Horthy Miklos's Role Introduction

Horthymikló s (1868 June18-1957 February 9), Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920- 1944). 1944, Germany intentionally withdrew from the Axis camp and broke off diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany, which led to the establishment of the political power headed by Arrow Cross, and Holti was taken to Germany by the Germans. 1945 Germany surrendered and Holti was extradited by Yugoslavia for war crimes, but was stopped by the United Nations. He was imprisoned as a war criminal in Bavaria, Germany. 1946 was released and exiled in Portugal. 1When he died on February 9, 957, he failed to set foot on Hungarian soil again. It was not until 1989 that Hungary was democratized that Holti's body was buried in Hungary's hometown in 1993, and gradually got positive comments from some Hungarians. He wrote a memoir, Confidential Documents, etc.

Chinese name: Horthy Miklos.

mbth:horthymiklos

Nationality: Hungary

Place of birth: Szolnok, Austrian-Hungarian Kendree province.

Date of birth: June 1868+08.

Date of death:1Feb. 9, 957

Occupation: politician

Graduate School: Austro-Hungarian Naval Academy

Representative works: confidential documents

outline

Holti was born in 1868 into an aristocratic family in Austria-Hungary. /kloc-entered the Austro-Hungarian naval academy at the age of 0/4, and became a naval officer after graduation. 19 18 became the commander of the Austro-Hungarian fleet. After World War I, an uprising broke out in Hungary. In the chaos, Holti formed an armed force and marched into Budapest. 1920, Holti became the Regent of the Hungarian Kingdom and began to rule for 24 years. Summary of a joke: In 24 years, Hungary was a kingdom without a king. It was ruled by an admiral. It happens that this country has no fleet or coastline.

Due to the defeat of World War I, Hungary under the leadership of Holti was forced to exchange territory and huge reparations for peace, which led to Hungary's rapid approach to Nazi Germany in the early 1930s. Not only that, Holti's anti-ideology also hit it off with Hitler. However, Holti tried to maintain Hungarian independence and prevent it from becoming a German vassal state. He realized that Hungary was trapped between two great powers (Germany and the Soviet Union), but he thought it was easier to deal with Hitler. Hitler also lost no time in assuring him that he would safeguard Hungary's sovereignty and support Hungary to recover its lost territory. Holti has always been very cautious. According to his description, his relationship with Hitler was a little tense, largely because he didn't want Hungary to obey the German baton completely.

1938 In August, during Holti's visit to Germany, Hitler asked Hungary to send troops to participate in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Holti refused, insisting that it hoped to recover the disputed territory by peaceful means. However, with the signing of the Munich Agreement, Hitler allowed Hungary to annex nearly14 of Slovak territory, and Holti could not hold back his national sentiment, and gradually tied Hungary to Hitler's chariot. 1939 In February, Hungary signed the International Anti-Production Agreement and withdrew from the League of Nations two months later. 1940 In August, Hitler once again gave Holti a "red envelope": he forced Romania to allocate a piece of land to Hungary. In this way, by April of 194 1 year, Hungary had actually become a member of the Axis.

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Holti declared war on the Soviet Union a few days later and sent 200,000 troops to the Soviet Union. Soon, there were many ethnic massacres against Jews in Hungarian-controlled areas. Holti's personal attitude towards Jews has always been a controversial topic. He once claimed that Jews enjoyed too much success in business and industry, but with the deepening of the war, Holti was proved to have done something to protect Jews. Some historians believe that Holti's self-proclaimed "anti-Semitism" may be to avoid the attacks of extremist forces. 1in April, 943, Hitler asked Holti to take more severe measures against 800,000 Jews still living in Hungary, and Holti sent 654.38 million Jews to labor camps, but other parties refused to comply with German demands.

As the war situation became more and more unfavorable to the Axis countries, Holti began to secretly seek to withdraw from the war in 1944. Fearing that Hungary would be occupied by Soviet troops, Holti tried to make peace secretly through western countries. On March 19 of the same year, the Germans suddenly arrived in Hungary, and Holti had to appoint the German-loved General Demai as Prime Minister. In August, the Germans were defeated on the east and west fronts. Holti took the opportunity to oust Demei and other ministers who took refuge in Germany, formed a new government, and ordered to stop mass expulsion of Jews. 65438+1October 1 1, Holti finally reached an armistice agreement with the Soviet Union. After learning the truth, Hitler was furious and ordered the SS special forces to raid the Holti base camp and capture Holti alive.

In the last few months of World War II, Holti was placed under house arrest in Bavaria, Germany, and was arrested by the US military after Germany surrendered. At the end of 1945, the US military authorities released him. It is said that Stalin once commented on Holti in April 1945: Don't try Holti because he is very old. 1944 proposed a truce. From 65438 to 0949, Holti's family moved to Portugal and never set foot on Hungarian land again until his death from 65438 to 0957. Before his death, Holti asked not to send the last Soviet soldier back to Hungary for burial. 1993, two years after the Soviet army left Hungary, Holti's body was buried in his hometown.

The life of the character

one's early years

Born into a landlord and noble family, he was sent to the Mu Fu Naval School in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by his family in his teens. After graduation, he entered Rijeka Naval School for training and served in the Austro-Hungarian Navy after returning home. With his innate alertness, Holti rose step by step in the navy, successively serving as attache, entourage staff, cruiser captain and fleet commander of the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. After the outbreak of the First World War, Holti led the fleet to fight against the allied navy, which hit the Italian navy many times, especially the battle of Otrante on May 19 15, 2007. The Austrian sub-fleet (3 light cruisers and 2 destroyers) under the command of Navy Colonel Holti attacked the Italian transport fleet in the waters east of Otrante, destroying 1 destroyer and 65438 destroyer in one fell swoop. When allied cruisers and destroyers pursued, the Austrian fleet had drifted back.

However, successive defeats in other battlefields made the rule of Austria-Hungary begin to shake. On February 19 18 and 1 day, more than 6,000 Austro-Hungarian sailors stationed on 40 warships in Catarro of Adriatic Sea launched an uprising. They arrested a large number of officers and established the soldier Soviet. The uprising spread to nearby ports, and some workers joined in. The rebels demanded to quit the war, sign a peace treaty, abolish the monarchy, establish a democratic government, and recognize the right of self-determination of the people of all ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary. At that time, Holti was trapped on a warship because he refused to take part in the uprising. The imperial high-level panicked, and a large number of Austro-Hungarian and German troops rushed to Catarro to deal with the uprising. Holti saw this opportunity and took an active part in the brutal suppression of the rebels. A month later, Holti was promoted to admiral and was appointed as the last commander-in-chief of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Who knows, the crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire finally collapsed in June of 19 18 10. Afraid of falling into the hands of revolutionaries, Holti surrendered his navy and returned to his hometown to live in seclusion.

Act as regent

The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire made Hungary independent. At this time, Hungary had two regimes: the government led by Karoli and the Soviet Union led by Kun Bela. 19 19 In March, the Soviet Union finally seized power and established the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Seeing that the situation was not good, the big landlords and capitalists in the former upper class began to collude with each other and secretly organized armed forces to fight against the revolutionary regime. The allies also decided to send troops to intervene. Seeing this opportunity, Holti joined the government supported by the Allies and became the military minister. He formed an armed force loyal to himself-the National Army. With the prestige established in World War I, this armed force quickly assembled more than 50,000 people, and Holti commanded it to sweep the revolutionaries crazily. Holti won the support of European powers and Hungarian landlords and capitalists for his outstanding counter-revolutionary achievements. June 19 19 165438+1October16 led the national army into Budapest. After Holti entered the city, his first task was still to brutally suppress revolutionaries or people suspected of supporting the revolution. In the next few months, there was a river of blood here, thousands of people were executed and more people were put into prison.

1in the spring of 920, seeing that Hungary had no political power to compete with itself, Holti brazenly sent troops to surround the parliament, forcing the members to elect him as the "Regent". From then on, Hungary entered the period of Holti's rule. After Holti seized power, he took an important diplomatic step to stabilize his rule in Hungary, that is, he signed the Treaty of Trianon with the Allies. The treaty is an integral part of the Treaty of Versailles, and its content is extremely harsh for Hungary, a defeated country, to cede a large territory and pay huge reparations. Although Holti was unwilling, he had to accept this humiliating contract in order to please his allies and gain their long-term trust and support. The signing of the Treaty of Trianon caused a great shock in Hungary, and the voices of opposition were endless. Some upper-class conservative forces in Hungary decided to restore the Habsburg dynasty. But Holti was armed to the teeth and supported by the allied forces, and the royalists failed in their attempt.

The Second World War

As early as Hitler came to power, Holti established a close relationship with him. Although there are some diplomatic speculations, Holti believes that unlike previous Weimar governments, Hitler will establish a strong government, not to mention that the two countries have something in common: they were allies in World War I and were slaughtered after the defeat, hoping to get rid of the bondage of Versailles system. Moreover, close economic relations are also an important reason for the close relationship between the two countries. After the annexation of Austria, Germany and Hungary became neighbors and the two countries got closer. 1938, Germany dismembered Czechoslovakia in Munich, Hungary actively supported and participated in it, and then carved up southern Slovakia. In the territorial dispute between Hungary and Romania in 1939, Germany obviously favored the former, forcing Romania to assign North Transylvania to Hungary.

Although Hungary joined the Axis League as early as 1939, it was relatively neutral at the beginning of World War II. After the Germans defeated France, Holti began to think that Hungary should take part in the war in order to gain more benefits before the end of the war. 194 12 brigade from Hungary cooperated with the German invasion of Yugoslavia in April. Holti hesitated to attack the Soviet Union, but at Hitler's constant urging, he decided to gamble ... As a result, 250,000 Hungarian soldiers were sent to the Soviet Union, including his eldest son.

1943, the war situation developed clearly, and the Axis countries began to show signs of defeat, especially the Hungarian Second Army was almost completely annihilated in Stalingrad, which shocked Holti. He asked Hitler several times to withdraw the Hungarian army abroad, which was resolutely opposed by Hitler and accused Holti of betrayal. Holti had to start secretly contacting the Allies, hoping to make peace as soon as possible and let Hungary and himself quit the war. Nazi German intelligence agencies soon learned of the outrageous behavior of the Fuehrer's "staunch ally", and the Fuehrer himself was greatly annoyed, but he didn't want to lose his Holti card. So Holti was invited to Salzburg to accept Hitler's persuasion and hysterical reprimand. Hitler's lectures are always endless, and he doesn't give people a chance to breathe. How can you stand it in Holti? Hitler was still a soldier when he became a general! As a result, the talks ended in discord ... When Holti was still in Germany, Hitler lost no time in sending a large number of SS to control the whole Hungarian territory. When Holti returned to Hungary, he realized that his country was "protected" by the Germans.

In June of 1944, Hungary became the only ally of Nazi Germany in Europe, and Holti could no longer sit still. Hungary can't be buried with the Third Reich, and he doesn't want to hang himself in Hitler's tree. Holti soon sent envoys to frequently contact with the Allies to discuss the armistice agreement. Hitler flew into a rage when he learned this. He immediately summoned the SS Major Otto Skorzne in the wolf's den and told him to go to Budapest immediately to stop the rebellion in Holti. Hungary is too important for Germany at this time, especially since it supplies 30% of Germany's oil. 65438+ 10/1Hungary accepted the terms of the Allied Armistice. On June 65438+ 10/5, Holti announced the Hungarian Armistice Statement on the radio. In order to prevent Hitler from taking extreme actions, Holti sent his cronies to take control of the army in advance and replaced pro-Nazi officials in the government. But the Germans did not wait. The commandos led by Otto Skorzne raided the stronghold fort in Holti in the early morning of 16. It took only twenty minutes to subdue the guards in Holti, paid the price of four deaths, and captured Holti himself. The SS and the Cross Arrow controlled other important places in Budapest. Seeing that the tide was running out, Holti had to announce his resignation and hand over power to Sarah ferenc, the leader of Arrow Cross. Then the Regent who ruled Hungary for 24 years and his family were put on the train to Germany.

Exile

After arriving in Germany, Holti was imprisoned as a "guest of the Fuehrer" in Valderby, Bavaria, and he got rid of the war. Holti enjoyed a comfortable life under house arrest here until he was captured by the US military after the demise of the Third Reich. Holti was lucky enough to participate in the Nuremberg trial, but only as a witness, not as a war criminal. Yugoslavia urged Britain and the United States to extradite Holti because Hungarian troops were suspected of killing tens of thousands of local Yugoslav people during the war. However, under the influence of the United States, the court did not do so, and soon Holti was acquitted. Although Holti wanted to go back to Hungary, he knew that the newly established Hungarian pro-Su Zhengquan faction would not let him go easily. Under the arrangement of the United States, Holti moved to Portugal to live. In the last few years of his life, he wrote a biography called EinLebenfurUngarn. In the book, he reviewed his life course, summed up a lot of experience, attacked the massacre of Hungary by the allied forces after World War I and defended himself for following Hitler in the war.

1957 On February 9th, Holti died in Ituri at the age of 89. Holti was worried about 1956 Hungarian incident in his later years. He claimed that as long as a Russian soldier stayed in Hungary, his body would not return to the motherland. His descendants faithfully fulfilled his last wish. 1993, when the last Russian soldiers were evacuated from Hungary, Holti's body was sent back to his hometown of Kendris for burial.

family member

Holti has four children and two sons, Istvá nHorthy and Mikló Shorthy Jr, both of whom are his father's assistants in running the country. Istvá nHorthy, the eldest son, was killed in the Soviet Union in 1942, and Mikló Shorthy Jr, the youngest son, was kidnapped by the Germans in 1944 and put into a concentration camp, where he survived until the 1990s. The two daughters are Magda and Paul.

Personality assessment

Holti is a historical figure with rich experience. He took part in two world wars, the first world war as a soldier and the second world war as a head of state. In the first half of his life, he was an outstanding and respected general, but if he retired after World War I, it is estimated that it is difficult for him to occupy a place in Hungarian history. Holti appeared as a politician in his later life. It is true that he came to power through mutiny, but Hungary needs such an iron fist to stabilize the situation at that time, which is in Hungary's interest. The signing of the Treaty of Trianon made many people think that Holti was a traitor, but at that time, other governments had the same result. When the economic crisis broke out in the 1930s, Holti resolutely studied the methods of the United States and Germany, strengthened government intervention in the economy, actively created employment, and carried out land reform ... so that the country quickly got rid of the economic depression.

Holti was an accomplice of Nazi aggression against other countries, which is beyond his defense, but he was not a Nazi puppet and minion. Take the treatment of Jews as an example. In order to please Hitler, Holti did enact some laws that discriminated against Jews. But before March 1944, there was no mass massacre of Jews in Hungary, and its Jews were not sent to Nazi concentration camps. But after Holti was kidnapped to Germany, Eichmann couldn't wait to make a final settlement for Hungarian Jews. Sarah ferenc, supported by the Nazis, actively cooperated with Eichmann's action. In this way, more than half a million Hungarian Jews were put on the train to the concentration camp on the eve of Hungary's liberation.

On the issue of dealing with domestic fascist organizations, Holti adopted a policy of suppressing and wooing. Generally speaking, he allowed the legitimate activities of fascist organizations, but when Arrowcross tried to riot, Holti did not hesitate to suppress them ... until the fascist organizations surrendered in succession, they all respected Holti as the supreme leader and dared not act excessively. To some extent, this prevented the fascists from taking power in Hungary, made them unable to do whatever they wanted, and protected the Hungarian people from Nazi poison for a long time.

Holti hated capitalism and revolution all his life, which drove him to suppress the revolution in his early years and put him on the Hungarian political stage. It also made him decide to send troops to the Soviet Union, and he fell into a quagmire and could not die in his hometown. Holti died a long time ago, but it can't be said to be conclusive. His former residence in Kendris is now a tourist attraction, and there is a bust of his family and admirers in the yard of his former residence. In the statue, Holti is wearing an admiral's dress, with a sad face and a firm gaze ahead.

Finally, by the way, Holti's rank has always been general. After he became the Regent of Hungary, he did not seal his other ranks, and he still wore the uniform of an admiral. But Hungary is a landlocked country and has no navy, so it is also called "Admiral without Navy".

chronological table

1June, 868 18 was born into a noble landlord family in Szolnok county, Kendree province, the eastern province of Austria-Hungary.

1882, he entered the Mu Fu Naval School of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

1886 entered the Italian Rijeka naval school for training.

1888 entered the Austro-Hungarian navy.

1908 to 19 14, serving as the staff of the king of Austria-Hungary.

19 17 served as commander of the sub-fleet and captain of the capital ship, and was promoted to rear admiral.

19 18 In March, he was promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy and Admiral.

1965438+ joined the government of Caroli Gyula in May 2009 as the military minister.

1965438+ The National Army was established in August 2009.

1919165438+10/6 led the national army into Budapest.

March 1920, 1 commanded the army to occupy the parliament building and forced the parliament to elect him as the regent.

1920 The dictatorship was formally established on March 28th.

1936 In August, he met Hitler in Berchtesgaden.

Meet Hitler in Kiel in August, 1938.

194 1 declared war on the Soviet Union on June 27th.

1944 March 17 met Hitler in Austria, during which Germany sent troops to occupy Hungary.

1944 65438+1October 15 delivered a speech on the radio, announcing the Hungarian armistice statement.

1944 10 10/6 was kidnapped to Germany by the elite SS troops led by Skorzne.

1945 was captured by allied forces in Dachau concentration camp.

1946 acquitted.

1957 died in Ituri, Portugal on February 9th.