Song of Life: Several Common Psychological Effects in Interpersonal Communication

The results show that most of the subjects think that student A is smarter. This is the first cause effect. The first cause effect, also known as the "first impression effect", refers to the influence of the impression formed by the initial information on our future behavior and evaluation, and actually refers to the influence of the "first impression". The first impression includes speech, appearance, dress, manners and manners, which are all new information to the perceiver. It also strongly stimulates the senses and is fresh, just like the first color on white paper is always very clear and profound. The first impression effect is a well-known truth for women and children. Officials always attach great importance to the "three fires" at the beginning of taking office, and ordinary people also know the wonderful use of "runaway horses". Everyone tries to make a good "first impression" on others. The first cause effect is an intuitive feeling, and the first impression formed is often unreliable. For example, some young people often take whether they have a good impression on each other at the first meeting as the standard for further friendship. If you have a good impression, you will communicate, but if you have a bad impression, you will disdain to communicate, which will lead to the misunderstanding of interpersonal communication. But the first cause effect is an objective psychological phenomenon, which is inevitable. It determines whether communication will continue or not, and affects the quality and result of future communication. Therefore, we must attach importance to the first cause effect in interpersonal communication and strive to leave a good first impression in interpersonal communication. For example, in social activities such as making friends, recruiting, job hunting, etc., we can use this effect to show people an excellent image and lay a good foundation for future communication. Second, recency effect recency effect means that the recent information has a strong influence on people's cognition, and the last impression is more profound, which is the so-called "post-shoot" effect in psychology. When the cognitive associates with strangers, the first cause effect plays a greater role, while when interacting with acquaintances, recency effect plays a more obvious role. Recency effect is ubiquitous in interpersonal communication. For example, someone usually performs well, and once he does something wrong, it is easy to leave a deep negative impact on others. Especially the students who usually have a good relationship, because of a small matter, there will be contradictions and even enemies, no matter how deep the friendship is at ordinary times. Therefore, in interpersonal communication, we should pay attention to overcoming the cognitive bias brought by recency effect, learn to look at others with a dynamic, developmental, historical and comprehensive perspective, and establish good interpersonal relationships with others. Third, the halo effect. We first met a young man. If he has good facial features, neat clothes and polite manners, we will have a good impression on him and give him a positive evaluation. We think he is educated, talented and has a good job, and may predict his bright future. On the contrary, if this young man is disheveled and hesitates, we will have a bad impression on him, give him a negative evaluation, think that he is shallow in knowledge and lacks talent, and even think that he is an untrustworthy person and will do nothing in the future. This is the "halo effect" that often happens in our lives. It means that people look at the problem, just like a solar halo, and gradually spread from a central point to a bigger and bigger circle. Under the influence of halo or halo with outstanding characteristics, it is a social psychological effect to generalize the whole by replacing the surface with the point. Therefore, the halo effect is the result of preconceptions and the final decision based on the first impression. People often say: "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder", "Love me, love my dog", "A good thing is good" and "A handsome guy covers all the ugliness" are typical halo effects. The cognitive prejudice caused by halo effect is an obvious cognitive phenomenon from known to unknown, from one-sided to comprehensive, which often distorts a person's image and leads to incorrect evaluation. The way to correct it can only tell yourself not to generalize and act on a temporary subjective impression. Therefore, in interpersonal communication, we should overcome the halo effect, believe that everyone has advantages and disadvantages, get to know each other better in communication, and avoid taking points instead of faces and generalizing the whole. In addition, the halo effect can also be used in communication to leave a good impression on the other party, which is conducive to the establishment of good interpersonal relationships. 4. Stereotype effect Stereotype refers to people's fixed, generalized and general views on a certain kind of people or things, which is a quite common phenomenon that often appears when we know others. We often hear people say that "Changsha girls can't make friends, and their faces are like peaches and knives", while Northeast girls "prefer hunger to beauty", and intellectuals are all "white-faced scholars" with glasses and pale faces; Farmers are rough, simple and quiet images; The French are romantic and the British are conservative; Women are gentle and careful; Men are rational, generous and careless. These are actually "stereotypes". Stereotypes are formed mainly because we have no time and energy to communicate with every member of a certain group in the process of interpersonal communication, but only with some of them. So we can only infer the whole from the part, and infer the whole from the part we touch. "Birds of a feather flock together, and people are divided into groups." People who live in the same area, engage in the same occupation and belong to the same race always have some common characteristics. Therefore, stereotypes are generally reasonable. However, "people's hearts are different and each has its own face." In the final analysis, stereotype is only a general and general view, and it cannot replace a living individual. Therefore, the mistake of "generalizing the whole" is always inevitable. If we don't understand this, when dealing with people, people like Zheng, who only look at stereotypes, would rather believe that stereotypes are "size" than their own personal experiences, and mistakes will occur, leading to the failure of interpersonal communication, which naturally will not help us to succeed. 5. Projection effect Projection effect is also called self-projection effect. Self-projection refers to the externalization of inner psychology, that is, judging others according to their own needs, projecting their own emotional and will characteristics on others, and imposing them on others, thinking that others should do the same. As a result, they often misjudge their feelings and intentions, distort the wishes of others, and cause obstacles to interpersonal communication. The typical projection effect is what people often say: "Eat the belly of a gentleman with the heart of a villain", thinking that others have the same likes and dislikes and similar views as themselves. This situation is manifested in various forms in interpersonal communication. If some people are biased against others, they always think that others are hostile to themselves, and even think that each other's every move is a provocation; I think others are equally interested in what I am interested in, so I talk endlessly; I like talking about others, and I always feel that others are talking about him behind his back. There are also boys or girls who secretly love the opposite sex and always think that the other person likes themselves. When observing each other, they always feel that they are interested in each other. A look, a gesture, a friendly expression or even a joke from the other person will be mistaken for a signal of love. Projection effect is a self-defense reaction, which sometimes helps people understand each other and adjust their psychology. However, due to subjective speculation in interpersonal communication, misunderstandings and contradictions often arise. About the author: Zuo Jialin, female, teaching assistant of Hebei Communications Vocational and Technical College, research direction: educational psychology.