and phonology. The prose was influenced by the "ancient prose movement" in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Influenced by the eight-part essay, Fu developed to the Qing Dynasty, and its content and form, like writing, have completely entered the bottom stream and are not enough.

In a word, the style of Fu is quite distinctive. In its development process, it is often influenced by contemporary poetry. Sometimes there are many prose elements and few poetry elements; Sometimes, there are many elements in poetry and few elements in prose. However, it has always maintained the nature of being half-poetic and half-literary, and has become an independent style in China's ancient literature.

In Fa Wu Yan Zi, Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty put forward a famous conclusion that "a poet should be beautiful and reasonable, and a poet should be beautiful and immoral". Yang Xiong thinks that * * * in Fu is characterized by colourful words, but it is different from "Ze" and "Yin" in content. He called the one-sided pursuit of formal fu "Ci Fu", which was characterized by the proliferation of sculpture and painting. It is called "Poet Fu" which pays attention to social content and has ironic significance. It is beautiful and embodies the spirit of "Ze". In the late Tang dynasty, it was also very difficult to do this. The reason why Du Mu's Epanggong Fu can be passed down through the ages lies in its perfect combination of ideology and artistry.

Ability migration

Example 3 Read the following classical Chinese and translate underlined sentences.

Du Mu, a native of Mu Zhi and a native of Jingzhao, is good at writing. In the second year of Daiwa, Wei made a list of scholars in the same year. When I first arrived in Dudong, assistant minister Cui Yan and university student Dr. Wu Wuling said, "The assistant minister looks forward to virtue, chooses the virtuous for the virtuous king, and the servants dare to show their dust." Occasionally, I met a dozen generations of scribes, raised their eyebrows and stretched their hands, leafed through a volume of documents, and read it, which was the "Epang Palace Fu" by Jinshi Du Mu. 1 person, Wang Zuocai also. "Because of the large amount, reading it out loud gave me a great return. Yue: "Please pay tribute to me!" He said, "I found someone." He said, "No, please invite the fifth person. If not, please return it to me! "Words are eloquent. Yan said, "Students are talkative, careless and careless, but they respect what they teach and dare not change." (2) and then lead the wise founder. Shen Chuanshi is an inspector in Yong Lian, Jiangxi. He is also the secretary of Niu Senru's Huainan Festival. Thanks to the imperial adviser, he moved to the left to fill the vacancy, passed through Huangzhou, Chizhou and Muzhou, and accepted the merits and demerits of the doctor's words, and moved to the Chinese book to give up people. There are strange festivals in the countryside, not for small pollution, but for talking about big things, referring to Chen Lizhi's illness. (3) Sun Tzu's Art of War, Rong Ji Ping Xi. I tried to learn from my brother, but I was tired and unhappy. When he died at the age of fifty, he wrote his own epitaph and burned many articles. Poetry is heroic and the speed of speech is amazing. People who know it imitate Du Fu, so they are called "Dadu" and "Xiaodu" to distinguish them from others. Later generations commented on the pastoral poem "like a copper pill walking on a stone bench, a good horse falling on a slope", meaning round and quick.

(selected from the biography of Zhan Caizi in the new study)

(1) Occasionally, I saw more than a dozen generations of scribes, raising their eyebrows and stretching their hands, and * * * read a volume of documents, which is exactly the "One-sided View" by Jinshi Du Mu.

The translation is: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) Students talk a lot about grazing and sparseness, but they respect what they teach and dare not change it easily.

The translation is: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) Pastoral integrity has a strange festival, not for small pollution, dare to talk about big things, referring to Chen Lizhi's illness.

The translation is: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

A (1) I happened to see more than a dozen scribes before, and I was very happy to high-five. I read a book together in * * *, and I saw it was Mutu's Epang Palace Fu. Many candidates say that Du Mu is lazy and indulgent, but I will do as you say and dare not change it again. (3) Du Mu is upright and upright by nature, with outstanding moral integrity. He never appears cautious, and dares to comment on the military and point out the advantages and disadvantages of current politics.

Example 4 takes the natural landscape of our country as the description object, and writes another paragraph by imitating the following paragraph.

The Great Wall of Wan Li is like a soaring dragon, winding among the mountains, which symbolizes the indomitable spirit of the Chinese nation. The Oriental Pearl, like a rocket waiting to be launched, stands on the Huangpu River, which is the witness of China's modernization. Zhongguancun, like a monument rising from the ground, is located on the land of Beijing. It is a symbol of the future development of the motherland.

A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

analyse

When answering this question, we should pay attention to the requirements of the question. The explicit requirements are: a. Taking natural landscape as the object; B. use figurative rhetoric; The sentence structure should be the same as the example given. The implied requirements are: the selected natural landscape should be representative and reflect (or symbolize) the spiritual outlook of the Chinese nation; The sentence structure is: noumenon (natural landscape)+vehicle (figurative and visual)+vehicle characteristics (reflecting mental outlook)+symbolic meaning.

answer

(Reference example) The Yangtze River, like an all-round warrior, climbs mountains and mountains and rushes all the way to the sea, which is the embodiment of Chinese sons and daughters' tenacious struggle and forge ahead; Mount Tai, like an old man who has experienced many vicissitudes of life, has read the Spring and Autumn Period all his life. She is a symbol of the long history, breadth and depth of Chinese culture. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, like a kind mother, has been unknown all her life, feeding her children. She is a symbol of the broad mind, greatness and strength of the Chinese nation.

Problem inquiry

Both this article and Jia Yi's On Qin (lesson 17 of this volume) discuss the demise of the Qin Dynasty. What are the similarities between these two articles? What's the difference between their arguments?

There are some similarities between this article and On Qin in the discussion about the demise of Qin Dynasty. They all affirmed the power of the Qin Dynasty, stressed that the demise of the Qin Dynasty was self-destructive, explained the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, and pointed out that the reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was that "benevolent government" was not implemented.

The differences between the two texts are mainly reflected in the following aspects: "On Qin" explains the truth that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different" from a comparative perspective; "Epanggong Fu" points out the reasons for the demise of Qin from the perspective of "Qin loves luxury". On Guo Qin reflects the demise of Qin with the prosperity of Qin, and Fu on Epang Palace describes Epang Palace in a "fable" way, indicating the inevitability of Qin's demise. As a political paper, Guo Qin Lun focuses on empirical reasoning. Epanggong Fu is an essay that satirizes reality.