The usage of infinitive as object, object complement and adverbial (the usage of subject and attribute only needs to be understood).

1. Subject: Subject is the subject of the sentence, and it is the subject of the sentence. Its position is usually at the beginning of a sentence. Words, phrases, clauses and even sentences can be used as subjects.

1. Noun is the subject. A tree fell across the road. A tree fell across the road. )

Small rivers provide water for big rivers. A small river flows into a big river. )

2. Pronouns are used as subjects. You are not far wrong. You are almost right.

He told a joke, but it didn't work. He told a joke, but it didn't make people laugh.

3. Numerals are used as subjects. Three is enough. Three is enough.

Seven MINUS four leaves three. Seven minus four plus three.

4. Nominalized adjectives are used as subjects.

Idlers are forced to work. Lazy people are forced to work.

Old and young March side by side. Old and young walk side by side.

5. Adverbs are used as subjects. Now is the time. Now is the time.

Do it carefully. Be careful.

6. Nominalization preposition as the subject. Like the ups and downs of life, you must be happy with it.

We must bear the ups and downs of life.

7. The infinitive is used as the subject. Finding your way may be a problem. Whether you can find the way may be a problem.

Nice to see him again.

Nice to meet him.

8. Gerund is used as subject. Smoking is harmful to you. Smoking is harmful to you.

Watching movies is a pleasure, and making movies is a hard job.

Watching movies is a pleasure, but making movies is a pain.

9. Nominalized past participles are used as subjects. Disabled people will get more money.

Disabled people will get more benefits.

The deceased died of old age.

The deceased died of old age.

10. Prepositional phrases are used as subjects. It's not far to Beijing. It's not far from Beijing. It takes three hours to ride from Yan 'an to Nanniwan.

It takes three hours from Yan 'an to Nanniwan.

The 1 1. clause is used as the subject. Just when you're ready.

When you are ready.

Just because Sally wants to leave doesn't mean we have to leave.

We can't say that Sally is leaving, so are we.

12. This sentence is used as the subject. Such as: "Hello?" It's a greeting. "Hello" is a greeting.

Two. affirm

The position of predicate or predicate verb usually comes after the subject. Predicate consists of simple verbs or verb phrases (auxiliary verbs or modal verbs+main verbs).

1. It consists of simple verbs.

(1). What happened? What happened?

He worked hard all day today. He worked hard all day today.

The plane takes off at ten o'clock. The plane takes off at ten o'clock.

2. Predicates composed of verb phrases.

(1). I'm reading. I’m reading a book.

(2). What have you been busy with? What have you been doing for half a day?

As long as you work hard, you can do it. You can do it as long as you work hard.

3. English often uses some action nouns instead of dynamic predicate verbs, which is vivid. This kind of action nouns are often preceded by verbs with little meaning, such as have, get, take and give. For example:

(1). I swam yesterday. I went swimming (swimming instead of swimming) yesterday.

(2). Look at that! Look at that! (Look instead of look)

He sighed. He sighed. (Sighing, not sighing)

I got a good chance. I was shocked and appalled. A good reorganization will replace a thorough reorganization.

Three. Predicate

The function of predicative is to express the characteristics, status and identity of the subject. It can also be said to be a subject complement. It is located after the connecting verb and forms a so-called system table structure with it. In the structural clock of the system table, the connecting verb is only a formal predicate, and the second one is the real predicate. Words that can be used as predicative include nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, participles, prepositional phrases and clauses.

1. The wedding was held on that Sunday. The wedding was held on that Sunday. (noun)

2. I see. That's it. (pronoun)

There are seven of us. There are seven of us. (number)

4. Are you busy? Are you free? (adjective)

5. Are you there? Are you listening? (telephone language) (adverb)

Is anybody there? Is there anyone inside? (adverb)

I can only wait. All I could do was to wait. (infinitive)

My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.

My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose. (infinitive)

7. Compliment is lying. Compliment is lying. (gerund)

Is this very demanding? Is this too high? (gerund)

8. I am very surprised at this. I am very surprised at this. (excessive)

I am satisfied with what he has done. I am satisfied with what he has done. (excessive)

9. She is in good health. She is very healthy. (prepositional phrase)

The performance is from seven to ten, and the performance time is from seven to six. (prepositional phrase)

10. Is that why you are angry? Is that why you are angry? (clause)

1 1. This is the place where I first met her. This is the place where I first met her. (clause)

Supplement:

A notional verb that can be used as a copula:

Come, go, run, turn, get, become, keep, stay, make (verb indicating change)

Feeling, sound, smell, expression, taste (sensory verb)

Appear (as if, as if)

For example:

1. Our dream has come true. My dream has come true. (relaxed, relaxed and natural, etc. Often added after Come)

He is ill. He is ill.

Stay healthy. Take care.

Keep as a copula is often followed by quiet, calculate, cool, well, warm, silent, clean and dry.

This well has dried up. The well has dried up. (short, loose, wild, cold, etc. )

A thin person always looks taller than he is.

A thin man looks taller than his actual height.

Four. target

The object mainly acts as the receiver of the action in the sentence, so it is usually placed after the transitive verb. For example:

Our team beat all the other teams. Our team beat all the other teams.

Can be used as objects: nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, nominalized participles, clauses, etc.

1. Would you like a drink? Do you want a drink? (noun)

They won't hurt us. (pronoun)

If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.5 plus 5 equals 10. (Numbers).

I will try my best. I will try my best. (Nominalization adjective)

He left there last week. He left there last week. (adverb)

6. Is she really going to leave home? Is she really leaving home? (infinitive)

7. He never does anything unexpected.

He never does anything surprising. (Nominalization participle)

8. Do you understand what I mean? Do you understand what I mean? (clause)

Extension:

The object of some verbs needs two equal objects, namely a direct object and an indirect object. The direct object generally refers to the receiver of the action, and the indirect object refers to the people and things (mostly people) that the action points to or completes. Transitive verbs with this double object are called dative verbs, which are often used as: answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, provide, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing and take. Indirect object is usually used with direct object, usually before direct object. I found him a place. I found him a position.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) supplement

Complement is a sentence component that complements the meaning of subject and object. The sentence elements that complement the subject meaning are called subject complements, and the sentence elements that complement the object meaning are called object complements.

(1). When used as the subject complement, the notional word is usually placed before the subject and followed by a comma.

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. I was tired and sleepy, so I went to bed.

Sometimes it can be placed after the subject with commas before and after it, which is similar to an unrestricted attribute. For example:

That man is incredibly cruel and won't listen to their entreaties.

There is no denying that this man is cruel and refuses to listen to their entreaties.

(2) Nouns, adjectives, infinitives, gerunds, participles and prepositional phrases can all be used as object complements.

1. They named the child Jimmy. They named the child Jimmy. (Nouns are used as conjunctions and complements)

My mother looks very young, and you will think that she is my sister.

My mother is so gentle that you will think that she is my sister.

She boiled the eggs well. He boiled the eggs. (Adjectives are used as object complements)

I find this book very interesting. I found that book very interesting. (Adjective phrases are used as object complements)

Comrades want to hide Dr. Bethune.

Comrades want Dr. Bethune to hide. (infinitive is used as object complement)

I call it robbing Peter to pay Paul. I call it robbing Peter to pay Paul. (Object Supplement of Verb Naming)

Don't take his kindness for granted. Don't take his kindness for granted.

Attribute of intransitive verbs

Attribute is a word or a group of words used to explain the nature and characteristics of nouns (pronouns). Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, participles, prepositional phrases, clauses and sentences can all be used as attributes.

1. There are many adjectives used as attributes.

(1). She is a born musician. She is a born musician.

He must be the best violinist alive. He must be the best violinist alive. (post-attributive)

2. Nouns are used as attributes. such as

(1). A baby girl.

(2) Well water

(3). Sports car two-seater light vehicle

(4). A fool's paradise, a dream paradise

2. Pronouns are used as attributes.

(1). Your hair needs to be cut. It's time for you to get a haircut. (Possessive pronouns are used as attributes)

(2) Everyone's business is nobody's business. Everyone is responsible, but no one is responsible.

(indefinite pronouns's possessive case is an attribute)

3. Numbers as attributes

(1). There is only one way to do it. There's only one way to do it.

Do it now, you may not get a second chance.

Do it now, and you may never get another chance.

The original word is used as a postattribute: 24 pages 20 1 year 1949.

4. Adverbs are often used as attributes, such as:

The room above the world today

The way out of rest day

5. infinitives are used as attributes

(1). Her promise to write was forgotten. She forgot to promise to write a letter.

That's what I did. That's what I did.

6. Gerund is used as an attribute.

Crutches crutches sleeping pills sleeping pills

Learn how to use tableware

7. Partitions act as attributes

A sleeping child, an alcoholic man and an alcoholic.

A retired worker, a retired worker, a withered flower, a withered flower.

7. Preposition phrases are used as attributes.

(1). This is a map of China. This is a map of China.

The wildness in his eyes is clearer than words.

His fierce eyes could not be explained more clearly.

8. Clauses are attributive, that is, attributive clauses.

The car parked outside is mine. The car parked outside is mine.

I noticed your car was hit by another car outside.

I saw your car outside. It was hit by another car.

Seven. Same predicate

Two sentence elements of the same thing are placed in the same apposition, and one sentence element can be used to explain or explain the other sentence element. The former is called the same predicate of the latter. These two sentences are mostly composed of nouns (pronouns), and the same predicate is usually placed after the nouns (pronouns) they explain.

1. There are many nouns used as synonyms.

(1). We have two children, a boy and a girl. We have two children, a boy and a girl.

We in China are determined to build China into a strong and prosperous country. We in China are determined to build China into a strong and prosperous country.

2. Pronouns are used as synonyms.

( 1)。 They all want to see him. They all want to see him.

(2)。 Let's get to work, Oliver. Let's go to work.

3. Numerals are used as the same predicate.

( 1)。 Are you two ready? Are you two ready?

(2)。 The two of them went and the three of us stayed. They both went, and the three of us stayed.

The infinitive and gerund are used as the same predicate.

( 1)。 Their recent proposal to focus on primary education met with opposition from some people. Their recent proposal to focus on primary education met with opposition from some people.

(2)。 The first plan, the night attack, was rejected.

The first plan was a night attack and was rejected.

5. phrase 5. Of is used as the same predicate

The Art of Writing in Rome

The vice of smoking, the hobby of smoking.

6. Clauses use the same predicate, that is, the same predicate appears repeatedly.

( 1)。 The news that we will have a holiday tomorrow is not true.

The news that there will be a holiday tomorrow is not true.

(2)。 We are not investigating whether he is trustworthy or not.

We are not investigating whether he can be trusted.

Eight. adverbial modifier

Adverbials are sentence components that modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs and the whole sentence. . For example:

1. This girl has made great progress. This girl has made great progress.

Adverbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, infinitives, participles, prepositional phrases and clauses can all be used as adverbials.

( 1)。 Adverb is the most commonly used adverbial with flexible usage, which can be placed at the end, beginning and middle of a sentence.

He doesn't speak the language well, but he reads it well.

He can't speak the language well, but he can read well.

Naturally, we want hotel guests to lock the door.

When we expect hotel guests to lock the door.

3. Adverbials can be divided into time, place, way, reason, result, purpose, condition, concession, degree, way, accompanying, etc.

( 1)。 Adverbials of time are mostly located at the end and the beginning of sentences, and sometimes they can also be placed in sentences.

Shall we go shopping today or tomorrow?

China is now ahead of the world.

(2) Adverbials of places are often placed at the end of sentences, sometimes at the beginning and in sentences.

There are many fish in the sea.

She kissed her mother on the platform.

(3)。 Adverbials of reasons, including adverbials of reasons, are often placed at the end of sentences and sometimes at the beginning of sentences.

Tom lost his job because of illness.

I eat potatoes because I like them.

(4) Adverbials of results, mostly expressed by infinitives, participles and clauses, are often located at the end of sentences.

She suddenly woke up and found someone standing at the door.

She spoke so softly that I couldn't hear what she said.

(5) Adverbials of purpose, mostly expressed by infinitives, prepositional phrases and clauses, are often located at the end of sentences and can be placed at the beginning of sentences when emphasized.

He ran to the shelter. He ran to shelter from the rain.

In order to get into a good school, I must study harder.

(6). Conditional adverbial. Most of them are expressed by phrases and clauses, which are often placed at the end and the beginning of sentences.

We will be lucky to get there before dark.

What shall we say to him if he comes?

(7) Adverbials of concession are expressed by phrases and clauses, which are often placed at the end and the beginning of sentences.

Rich as he is, he seems unhappy. Rich as he is, he doesn't seem happy.

Although he didn't know me, he helped me.

(8). Degree adverbial. It is usually expressed by adverbs, prepositional phrases and clauses.

This lecture is very interesting.

To what extent will you trust them? How much do you trust them?

(9)。 Adjoint adverbials are often expressed by phrases and independent nominative cases. Right is at the end and beginning of the sentence.

My train leaves at six and arrives in Chicago at ten.

He stood there with a pipe in his mouth.