Nuclear radiation disaster safety prevention knowledge

Types of nuclear accidents: There are three types of nuclear accidents: nuclear radiation accidents, nuclear reactor accidents and nuclear weapons accidents.

1. The nuclear radiation accident is the abnormal diffusion of radioactive substances, which will pollute the environment and expose human body to radiation. The probability of such accidents is relatively high.

2. The probability of nuclear reactor accident is relatively small, but once it happens, it is very harmful to society and it is difficult to eliminate it in a short time.

3. Nuclear weapon accidents refer to the loss, damage, explosion or burning of nuclear weapons in the process of development, production, storage, transportation, preparation for use, disassembly and destruction.

Nuclear accident prevention

1. We should strengthen our awareness of disaster prevention at ordinary times, and don't save unknown metals casually, especially when saving some silver-gray metals, we must be very cautious.

2. Go to the hospital radiology department for medical treatment, or find warning signs on other occasions, and quickly avoid them.

3. If many people have dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever and limb weakness at the same time without any abnormality, it is necessary to consider whether there is a possibility of radiation accident.

4. If you are close to the reactor, you should pay attention to abnormal precursors, such as dazzling flash, bright fireball, deafening noise, mushroom-like smoke cloud, dust column falling, and so on.

Countermeasures in case of nuclear reactor accident

When a nuclear reactor accident occurs, the following measures can be taken:

1. Hidden. Hide in the house and close the doors and windows. You can seal the window with adobe, sandbags or bricks, and cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief. Brick-concrete buildings have good protective effect, while wooden buildings have poor protective effect. The bigger the house, the better the protection effect. In tall buildings, people can concentrate in the middle. Open doors and windows in time after the smoke fills the air.

2. Take stable iodine under the guidance of a doctor.

3. Control food and water. Stop eating after ensuring that food and water are polluted. If contaminated food must be eaten, it must be decontaminated to meet the allowable standards before eating.

Step 4 purify. Water can be treated by coagulation and filtration. Well water and flowing water sources will not be very polluted. Wash or peel vegetables and fruits. Buildings and roads can be cleaned and washed, and in severe cases, the surface layer can be covered or scraped off.

5. Protect yourself. Self-protection mainly includes respiratory protection, body surface protection and decontamination (emergency personnel should be equipped with professional first-aid personal protective equipment).

Respiratory protection: the protective effect of dust mask can reach more than 75%, and the effect is better after soaking the mask. You can also cover your mouth and nose with handkerchiefs and clothes. (Emergency personnel should be equipped with professional emergency nuclear, chemical and biological gas masks)

Body surface protection: When entering or leaving the shelter, you must protect your body surface, such as wearing a hat, gloves, raincoat and rain boots, turning up your collar, wearing a scarf and tightening your cuffs and trousers. (First-aid personnel should be equipped with professional first-aid personal protective equipment)

Purification: The best way to purify the skin is to take a shower. If you can't take a bath, please wash the exposed parts with water, paying special attention to the areas with oil sludge and around the ears, nose and eyes. It is best not to wear contaminated clothes. Wash it with washing powder if you need it urgently.

6. Organized evacuation and relocation.

Nuclear accident warning

There are three kinds of nuclear accident warnings:

1. Early warning. When a major accident occurs in a nuclear facility, the relevant institutions will use a special alarm telephone to send an early warning to the inside of the institution, so as to make the institutions dealing with the accident ready. This kind of alarm will not inform residents and non-designated personnel.

2. General alarm. When a major accident occurs in a nuclear facility, the safety device fails and the indicators continue to deteriorate, the whistle alarm network will be used to issue a general alarm. The nuclear power station issued a general alarm to the residents in the inner area, and the command organization issued a general alarm to the residents in the central area. After hearing the general alarm signal, residents should pay attention to the emergency notice on radio and TV.

3. Radiation warning. If the core is seriously damaged, which will inevitably release a lot of radioactive materials, the whistle alarm network will be used to send out a radiation alarm, and its signal is different from the general alarm. After hearing this signal, residents should immediately enter the room to hide and close the doors and windows, while residents in the inner area had better enter the basement or shelter to hide.

Precautions after hearing the nuclear alarm

When residents hear the warning of nuclear accident, before the arrival of radioactive smoke (radioactive dust, radioactive dust), the main preventive measures are as follows:

1. Indoor concealment preparation. According to the building structure and shielding performance. The brick-concrete structure of the house itself is better sheltered, just close the doors and windows. If there is a big gap between the door and window, please paste the gap. The shielding of the wooden house is very poor, so it is best not to hide in it. If you have to hide in a wooden house, you must enclose the wall with bricks, earth bags or sandbags.

2. Reserve food and water. In order to store some grains and vegetables, farmers can cover the vegetables in the field with plastic film. If drinking surface water, they can store some indoors and cover the wells.

Focus on the family. Residents had better concentrate at home so as to hear further warnings in time.

4. Distribute iodine tablets. Communities and collectives should quickly distribute stable iodine tablets to residents.

5. Prepare for evacuation. Residents near the nuclear power plant should prepare the materials needed for evacuation.

Principle of iodine tablets against nuclear radiation damage

During the operation of nuclear power, radioactive substance iodine-13 1 will be produced, which is a radioactive isotope of iodine, and the thyroid will be damaged after absorption.

Taking tablets containing stable iodine isotopes in advance can block the absorption of radioactive iodine-13 1 by human thyroid. Because iodine is not easy to accumulate in the thyroid gland, it can be excreted in a short time, thus reducing the radioactive harm of iodine-13 1 to human body. Adults take one tablet (equivalent to 100 mg iodine equivalent) 24 hours before, and take half a tablet one day later. The specific administration time and method are directed by the dealer.

Medical research has found that iodine can inhibit the function of tonsils. If people take 100 mg iodine tablets within 5 hours after receiving nuclear radiation, it can prevent the tonsils from absorbing radioactive substances, thus effectively avoiding tonsil cancer.