What works does lev tolstoy have? Who is the hero in the work?

& lt& lt war and peace >> lev tolstoy's works.

The works of Anna karenin and lev tolstoy.

The works of young lev tolstoy.

Selected works of lev tolstoy

War and Peace in lev tolstoy's Novels

Anna karenin in lev tolstoy's Novels

The Resurrection of lev tolstoy's Novels

Katyusha Maslova, the hero of the novel, was originally the adopted daughter of a noble landlord. She was seduced by her master's nephew, the noble young Duke Nekhludoff, and then abandoned. As a result, she fell into a miserable life. She was driven away by her master because she was pregnant, and she wandered around and worked as a prostitute for eight years. Later, she was framed for murder for money and was arrested and imprisoned. Ten years later, Nekhludoff appeared as a juror in Maslova's case. He recognized that the defendant was Maslova who was abandoned by him ten years ago, and he was condemned by his conscience. In order to atone for her soul, he ran around to reduce her sentence. When all efforts failed, Maslova was escorted to Siberia, and Nekhludoff went with her. On the way, there came a notice that the emperor reduced Maslova's sentence, and forced labor was changed to exile. At this time, although Maslova still loved Nekhludoff, he refused his proposal for his future and married political prisoner simonson. The experiences of these two protagonists show their spiritual and moral revival. This novel exposes those corrupt officials and touches the essence of the old law.

recover

It reveals the problems of moral self-improvement and human conscience.

The resurrection of the best feelings of mankind

It embodies the calm and compassionate atmosphere of a great man's thoughts in his later years.

One of the hundred classic works in the world.

Classic works in the history of Russian literature

Resurrection is the masterpiece of Tolstoy, a famous Russian writer. I believe many people have read this book when they were students. In China, six editions have been published since the beginning of the 20th century, and the drama of the same name adapted by dramatists Tian Han and Xia Yan was also published and staged in 1930s and 1940s. The works and their protagonists have become very familiar and beloved figures of China readers and audiences.

Resurrection is a novel after Tolstoy's changed world outlook, and it is a summary of his thoughts, religious ethics and aesthetic exploration. It is a novel conceived according to a real case, which shows the process of the hero's "spiritual purification", exposes the anti-people nature of the czar's autocratic bureaucrats and the ugly crimes of the church, and is the most comprehensive and sufficient reflection of Tolstoy's worldview. The plot of the novel is ups and downs, and the characters are vividly portrayed. Tuo Weng's skillful and old-fashioned brushwork in his later years reflects the painful struggle between men and women between "spirit and flesh" more profoundly than any other works. This epic classic is known as "/kloc-an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 9th century".

Resurrection is the most beautiful poem praising human compassion-the most authentic poem. It embodies meanness and virtue, and observes everything with gentle attitude, calm wisdom and universal compassion.

-romain rolland, a famous French critic.

In the whole19th century, there has never been such a work as Resurrection, which is higher than Les Miserables, because there is nothing imaginary, fictional or fabricated here, but life itself.

-Stasov, a famous Russian critic

Reading Tolstoy's Resurrection, I feel that he is really great. The prostitutes in Maslova's novels give people a sense of sacredness, while the so-called "saints" in some of our novels give people a sense of inferiority. This explains the difference between a master and an ordinary writer.

-famous writer Chi Zijian

Resurrection is a work that summarizes life. It takes out all the dirty things in people's hearts. People's hearts are complicated, good people and bad people, good and evil are complicated.

-the famous writer Gao Mang.

Reading Tolstoy's Resurrection

Resurrection is the latest of Tolstoy's three representative works and is regarded as the "peak" of his creation. It doesn't have the epic verve and brilliant poetry of war and peace, and it doesn't have the stormy waves and unrest of Anna karenin-it fully embodies the calm and compassionate atmosphere of a great man's mind in his later years!

Here, the writer's sharp eyes, accurate description and vigorous brushwork have reached an unprecedented height. This is consistent with the seriousness of the work content. Here, in the face of human suffering, the writer kept superb calm, but the reader had to be deeply shocked by what he saw. Tolstoy's excavation here is deeper than ever before. It can be said that the whole of Russia has been overturned by him. The artistic world he recreated has reached the level of being a mirror. The truth! It is precisely because of the removal of the languishing factors of romanticism that the whole work shows its strength, just like Michelangelo's sculpture. However, this is not an ordinary sculpture, but a magnificent monument. It melts the Russian reality at the end of 19, and it is engraved with the poor, aristocrats, warders, prisoners, revolutionaries, doctors, prostitutes, students ... It is mixed with repentance, pity, tolerance, shameless, fraud and debauchery ... Here, the author sings the noblest song of human art: "We shed tears for the unfortunate.

When we open this book, we can't help but feel that there is a resurrection of the soul-the resurrection of the best feelings of mankind! Even in contemporary times, many people may be quietly burying their beautiful feelings without feeling anything. At this time, what we need is a work like Resurrection to wake up the sleeping heart?

Just as flowers and plants need spring rain to grow new green, human beings also need fraternity and sympathy to continue and make continuous progress. Or is this why the resurrection is immortal?

Although "Resurrection" is written about the confession of nobles, Tolstoy did not regard this motif as the patent of nobles, but put confession in the internal and universal contradiction of human mind. Everyone has divinity and animality. If people indulge themselves, they may fall; People may be "resurrected" when they are conscious. Therefore, Tolstoy advocated "moral self-realization" to change social inequality and evil. In the era of fierce social revolution, he advocated "don't fight violence with violence" and opposed class struggle. However, as a document for human beings to seek spiritual liberation, reading such books may cause some sense of shame in our age when moral self-improvement is regarded as a joke.

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I have read the translation, and I have also read Dong's translation. The following comments are what I added now. Tuesday,1984,65438+10.30, sunny today, I read the first volume of War and Peace by Tolstoy again, and the death of Duke Anderle deeply touched me. "If everyone only fights for their beliefs, there will be no war." (Andrei, page 36) When Countess Rostov gave Anna mikhailov money (my explanation): Anna mikhailov once cried in her arms, and the Countess also cried. They cried because they were friends and because they were kind-hearted; Because they have been friends since childhood, they are worried about such vulgar things as money; But also because their youth is gone ... but their tears are happy. (page 85) Christian love, love for others and love for enemies are more valuable, sweeter and better than the feelings that a young man's beautiful eyes can cause in a girl full of poetry and affection like you. (This is a letter from Princess Andrea's sister Maria to her friend Yuli) (page 134) There is only one word expressed in the above paragraph: "love". But it is also clearly divided into two types, which is the core of Tolstoy's thought. One is emotional love, such as the love of two young ladies, and the type that we always publicize every day; The other is seldom considered in our life. It is certain that most people, especially practical people in China, don't admit the existence of this kind of love. That is, the love expressed by Miss Maria. This kind of love is noble, and so are those who believe in it, such as the lost Tolstoy, the compassionate Hugo and the enthusiastic romain rolland. Nikolai Rostov turned around as if looking for something. He looked at the water, the sky and the sun on the Danube in the distance. How beautiful, blue, quiet and far away the sky is! How bright and magnificent the sunset is! And how kind and brilliant the water in the distant Danube is! Even more beautiful are the blue mountains, monasteries, mysterious canyons and smoke-filled pine forests on the Danube River in the distance ... It is quiet and happy there ... "As long as I can be there, I don't need anything," Rostov thought. "In my heart, in this sunshine, here, there are so many joys ... groans, pains, fears, and this unknowability, this rush ... they shouted here again and ran back. I want to run with them for a while, and it, death, is here, on my head, around me ... for a while, I never see the sun again. ..... "(Note: This is how Rostov felt after seeing the wounded soldier before mounting the horse and charging) (page 2 10-2 1 1) Life, life, only at this time can people feel its beautiful and often neglected connotation. In fact, the real meaning of life lies in enjoying the freedom of sunshine, forests, mountains, grasslands and rivers, and in ordinary satisfaction. Nothing else matters. On his head (note: Andre was lying on the battlefield in Austerlitz before he was wounded and "dying"), there was nothing but the sky. The high sky, though uncertain, was unfathomable, and the gray clouds moved quietly. "How quiet, peaceful and serious! You don't run like me at all, "thought Duke Anderley. "You don't run, shout and struggle like us; Fighting for brooms, clouds move in this high and infinite sky, which is completely different from our sky. Why haven't I seen such a noble day before? I finally found it. How happy I am. Yes, except this infinite day, everything is empty and everything is cheating. There is nothing but the sky. But even the sky is not there. There is nothing but silence and peace. Thank god! ..... "(page 399) I think the above content is the most touching content of this book. This experience is not just to see through the world of mortals, but an eternal compliment. Quiet, serene and distant sight. Is the ultimate definition of happiness. These contents have had such a great influence on me that I changed my narrow nationalist consciousness and sublimated it to human conscience to feel the world. The solemn, blue, quiet and distant sky is eternal and peaceful, surpassing all human pains and joys. Only it is the real spiritual sustenance in my heart. 1984165438+1October 13 On Tuesday, Yin finished the second volume of War and Peace today. What Tolstoy! Although I strongly disagree with you in some aspects, your work really impressed me. "Ah, Princess Maria!" Suddenly he said something unnatural and threw away the chisel (the wheel is still turning because of inertia). Princess Marya remembered the faded roulette for a long time, which was confused with what happened later in her memory. (This is why Duke Andrey's father was extremely sad because he mistakenly heard that his son died on the battlefield in Austerlitz. The princess is his daughter. ) (page 457) Only people with profound thoughts and sensibility will have the same experience of this song. It's amazing, something that can only be understood, but can't be expressed, was inadvertently written by Lao Tuo's magic pen. "You will die-everything will end. You know everything when you die, or don't ask. " This is Pierre's mental struggle when he blames himself for the duel. ) (page 495) There is only one kind of science with the highest wisdom-the whole science that explains the whole universe and the position of people in the universe. If you want to get this kind of science by yourself, you must purify and innovate your inner "self". So, before you know it, you must believe and make yourself perfect. In order to achieve these goals, we put the light of God in our hearts, which is called conscience. (This is what Pierre said in the hotel when he left, inspired by the members of the * * * Economic Association. ) (page 503) The Duke of Anderle looked at the sky Pierre showed him. After the battle of Austerlitz, he saw the lofty and eternal sky for the first time, which he saw lying in the field of Austerlitz; And the best thing that had been sleeping for a long time suddenly woke up in his heart, making him feel happy and young. This kind of emotion disappeared as soon as he returned to his accustomed living environment, but he knew that he would not carry forward the emotion in his heart. (page 555) "Yes, that's the oak tree," thought Duke Anderley, who suddenly felt a unique feeling of happiness and freshness in spring from nowhere. He suddenly remembered all the best times of his life. Austerlitz and the high sky, the condemned face of his dead wife, Pierre on the ferry, the girl excited by the beauty of the night, the night and the moon-all these suddenly appeared in his mind. "No, life will not end at thirty-one," Prince Andrey suddenly made the final and decisive decision. "Just knowing everything in my heart is not enough. Everyone must know this: Pierre and the girl who flew to the sky are also included. Everyone must know me. I hope my life is not only for myself, but also for their life, which has nothing to do with me. My life should be reflected in everyone, they should live with me! " (page 602) This passage deeply touched me. Since then, I feel that my thoughts and feelings are so different from those around me, so out of place. I want them to experience this profound sense of sublimity like me. However, I found that no one in China will be moved by your lofty idea, except smiling. At most, it will only be moved and remembered by ordinary families and those chewed love. More importantly, (I just added this personal comment now. ) We in China are used to worshipping big shots or celebrities, not ideas. They think that even the daily expression of a great person or celebrity is a wonderful idea, just like the great beauty described in the book, the woman who caused the tragedy of Besso's husband: the reputation of a charming and intelligent woman is unshakable in yelena Fasilievna Besso, so that she can say the most vulgar and stupid words, and everyone still praises her every word. (Page 626) Andrei Paulkowski and Pierre Besson are two dazzling and intelligent figures that Tolstoy devoted his efforts and deliberately portrayed (in fact, the Paulkowski family is based on Tolstoy's matriarchal family, Tolstoy's mother and mother's family have a great influence on Tolstoy's inheritance and influence, while Andrei Paulkowski's sister and Princess Maria, who are not very pretty, are based on Tolstoy's mother). Their long monologues and rich inner thoughts and introspection in the book endow this book with a great and dazzling aura and profound ideological content, making it not a simple novel, but a masterpiece of human spiritual wealth. What I like most is these long monologues and reflections, which have enriched my spirit as never before, leaving my thoughts unaffected and unrestricted (some people may point out that this is a paradox, but I don't want to waste my breath here. What I need is spiritual communication, not wasting my breath with people who have no thoughts. Interestingly, Buel's thought is not necessarily superficial in Biende, but he is always a thinker and is not good at putting it into action. I can't help thinking of the revolutionaries who lived in exile in Paris and often talked about the revolution in pubs and cafes. Andre is different. Tolstoy's later reform in his manor is actually a portrayal of Andre. Only the two of them can live in harmony, while all the other nobles are affected, flashy, and all the snobs among them are ruined (except, of course, the simple-minded Count Rostov, who is based on his father). Tolstoy's thought is far beyond his time. He opposed the feudal system, but he also doubted the advanced ideas and systems of the emerging bourgeoisie (not on its opposite side, of course). I didn't agree with his "obscure" thought before, but with the increase of experience and observation and understanding of the development of the contemporary world, now I think about it carefully, his thoughts and views are indeed far-sighted and profound. Not only did he see the decay of his dying body. As the saying goes, at the age of three, at the age of seven. What an eternal Tolstoy! (I just added this personal comment now) Sonia walked across the hall with a cup into the pantry. Natasha glanced at her through the pantry door. She thought she remembered that once, the light came in through the door of the storage room, and Sonia walked by with a cup. "Yes, exactly the same," thought Natasha. (page 739) How can this life and psychological details be so similar to my occasional psychological activities? That's strange. Tolstoy is not a worm in my stomach. How can this extraordinary person vividly write such subtle psychological details in words? Admire you! 1 984 65438+February1Saturday Sunny A person consciously lives for himself, but it is an unconscious tool for all mankind to achieve historical goals. What people do is irreversible, and it is of historical significance that one person's behavior and countless other people's behaviors are produced at the same time. The higher a person stands on the social ladder, the more people he has relations with, the greater his power over others, and the more obvious his fate and inevitability in every behavior. ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................... (p. 864) People are still involuntarily in the Jianghu, not to mention the position of power. This is "responsibility". Usually he has to do something, otherwise, it will have an immeasurable impact, even a major historical event. Therefore, their behavior must be inevitable, and he must act according to some laws. And his behavior, as an unconscious tool of history, affects each of us' conscious daily life, thus forming a normal human life and the historical development process of the group, society, country and even the world. On Monday, 1984, 65438+February, 10, Volume III, Page 870, has a French sentence, which is a little interesting: "Quos vult perdere—dementat" (meaning: who wants to destroy it-the reason to take it away) Bufuer (Note on page 887: "K" As a Prussian general, he joined the Russian army after the Battle of Jena and was recruited into the first plan of the Russian army in the Battle of 18 12. He is the kind of person who is hopelessly confident, unchangeable and confident enough to be martyred. Only Germans are such people, precisely because only Germans' self-confidence is based on an abstract concept-science is the absolute truth. The Frenchman is confident because he thinks he is equally irresistible to men and women intellectually and physically. The Englishman is confident because he is the people of the most organized country in the world, so as an Englishman, he always knows what he should do and what he has done as an Englishman is undoubtedly right. The Italian is confident because he is impulsive and forgetful of himself and others. The Russian is confident because he knows nothing and doesn't want to know, because he doesn't believe that he can fully understand anything. German's self-confidence is the worst, the most stubborn and the most annoying, because he thinks he knows truth and science, which he invented himself, but in his own view is absolute truth. (Page 911-912) As the saying goes, the Germans are rigorous, the British are calm, the French are charming, the Italians are impulsive, and the Russians are suspicious and suspicious. Haha, Germans are engineers, Britons are politicians, French are actors, Italians are athletes, and Russians are hillbillies (but these are the characters written by Tolstoy and Gorky, not the most educated Russians in the world now). A good commander not only needs no genius or special qualities, but also lacks the noblest and best qualities of human beings-love, poetry, kindness, philosophy and exploratory doubt. He should exercise restraint and firmly believe that what he is doing is important (otherwise he won't have enough patience). Only at this time can he become a brave commander in chief. God forbid him to be a man, to love anyone, to sympathize with anyone, and to think about what is right and wrong. This shows that the genius theory has long been fabricated for them, because they have power. The victory of the war is not decided by them, but by the shouting "collapse!" in the team. Or shout "hooray! "people. (page 9 17-9 18) War is the most barbaric dehumanization. Why do you think of what is the most civilized thing of mankind, such as love, poetry and philosophy? Reminds me of a picture that flashed through my mind: a man wolfed down a whole chicken, but his eyes shed kind tears, because he was very sympathetic to the tragic fate of the chicken (if not the crocodile). But eating chicken is very important to us human beings, so all human morality, theory, art and so on are fabricated for eating chicken. But what is the use of these theories? When you get the chicken, chew it. All other ideas and theories are superfluous. In addition, as can be seen from the above, Tolstoy has always opposed the scientific method, thinking that instead of using the human brain to formulate and develop some natural principles, it is better to use the intuitive judgment given by "God" to engage in a major event. " He won't have his own opinion. "He won't plan anything, and he won't do anything," thought Duke Anderley. But he wants to listen to everything, remember everything, put everything in its proper place, and will not hinder anything useful or allow anything harmful. He knows that there is something more powerful and important than his will, which is the inevitable trend of development. He can see these events and understand their importance, and when he understands this importance, he can not interfere in these events and give up his personal will, which has another purpose. (page 10 16) That is to say, people have a natural insight, things have their own irreversible development trend, and things like people's will are often caused by their own physiological and psychological interference. If we want things to have a good result, we must "see" the "inevitable trend" of this matter. The key to success is whether you can give up your inevitable trend in time. (Andreas) "Ah, my friend, I feel very painful to live recently. I know, I know too much. It is not suitable for people to try the fruits of knowledge of good and evil ... (page 1 105) is really a pain. It's best for people to be slow and steady, muddle along, and don't think about anything, just like chickens and pigs, just want to eat well and sleep well at present, and don't think about their ultimate fate. Only in this way can people spend their lives happily and contentedly. Distress is often asked for by people with brains. 1985 65438+ 10 14 Sunny finished the second episode on Monday and went to the library to borrow the first episode. It's a pity that this third episode was translated by Dong. Some translations are different from those I've been watching, and I can't find the third episode. I can't get in touch for a while, so I borrowed the translated third episode elsewhere. Duke Andrew couldn't bear it any longer. He shed affectionate and dear tears for his companions, himself, their mistakes and himself. (Note: Ender, who was seriously injured, saw his former rival Anatoly Kulakan, and Natasha wanted to fight with him, and cried bitterly when she cut off a broken leg in the battle with the French army) "Compassion, love for brothers, love for those who love us, love for the enemy (Note: this enemy may refer to Anatoly Kulakan), yes, what God preached in the world. This is why I cherish my life, and this is also left to me, if I am still alive. But it's too late now. I know! " (page 1 158) 1985 65438+ 10/0/5 Tuesday sunny "Yes, love," he thought clearly, "but it's not that kind of love, it's because of something. I also feel that happy mood now. Love your neighbor, love your enemy. Love everything-love God in various forms (I note: this sentence may be translated as "love all forms created by God", that is, the existence of God can be reflected in various forms). Love dear people, you can use human love; But to love the enemy, you can only use divine love. So when I think I love that person, I feel so happy. How is his condition? Is he still alive? ..... Love with human love, we can change from love to hate; But sacred love cannot be changed. Nothing and death can destroy it. This is the essence of the mind. ..... (page 1305) This passage impressed me deeply, deeply. Are there really two kinds of love in the world? The former exists. As for the latter, I have realized it from the works of romain rolland and Hugo, but it seems that Tolstoy elaborated it deeply. I look forward to this realm of love. I think the person who has this kind of love is the noblest person in the world. This kind of love is universal love, which does not need a specific object, but comes from a kind heart. 2 1, 1, 0985 1 month/day Monday was cloudy (Prince Andrey's feeling before he died:) What he felt was his sense of alienation from everything in the world and a sense of happiness and strangeness. He is in no hurry, waiting for what he is about to meet. That grim, eternal, unknowable, distant thing-he constantly feels its existence in his own life-is close to him now, and it is almost possible and real because of the strange light drift of his body. ..... (139 1 page) ah-how can I put it? Death, for me, means the end of the whole, not only from the perspective of others, but from my own point of view, the end of everything, the end of the whole world and the whole universe. Joy, pain, enthusiasm, hesitation, friends, relatives, enemies, hearing a strange insect sound in the yard one night when I was a child, meeting the person who made my heart thump for the first time and will never forget it, what we often think about in our hearts, our painful things, everything, sunshine, moonlight, the ocean, the ruins in the sunset glow, the treetops swaying alone in the morning breeze, that familiar and familiar song. On this occasion, I can't be indifferent to the good things of the past like Andre, and let them go away. I don't believe in eternal and strict opinions. I will definitely miss all the worldly things and feelings I have experienced in my life. When I was writing and listening to Tchaikovsky's serenade, it was so charming, so nostalgic, so unwilling to think of death. If death is liberation, it will not only relieve pain, but also destroy joy and beauty. I don't want to use the touch and joy of life as a price, just to get rid of the pain that will eventually become the past. No, I don't want to. Not worth it. Not worth it! Even if he, who I don't believe in, is said to be omnipresent and omnipotent, insists that I go to see him, I will try my best to fight and shout like a child who doesn't want to be forced to have an injection. I don't want that thing to take me to a place that I can never come back. Of course, when my departure becomes irreversible, I will be very sad, not just for myself. I remember reading a book about the life of Strauss. When he was dying in his lover's arms, he sang the last ancient German folk song in a daze: children, children, we have to part now. No matter how beautiful the sun is, it always goes down ... Ah-what a wonderful thing to be alive! The whole reason for this phenomenon is beyond human understanding. But we need to find the reason in people's minds. People's minds often ignore countless complex conditions (each condition can be regarded as the cause of the phenomenon independently), but they grasp the first clearest approximate reason and say: This is the reason. In historical events (the object of observation here is the essence of human actions), the initial and primitive approximation is the will of God, and later it is the will of people in the most prominent historical position, that is, the will of heroes in history. However, as long as we explore the essence of each historical event, that is, the activities of the whole crowd involved in the event, we will believe that the will of historical heroes not only does not dominate the actions of the crowd, but they themselves are often dominated. ..... The reason of historical events is the sum of all the reasons, and there is no other reason except this unique reason. But some laws govern events, some are unknown, and some are understandable. We can only find these laws if we completely give up looking for reasons in our personal will, just as people can only find the laws of planetary motion if they give up the concept of the earth being motionless. (1398-1399) Maybe sometimes, when we are at the desk in our study at home on Sunday, listening to music and leafing through an earlier diary or two old books with worn corners, we will feel grateful.