Since modern times, there have been tragedies in China's classical operas.

"Ten Classic Tragedys in China" was put forward by Wang Jisi (1906— 1996) when he was a professor at Sun Yat-sen University, and his editorial team consulted scholars from all walks of life.

First, "Dou Eyuan"

Dou E's Injustice —— Yuan Guan Hanqing

Dou, a scholar from New Zealand, was unable to repay Cai Po's usury and took her seven-year-old daughter as a child bride to pay her debts. When Dou E grew up, she married Cai Po's son. After two years of marriage, Cai Po died of illness. Later, Cai Po asked Dr. Sailu for debts. Dr. Sailu tricked her into killing people in the suburbs and was caught by the rogue Zhang Lver and his son. After Dr. Sailu left in shock, Zhang Lver and his son forced Cai Po and Dou E to adopt their father and son, which was resolutely resisted by Dou E. In order to marry Dou E, Zhang Lver tried to poison Cai Po. When Cai Po was ill, Zhang Maolv poured poison into the mutton soup and gave it to Zhang Maolv's Lao Zi, who poisoned him. Zhang Lver sued the government in the name of "poisoning his father-in-law", and Geng Tao, a corrupt official, persecuted and beheaded Dou E. Later, Dou was admitted to Jinshi, and went to visit the government and visited the officials. Dou E's ghost complained to her father, and Dou found out the truth and took revenge. There are often discounts for "cutting moths" on the stage.

Second, "Autumn Colors in Han Palace"

Autumn in Han Palace —— Ma Yuan Zhiyuan

As the harem was lonely, Emperor Han Yuan took Mao Yanshou's advice and asked him to take part in a folk beauty contest. Wang Zhaojun was extremely beautiful, but because he refused to bribe Mao Yanshou, he put a flaw in the beauty painting, so he was left alone after entering the palace.

Emperor Han Yuan accidentally heard Zhaojun play the pipa in the middle of the night, admired her beauty, made her a princess, and wanted to behead Mao Yanshou. Mao Yanshou fled to Xiongnu, gave Uhaanyehe the portrait of Zhaojun, and asked him to ask Hanwang for Zhaojun as his wife. Yuan Di could not bear to pay homage to the Zhao army, but the civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty were timid and selfish, unable to resist the invasion of the Xiongnu army. Zhao Jun volunteered to avoid the sword, and Yuan Di reluctantly saw him off. Khan was overjoyed when he got Zhaojun and led his troops north. Zhao Jun did not give up his old country and drowned in Heilongjiang at the junction of Han and Fan. Khan sent Mao Yanshou back to the Han Dynasty for treatment in order to avoid making trouble in the Han Dynasty. Emperor Han Yuan woke up with a dream of Zhaojun at night, and heard the lonely goose wailing, which made him feel miserable. In memory of Zhaojun, he beheaded Mao Yanshou. The full name of Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty is Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty, and the popular versions are: Selected Yuan Zaju in Ming Dynasty, Selected Yuan Zaju in Ming Ancient Quzhai, Selected Yuan Qu, Juanjiang Collection, Two Yuan Zaju and Grand View of Yuan Qu.

Based on the historical story of Wang Zhaojun's departure from the fortress. From the Western Han Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty, the story of Zhaojun's leaving the fortress experienced an evolutionary process. It was first seen in Yuan Di Ji and Xiongnu Biography in Han Dynasty. The general plot is as follows: In the first year of Jingning in the Western Han Dynasty (33 BC), Yuan Di and Imperial Secretary Wang Qiang called Hanye Khan E Shi; Zhaojun entered the Xiongnu and gave birth to two sons; Call the death of Korea, from the emperor's decree, after khan E Shi. In Yuan Di, the Han Dynasty was stronger than the Huns, which is a concrete manifestation of Yuan Di's initiative to promote the policy of national harmony.

Third, the orphan of Zhao.

Zhao Orphan-Yuan Zhen

Traditional repertoire of Peking Opera, plot: Jin Linggong has no road, and tea harms the people. Zhao Dun warned not to listen; Treacherous court official Tu'an Gu killed Zhao Dun's family. Zhao's daughter-in-law princess took refuge in the palace and gave birth to a son, who was rescued by Zhao's guests. When Tu'an Gu heard that the princess had given birth to a child, she went to the palace to look for orphans, and ordered that all babies of the same age as orphans in middle schools should be killed if they were not given the babies within ten days. Cheng Nai discussed with Gong Sun, and gave up his son and Gong Sun to save the orphan. After the orphans grew up, Jiang Wei returned to North Korea and beat Cheng Ying angrily. Cheng told the truth, went back to the yamen to draw pictures and told the orphans about the past. Orphan and Jiang Wei, etc. , plans to punish Tu'an Gu for revenge.

Fourth, "Pipa Story"

The Story of Pipa-Yuan Gaoming

Pipa Story is a southern opera in the late Yuan Dynasty, and its author is brilliant. Write about the joys and sorrows of scholars Cai and Zhao Wuniang in Han Dynasty. * * * 42. The story of Pipa, known as the legendary ancestor, is a classic in China's ancient operas.

Scholar Cai and Zhao Wuniang just got married, just in time for the court to start school. Because his parents are old, Bo Xie Bo wants to quit his job and try to stay at home and serve them. But Cai Gong refused, and his neighbor Zhang Dagong also advised him. Hao Bo had to bid farewell to his parents and wife and go to Beijing to have a try. Take the exam and win the first prize. The prime minister Niu has an unmarried daughter, who is ordered to recruit the champion of the new department as her husband. I want to resign from my marriage and official position on the grounds that my parents are old and there is no one to take care of them at home, so I need to go home to be filial, but the Prime Minister Niu and the Emperor refused to listen and were forced to stay in Beijing. After Abel left home, Liu Chen suffered from drought year after year. Wuniang works hard and tries her best to serve her in-laws and feed them, but she secretly swallows the dross behind her in-laws. My mother-in-law died for a while and regretted it. Cai Gong also died of famine. However, after Abel was forced to enter Niu Fu, she missed her parents all the time. I wrote a letter to Liu Chen's home, but the letter was cheated away by the kidnappers, which made it impossible to deliver the message. One day, I played the piano in my study to express my thoughts, and the cow heard me. I learned the truth and told my father. Prime Minister Niu persuaded his daughter to send her parents and wife to Beijing. After the death of Cai Gong and Cai Po, Wuniang sold her burial as she wished, wrapped her skirt in the soil and built her own grave. Hand-painted into the remains of in-laws, wearing a pipa, playing the piano and begging along the way, looking for a husband in Beijing. When I came to Beijing, I met the Dafa meeting of Mituo Temple, so I went to the temple to raise money for begging and offer my in-laws to the Buddha. It happened that Aibo also came to the temple to burn incense and pray for the safety of his parents during the trip. I saw my parents' true feelings, so I took them back to the house and hung them in my study. Wuniang went to Niu Fu and was invited by Niu Shi to play the piano and sing at home. Wuniang saw Niu's virtue and told him her life story. In order to reunite Wuniang and Bobo, the Niu family asked Wuniang to come to the study and write poems on her in-laws as a metaphor for fear that Bobo would disown her. Uncle came home, saw the poem on the painting, and was about to ask Niu Shi, who took Wu Niang in, and the couple were reunited. Wu Niang told her family, and Hao Bo was very sad. He immediately resigned and went back to his hometown to be filial. Uncle got the consent of the Prime Minister Niu, took Zhao and Niu back to his hometown, and went to sleep in front of Lu's tomb. Later, it was Emperor Bu Zhao and Cai Zhizheng.

V "Flag of Zhong Jing"

Flag of Zhong Jing-Feng Ming Meng Long

Zhong Jing Banners was written by Li in Xiling, but Long Er is still detailed. We know nothing about the original author Li. Long ziyou, who revised this script, was a famous popular writer Feng Menglong in the late Ming Dynasty. Feng's name is dragon, but he doesn't sign the dragon. The house is called Mohan Zhai, so it is also called the owner of Hei Han Zhai. People from Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. He was born in the second year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1754) and died in the second or third year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1645 or 1646). Chongzhen served as the magistrate of Shouning County, Fujian Province, and soon retired from home. There are ten operas adapted and revised by him, among which Zhongjing Banna is one. His operas advocate approaching Wujiang School. He also collected, adapted, arranged and created novels such as Sanyan, Biography of New Kingdom, Legend of Pingyao, Sanqu, Under the Stage, Guazhier of Folk Songs, Jokes, Notes, An Introduction to Ancient and Modern Tan, A Supplement to Think Tank, and Love History. The collection of poems includes Qi Lezhai's Poems,

The Banner of Zhong Jing tells the story of Yue Fei, a national hero in the Southern Song Dynasty, who was killed by the traitor Qin Gui. It is an excellent tragic work in China's classical opera. The story of Yue Fei has been circulated among the people for a long time. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were "An Incident Occurred in the East Window of Qin Taishi" and "Song General Yue Fei Loyalty and Righteousness". Legends of the Ming dynasty include stories about the incident and loyalty. After the middle of Qing dynasty, the flower department flourished, and many stories and plays of Yue Fei appeared in local operas, all of which showed Yue Fei's patriotic spirit to varying degrees. Especially when ethnic conflicts intensified, Yue Fei's image played an important role in encouraging people to unite against the enemy.

Six, "Jiao Hong Ji"

Jiao Hong Ji-Meng Ming Cheng Shun

The first and second volumes of Jiao Hong are the earliest classical Chinese novellas after China and Song Dynasties. Nowadays, it mostly appears in the form of Jiao Hong's zaju. In the preface to Jiao Hong's Zaju, there is "the first edition of Song Meidong's taste in Yuan Qingjiang, which is full of things and profound literature." In a word, it is inferred that the author of the book is Song. Song Mei Dong was born in Zhangshu, Jiangxi Province. There are several separate editions of Jiao Hong Collection, including Lin Shu by Zheng Yunzhu in Ming Jian 'an, Jiao Hong Collection, edited by Yuan Shaoan Hu Bosheng, and commented by Peng Haidong in Wuyi, Fujian. In the collection of novels in the Ming Dynasty, most of them included this article, such as: Discrimination of Yan Yi, Scenery of the Country, Embroidered Valley Spring Guest, Brief Love History, Ten Romantic Envoys, Notes of Yanju, etc.

Content introduction

Shen Chun, a Bianzhou native, now lives in Chengdu and is very clever. During the reign of Song Huizong Xuanhe, he visited his uncle Wang Tong's house and fell in love with his cousin Jiao Niang at first sight. Later, the two often exchanged poems and expressed their feelings, and finally cut their hair as an oath. After a while, Shen Chun couldn't stay at his uncle's house all the time, so he had to go back to his home. Shen Chun was lovesick and went to his uncle's house for medical treatment. He met Jiao Niang in the dormitory and finally got married. So after a month, my uncle's maid Hong Fei caught a glimpse of her, and Jiao Niang did a little favor and asked Hong Fei not to say anything.

Shen Chun went home this time, and his heart was at ease. Although his lovesickness is stronger, he is no longer sick, because marriage just takes time. Shen Chun sent someone to visit relatives, but his uncle refused this marriage on the grounds that the court stipulated that his in-laws were not allowed to get married, and they were cornered. Shen Chunyuan and prostitute Ding Lian became friends. At this time, the marriage was frustrated, especially in Ding Lian's place. Ding told him that he had seen the portrait of Jiao Niang and begged Shen Chun to ask Jiao Niang for a pair of flower shoes. Not long after, Shen Chun came to the Wangs again, had a tryst with Jiao Niang, stole Jiao Niang's flower shoes secretly, and returned them to Jiao Niang after being discovered by the maid Hong Fei. Jiao Niang suspected that Shen Chun and Hong Fei were a little innocent and insulted her. Become angry from embarrassment, deliberately let Jiao Niang's mother discover Shen and Jiao's private meeting, and Shen Chun was forced to go home.

Soon, Shen Chun, a scholar in high school, went to my uncle's office to get married. However, Shen Chun's mother is haunted because she meets too strictly and thinks day and night. Jiao Niang made up, took the initiative to advise Shen and Jiao, and tried her best. Arrange for two people to meet and ask the witch to exorcise ghosts. However, their actions were not secret. When Jiao Niang discovered them, Shen Chun left Jiao's family again. Jiao Niang's parents promised Jiao Niang to marry the son of the prefect. Jiao Niang is depressed and sick, and her wedding day is approaching, and her condition is getting worse. It is estimated that she will die soon, and finally bid farewell to Shen Chun, and she will die soon. Shen Chun heard the news and died of illness. The two families were buried together at the edge of Zhuo Jinjiang River. Hong Fei dreamed that two people became immortals. In the second year of Qingming, Jiao Niang's father came to his daughter's grave and saw a pair of mandarin ducks playing in front of the grave. Later generations came here to mourn and sigh, and named it "Yuanyang Tomb".

Seven, "Qing Zhong Pu"

Yu-Pu

China's Legendary Works in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties. Author Li Yu. It reflects the historical facts that eunuch Wei Zhongxian and others persecuted party member during the apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty, and successfully shaped the image of Yan and other "five righteous" citizens. They sacrifice their lives for justice, are fearless and emotional, in stark contrast to timid and pedantic petitioners. In particular, the play depicts the scene in which the broad masses of people actively participate in the struggle, and shows the heroic scene of civil riots on the stage. This is the first time in the history of China opera.

Eight, "the palace of eternal life"

The Palace of Eternal Life-Sheng

Many people in the early Qing Dynasty alluded to and discussed the lessons of the demise of the Ming Dynasty in their works. Kong's Peach Blossom Fan is such a work, as is the Palace of Eternal Life, which focuses on the great disaster brought to the country by the fatuity and political corruption of the emperor during the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, leading to the near collapse of the dynasty. Although the script condemned the extravagance and waste of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it also showed sympathy for the love between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Yuhuan, indirectly expressed sympathy for the rule of the Ming Dynasty, and entrusted the ideal of beautiful love.

abstract

The story describes that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty loved the imperial concubine and frolicked all day long, naming his younger brother Yang as the right phase and his three sisters as concubines. However, later, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty favored his sister, Mrs. Guo, and called her privately, which caused great dissatisfaction. Finally, they made up, and on the night of Qixi, they swore to the Cowherd and the Weaver Maid in the Palace of Immortality that they would never part. In order to please Yang Yuhuan, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty collected fresh litchi from Hainan Island and gave it to Yang Yuhuan, which destroyed crops and killed people along the way.

Because of playing with others all day, ignoring political affairs and favoring Yang and An Lushan, An Lushan rebelled. And the accompanying officials fled Chang 'an, and the sergeant mutinied in Maweipo, demanding Yang He was a capital crime. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty had to let Gao Lishi strangle Yang Yuhuan with the reins.

After Yang Yuhuan's death, he deeply regretted it and was forgiven by the gods. Vega said, "Repentance is ok." .

Guo Ziyi led troops to defeat An Lushan. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty returned to Chang 'an, he missed Yang Yuhuan day and night, heard the bell heartbroken, and felt sad at the sight of the moon. He wept bitterly at the statue of Yang Yuhuan, and sent alchemists overseas to look for Penglai Fairy Mountain. Finally, he touched the daughter of Tiansun and finally reunited at the Moon Palace.

Nine, peach blossom fan

Peach Blossom Fan-Ren Shang, Kong Qingdong

abstract

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Lindong Party, once a reformist in the Ming Dynasty, fled to Nanjing, reorganized the Restoration Society, and fought against the former autocratic eunuchs Ruan Dacheng and Wei Zhongxian. Among them, the backbone of Fushe and Qinhuai geisha Li met and fell in love. Li was given a poem-lifting fan to "comb her hair" with him (commonly known as marrying a prostitute to comb her hair). Ruan Dacheng anonymously entrusted a generous dowry to make love, but Li resolutely returned it. Ruan Dacheng bears a grudge. After Hong Guang acceded to the throne, he hired Ruan Dacheng. He took the opportunity to frame him, forced him to find Shi Kefa, and forced Li to betroth him to others. Li resolutely refused, hit him on the head and tried to commit suicide. His blood spattered a poem fan. Hou Fangyu's friend Yang Longyou drew a peach blossom on the fan with blood. After the demise of Nanming, Li became a monk. After the fall of Yangzhou, he fled back to find Li and finally became a monk. The whole drama is interspersed with historical events at that time, such as how the monarch and his subjects of Nanming were overjoyed, four towns led the troops to fight the civil war, and Shi Kefa committed suicide by sticking to Yangzhou City and throwing himself into the river.

Leifeng tower

Leifeng Pagoda-Fang Qing Cheng Pei

Leifeng Pagoda is a legendary work of China in Qing Dynasty. There are two books, one is easy to write and the other is written by Fang Chengpei. According to Feng Menglong's story adaptation of the White Niangzi's Leifeng Pagoda in Yongzheng, the story of the White Niangzi, which has been circulating among the people, was finally finalized. The legend of Leifeng Pagoda adds Duanyang, begging for grass, fighting in water, breaking bridges and jumping bowls, which lays the foundation for the tragic conflict in the whole drama.

The Pagoda of Leifeng takes the tortuous love between White Snake and Xu Xian as the main line, which shows profound social contradictions. Because what White Snake did violated and destroyed the feudal ruling order, a series of social and theocratic forces headed by Fahai regarded her as a "demon" and were determined to put her to death. In this way, all conflicts cover the conflict between anti-feudal forces and feudal forces, and the water war is a life-and-death struggle between the two forces. In the end, it ended in the failure of the white snake, and at the same time, it completed the tragic image of the white snake with good quality and rebellious spirit, which was highly praised and warmly welcomed by the people.