Searching: Some Short Stories in Shakespeare's Life

William shakespeare, a great English playwright and poet, was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Varvik, central England. His father, Jone Shakespeare, is a grocer, engaged in wool, leather manufacturing and grain business. From 65438 to 0565, he served as the town civil affairs director and was elected mayor three years later. Shakespeare studied in the local grammar school when he was young. Although he received a good basic education, he didn't go to college. 1582, 18-year-old Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, a 26-year-old peasant woman from a neighboring village, and had three children in less than 2 1.

From 1585 to 1592, his illness was unknown, which was called "the lost year" by commentators. 1585, he left Stratford and went to London to make a living. 1590 or so, he joined the troupe, became an actor and playwright, and began his stage and creative career. He stood up at the age of 30 and became famous in the theater. Four years later, he has become a leading figure in British drama. 1592, the theater manager p Henslow mentioned the first part of Shakespeare's Henry VI for the first time. In the same year, before his death, the playwright R. Green alluded to Shakespeare's surname in A Thousand Regrets Make a Wisdom, and quoted Henry VI's next line, calling Shakespeare a "nouveau riche crow", which shows that he was already quite famous at that time. From 1593 to 1594, he wrote and published two long poems, Venus and adonis and the Shame of Lucretius, which were dedicated to the young noble Earl of Southampton. He also wrote some miscellaneous poems and 154 sonnets which were published in 1609. Since 1594, his troupe has been sheltered by the minister in charge, and is called "the court minister troupe". 1598 or so, as a shareholder of the troupe, he co-founded the Globe Theater with others, and his later plays were mainly performed here (later, the "Black Friar Theater" was added around 1609). He also performed in the palace with the group and occasionally went to universities and law schools to act; In summer or when the plague is prevalent, the London Theatre stops performing and will go to other provinces to perform. 1598, F. Mills, a university scholar, listed Shakespeare's plays before the age of 35 in his treasure house of wisdom, praising his comedies and tragedies as "unparalleled" and equal to the first-class drama poets in ancient times. But he never published his own play before his death. 1596, he applied for the title of "gentleman" and the right to own the coat of arms in the name of his father, and bought considerable real estate in three times. 1603, James I succeeded to the throne, and his troupe was renamed "Sacrifice to the King", and he and the actors in the troupe were appointed as attendants of the court. 16 12 or so, he bid farewell to London and returned to his hometown to settle down. 1665438+ died on April 23rd, 2006 and was buried in Trinity Church in the town. Leave a will before death. His two portraits, which are said to be reliable, are busts in the church and portraits of Droshute. His handwriting has six signatures and a three-page manuscript of Sir Thomas More. 1623, actors J. Hamming and H. Candel printed his plays in folio, and collected 36 plays (20 of which were printed for the first time), which was called "first folio". Since 1772, people have been asking about the authors of Shakespeare's plays and trying to prove that the authors are Bacon, C Marlowe, Earl of Lightland, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Derby and so on. , but there is no evidence.

Shakespeare has lived in London for more than twenty years, while his wife has been living in Stratford. He retired and returned to his hometown of Stratford when he was close to his fate (about 16 12). 16 16 Shakespeare died around his 52nd birthday and was buried in Trinity Church. Leave a will before death. His two portraits, which are said to be reliable, are busts in the church and portraits of Droshute. His handwriting has six signatures and a three-page manuscript of Sir Thomas More. 1623, actors J. Hamming and H. Candel printed his plays in folio, and collected 36 plays (20 of which were printed for the first time), which was called "first folio". Since 1772, people have been asking about the authors of Shakespeare's plays and trying to prove that the authors are Bacon, C Marlowe, Earl of Lightland, Earl of Oxford, Earl of Derby and so on. , but there is no evidence.

works

In about 20 years (1590 ~ 16 12), Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays (thirty-eight, if you add two aristocratic relatives written with Fletcher), two long poems and one hundred and fifty-four sonnets. His plays are mostly based on historical records, novels, folklore and old plays, which reflect the historical reality of the transition from feudal society to capitalist society and publicize the humanitarian thought and human nature view of the emerging bourgeoisie. On the one hand, he borrowed extensively from ancient drama, English medieval drama and emerging culture and art in Europe, on the other hand, he deeply observed life, understood society and grasped the pulse of the times, which enabled Shakespeare to create many vivid characters and paint a broad and colorful picture of social life, and was famous for his blending of sadness and joy, poetic and picturesque, unity in contradiction and change, philosophy of life and critical spirit.

Generally speaking, Shakespeare's drama creation can be divided into the following three periods:

The first issue (1590 ~ 1600) is mainly about writing historical dramas and comedies, including 9 historical dramas, 2 comedies and 2 tragedies.

Of the nine historical dramas, except King John, which tells the history of England at the beginning of the 65438+3rd century, the other eight are all two tetralogy: the first, middle and last three of Henry VI and Richard III; Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V, these historical dramas summed up the turmoil in British history for more than a hundred years, shaped a series of positive and negative monarchies, and reflected Shakespeare's humanistic political and moral ideals of opposing feudal separatism, supporting centralization, condemning tyrants and tyrannies, demanding enlightened monarchies to carry out top-down reforms and establishing harmonious social relations.

10 Most comedies, The Wrong Comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Two Gentlemen of Verona, The futility of love, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much ado about nothing, All Happy and Twelfth Night, are all about it. Praise progress and beautiful new features, but also gently expose and ridicule the decay and ugliness of old things, such as the wrong correction of asceticism, the hypocrisy of Puritans and the greed of usurers. The basic tone of Shakespeare's drama creation in this period is optimistic and clear, full of confidence in solving social contradictions with humanistic ideals, so that the tragedy Romeo and Juliet written in this period is also full of comedy atmosphere. Although the hero died of double suicide, the ideal of love overcame death and got the reconciliation of feudal feud. However, the mature comedy The Merchant of Venice in the later period of this period contains melancholy and tragic factors. While advocating kindness, friendship and sincere love, it reflects the class oppression and racial discrimination of the law of the jungle in Christian society, which shows that the author has gradually realized that there is an intractable contradiction between ideal and reality.

The second issue (160 1 ~ 1607) is mainly about tragedies, with three Roman plays, five tragedies and three "black comedies" or "problem plays".

The Roman plays Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Cory Ollanu are historical plays adapted from Plutarch's biographies of Greek and Roman heroes.

These four tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and Timon of Athens, mark the author's deep thinking about the times and life, and strive to shape some tragic protagonists in the new era: they woke up from the imprisonment and ignorance of the Middle Ages and developed or improved themselves ambitiously under the dawn of modern times, but they could not overcome the limitations of the times and themselves, and finally found themselves in the same environment and inner hostile forces. In order to avenge his father, Hamlet found that "the whole era was out of tenon" and decided to take on the responsibility of "rectifying Gankun". As a result, he was too ambitious to return to heaven. Othello is honest and simple, and people hate him. He killed his wife at the mercy of traitors, and was punished for pursuing perfection. King Lear lost his nature and reason in the honor, pride and self-confidence brought by power. He fantasized that by dividing power into different countries to prove that he was not a king, he could be as great as ordinary people, so he suffered painful hardships. Macbeth is a hero with meritorious service, and there are goodness and beauty in his character. Driven by the temptation and ambition of the throne, he degenerated into a "bloody to bloody" sinner and regretted the world. The tragedies of these characters profoundly reveal all kinds of social ugliness and bourgeois egoism that began to appear in primitive accumulation of capital period, and show the irreconcilable contradiction between humanistic ideal and cruel reality, which has a high degree of generalization significance.

Due to the enhancement of the ideological depth and realism depth of dramas in this period, comedies such as troilus, Cressida, All ends well, and Tit for Tit also showed a dark side, shrouded in the evil shadow of treachery and conspiracy, so they were called "problem dramas" or "black comedies".

The tragicomedy or legendary drama in the third issue (1608 ~ 16 13) tends to compromise and fantasy.

His major works are four tragicomedy or legendary dramas Prince Ricci of Tyre, cymbeline, Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Most of these works are about separation, reunion, framing and revenge. Although we still adhere to the ideal of humanism and expose the dark reality, the solution of contradictions mainly depends on magic, fantasy, coincidence and accidental events, and ends with preaching forgiveness, tolerance, compromise and reconciliation.

Shakespeare also collaborated with Fletcher to write the historical drama Henry VIII and the legendary drama Two Noble Relatives, which has been included in the existing Shakespeare plays in recent years.

Shakespeare's works include:

Tragedy: Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, Titus Antelo Knicks, Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra, Coe Leorine nast, the besieged city of Terol, Timon of Athens, etc.

Comedies: All is well if it ends well, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Much ado about nothing, Tit for Tit, The Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, Twelfth Night, Merchant of Venice, Merry Wives of Windsor, Love in vain, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Tyre's

Historical plays: Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, King John, Richard II and Richard III.

Sonnets: Lover's Complaint, The Shame of Rukris, Venus and adonis, Enthusiastic Pilgrim, Phoenix and Turtledove, etc.

Achievements and influence

Most of Shakespeare's plays are based on old scripts, novels, chronicles or folklore, but they have been rewritten with their own ideas, giving new, rich and profound contents to the old themes. In artistic expression, he inherited and developed the three traditions of ancient Greek and Roman drama, medieval England and Renaissance European drama, and made creative innovations in content and form. His plays are not bound by the three laws, break through the boundary between tragedy and comedy, strive to reflect the true nature of life, and dig deep into the inner mysteries of characters, thus shaping many typical characters with complex and diverse personalities and vivid images, and depicting a broad and colorful picture of social life, which is famous for its profoundness, poetry and philosophy.

Shakespeare's plays are popular plays written for the British stage and audience at that time. Therefore, in the18th century, it was criticized by the classicists represented by Voltaire, and was arbitrarily deleted during the performance, because it was a blend of sadness and joy, appealing to both refined and popular tastes, and free in time and space, trying to mobilize the imagination of the audience and make up for the simplicity of the stage. It was not until the beginning of19th century that the real value of Shakespeare's plays began to be known under the discussion of critics such as Coleridge and Khazri. However, Shakespeare's performances at that time were still often included in the model of five-act drama. At the end of 19, W. Bohr and H. glanville-Barker strongly opposed the spectacular tradition of Shakespeare's performances at that time, and advocated that there was no set performance in Elizabethan theaters to restore their inherent characteristics.

Since the beginning of17th century, Shakespeare's plays have been introduced to Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Northern Europe, and then gradually spread to the United States and even the rest of the world, which has had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of drama in various countries and has become an important link and source of inspiration for the development and exchange of world culture. China began to introduce and translate Shakespeare's plays at the beginning of this century, and published 1 1 Volume The Complete Works of Shakespeare based on Zhu Shenghao's translation. 1902, students from St. John's College in Shanghai performed The Merchant of Venice in English for the first time. According to incomplete statistics, there are 65 professional and amateur performing groups in China, which have performed 265,438+0 Shakespeare plays, including most of his important works, in five languages: English, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian and Cantonese, in six forms: civilized drama, modern drama, traditional drama, radio drama, ballet and puppet show. Shakespeare's plays have become the teaching materials of middle schools, universities, especially drama schools in China. The important role of Shakespeare's plays has opened up a vast world for the cultivation and improvement of actors in China.

The last thing I have to mention is _ _ _ _

Shakespeare and World Book and Copyright Day

April 23rd is a symbolic day for world literature, because Cervantes, william shakespeare and Laso Dehlavi Gaja of Garci all died on this day in 16 16. In addition, April 23rd is also the day when other famous writers were born or died, such as Maurice Delun, Lexness, Vladimir Nabokov, Yue Se Pula and Manuel Meguia? Valleyo

Naturally, the UNESCO General Conference held in Paris from 65438 to 0995 chose this day to pay tribute to books and authors all over the world. Encourage everyone, especially teenagers, to find the pleasure of reading, and once again pay tribute to those who have made irreplaceable contributions to promoting human social and cultural progress.

1995165438+10 In October, the 28th General Conference of UNESCO passed a resolution declaring April 23rd as World Book and Copyright Day.

Copyright is copyright, which refers to the rights (including property rights and personal rights) enjoyed by authors of literary, artistic and scientific works. There are two ways to obtain copyright: automatic acquisition and registration acquisition. China's copyright law stipulates that a work automatically enjoys copyright when it is completed.

The classic line is:

1. Fragile, your name is woman!

To be or not to be is a question. To be or not to be, that is a question. )

3. People who give up time will also be given up by time.

A successful liar no longer needs to lie for a living, because the deceived person has become his supporter, and nothing I say is useless.

Man can control his own destiny. If we are controlled by others, it is not fate, but ourselves.

A happy love relaxed the nervousness of the fighter.

Too perfect love, sad and harmful, as a Jianghu child, I don't have the leisure time.

8 jealous brothers are all lies!

God is fair, and those who control their destiny will always stand at both ends of the scale. Only those who are in the hands of fate can understand that God has given him fate!

10 Proud people always destroy themselves in pride.

1 1 Love is sweet pain, and sincere love is never smooth.

12 is sought after by men because of her beauty; Because she was a woman, she was captured by a man.

13 it would be terrible if women were jealous because of their feelings.

Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to achieve.

15 women do not have the conditions to be proud of love.

16 I admit that nothing is more painful than the punishment of love, and nothing is more enjoyable than serving love.

17 A new flame can put out the old flame, and a big pain can alleviate a small pain.

18 A wise man becomes a fool, and he is the easiest fish to take the bait. Because he relies on his own talent and knowledge, he can't see his arrogance.

19 The folly of fools is not unusual, but the folly of wise men makes people laugh. Because he used all his skills to prove his stupidity.

The appearance is often completely inconsistent with the thing itself, and the world is easily deceived by the surface decoration.

No matter how long the darkness is, the day will come.

22 if you work hard for a day, you will get a day's sleep; If you work hard all your life, you can sleep forever.

Women are loved, not understood.

Gold, you are really something. You can make the old less, the ugly more beautiful, the black more white and the wrong more right. ...

Rotate more when you are dizzy. Your own sorrow can be cured by the sorrow of others!

Love is like a flower growing on a cliff. You must have the courage to choose it.

The whole world is a huge stage, and men and women in the world of mortals are just actors. On-off and on-off. Everyone plays many roles in his life, and there are seven stages from birth to death.

When you are unhappy, don't get too close to the window and stare at happiness.

other

Shakespeare left 37 plays to the world, including some common plays that he co-wrote with others. In addition, he also wrote 154 sonnets and three or four long poems.

As far as Shakespeare's genius, achievement and reputation are concerned, it seems a little strange that his name failed to rank among the best in this book. I rank Shakespeare so low, not because I don't appreciate his artistic achievements, but because I think literary figures generally have little influence on human history.

The activities of religious leaders, scientists, politicians, explorers, philosophers or inventors often affect the development of many other fields of human struggle. For example, the progress of science has had a great impact on economic and political affairs, and also affected the development of religious beliefs, philosophical views and art.

A famous painter may have a great influence on the works of later painters, but his influence on music and literature may be very small, and he has no influence on exploration and other fields of human struggle. A similar statement applies to poets, playwrights and music composers. Generally speaking, literary figures only have an influence on literature and art, but in fact they only have an influence on the special field they are engaged in. It is for this reason that no literary, musical or artistic figures are included in the top 30, and only a few figures are included in this book.

So why are there literary figures in this book? This is because appreciating literature and art has a certain direct influence on everyone's life (although this influence is not always great). In other words, a person may spend some time listening to music, some time reading, some time painting, and so on. Even though the time we spend listening to songs has no influence on our other activities (this is definitely an exaggeration), this part of time still represents the boring time in our lives.

An artist may have more influence on our lives than the time we spend listening, reading or watching his works. This is because his works are likely to have an impact on the creative activities of other writers, and their works are what we experience and appreciate.

In some cases, literary and artistic works have more or less definite philosophical content, which will affect our views on other issues. Of course, literary works are more like this than music or art works. For example, in Romeo and Juliet (Act III, Scene 1), Shakespeare asked the prince to say, "Don't be soft on the murderer, or you will encourage the murder." The ideas put forward here (whether people accept them or not) have distinct philosophical contents, which may have an impact on people's political attitudes, rather than enjoying the Mona Lisa and other influences.

It seems indisputable that Shakespeare is second to none among all literary figures. Relatively speaking, few people talk about Chaucer, Virgil or even Homer today, but if Shakespeare's plays are to be staged, there will definitely be a large audience. Shakespeare's genius in writing is unparalleled, and his words are often quoted-even those who have never seen or read his plays. Besides, his fame is not a flash in the pan. In the past 400 years, his works have brought a lot of joy to readers and critics. As Shakespeare's works have stood the test of time, it is reasonable to speculate that they will be widely welcomed in many centuries to come.

When evaluating Shakespeare's influence, we should consider that without him, his works would not exist at all (of course, the similar statement applies to every literary figure, but this factor is not particularly important when evaluating the influence of ordinary artists).

Although Shakespeare wrote in English, he was indeed a world-famous figure. Although English is not a complete world language, it is closer to the world language than any other language. In addition, Shakespeare's works have been translated into many literary works, and many countries have read his works and staged his plays.

Of course, the works of some popular writers will be despised by literary critics, but unlike Shakespeare, literary scholars spare no effort to praise his works. Generations of playwrights have studied his works in an attempt to acquire his literary temperament. It is precisely because of Shakespeare's great influence on other writers and his constant appreciation by the public that he won a quite high ranking in this book.

Shakespeare's quotations

Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to achieve. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)

Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to achieve. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)

People who are in a happy mood live long. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)

Open-minded people live long. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)

Procrastination will not bring abundance, so kiss me, sweet twenty years old, and youth will never return. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)

Yan, time is running out, twenty beautiful plants, please come and kiss me, withered grass and withered poplar, youth is fleeting. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)

The time of life is short; If this short time is wasted, it will be too long. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)

Life is short, and if we waste it, it will be too long. (Shakespeare, British dramatist)