According to your understanding, can you tell what unique habits or customs Manchu people have? Do we have an appointment today?

Historically, Manchu men like to wear blue robes and jackets, with hair and braids behind their heads, domes and trousers. Women, on the other hand, like to wear cheongsam, bow or "bun", ring and handkerchief around their waist. After the Manchu entered the customs, the dress tended to be the same as that of the Han nationality, but the cheongsam became the traditional dress of women in China with its unique charm.

Early Manchu houses were divided into two types before and after entering the customs: one was called "private house"; One is called official residence. Private houses are places where ordinary Manchu people live. Generally speaking, civilians live in two main rooms with pots and stoves. The room is very elegant. There are three kang, the west kang is the most expensive, which is for distinguished guests, the north kang is a big kang for the elders of the whole family, and the south kang is a small kang for the younger generation. Such as girls and daughters-in-law, can live in Nankang. It can be seen that Manchu people are very particular about seniority. Official residence, Manchu officials live in "official residence". The official residence is also called "military camp". For example, after Kangxi set up the "Mulan paddock", there were one general manager of Sanpin, four directors of pen, ink and inkstone, members of Xiaoqi Sect 16, leaders 16 and 450 banners. Mulan paddock is divided into 72 enclosures according to the direction of the Eight Banners, each flag has a "barracks" and * * * has eight "barracks". Each barracks is responsible for five five "Karen" (Manchu-Chinese translation posts), and there are forty "Karen". Manchu officers and men mainly live in barracks (official residences). This kind of "official residence" is generally a four-room house, with large stones as high steps. People who live in this kind of "official residence" have only the right to live and have no right to deal with it. Manchu people live in a house with many windows in the south and many in the west, which can be warm in winter and cool in summer and live comfortably. Manchu people, especially women, are very particular about sleeping posture, and most of them lie on their sides, which makes them look "decent". When they sleep, they can't sleep with their hands on their cheeks. It is unlucky to sleep with your hands on your cheeks. Now some Manchu old people in Weichang County pay more attention to their sleeping posture.

In the past, Manchu people were very particular about their eating habits. Manchu people like to eat millet and yellow rice cakes (also known as sticky bean buns). . Whenever I am busy with the old autumn, I start to clean the courtyard, and every household prepares rice wine and washes rice to make cakes (of course, it refers to richer households, which the poor can't afford). Mukunda (a respected person in the clan), whose surname is, also presided over the killing of pigs for family sacrifice. Sacrifice ancestors, celebrate the harvest, pray for the health of the whole family and the prosperity of people and animals. At the end of the Spring Festival, Manchu families invited each other to help pack "Hey Jigebo" (translated as jiaozi in Manchu). After they helped Jia Qian, they helped their masters to pack jiaozi for each other, indicating that they were happy and harmonious. They were busy until the thirtieth day of the twelfth lunar month. When jiaozi can't finish it, they will freeze it at any time, store it at any time, and put it in "Hasili" (Manchu). Of course, the steamed yellow rice cake is also frozen, and it is hot now. There are many kinds of yellow rice cakes, including Su Ye Cake, Lotus Leaf Cake, Chengsha Cake, Candied Cake, etc., some with stuffing and some without stuffing. Its shapes are different, such as Jinshan shape, Guanyin shape, peony shape and so on. , as well as fish, insects, birds, animals and other animal shapes, lifelike, amazing. During the Spring Festival, many families eat hand-grabbed meat on New Year's Eve, and cook boiled pork and roasted pork with Manchu unique flavor. In the cake, I like to make "Shaqima". On New Year's Eve, there will be activities to welcome the God of Wealth, starting at 12 o'clock in the evening and ending at Wangma Computer. During the Spring Festival, there is a happy atmosphere everywhere. Snow platforms have been habitually piled up in front of the gate of every household and the screen wall of the courtyard, and shiny and bright ice lamps (that is, ice lamps) are placed on the snow platforms. The appearance of the ice lantern is very strange and varied. Ice lanterns symbolize the return of spring to the earth, and life is full of light and good luck. After the Spring Festival and before the fifth day of the first month, Manchu girls and son-in-law can pay New Year greetings to their parents and in-laws and wish each other a bright future.

get dressed

Earlier, Manchu costumes had their own national characteristics. The clothes of men and women are different from those of girls and daughters-in-law. Generally speaking, men wear robes, jackets, coats, a small hat pad and a long braid at the back of their heads. Wear double-sided shoes with a cloud hook embroidered on the upper. On the other hand, women wear earrings, wide straight cheongsam, small vest and embroidered shoes with wooden soles. In the center of the embroidered sole, there is a wooden sole inlaid, which looks like a horseshoe, so it is also called "horseshoe sole" or "arowana sole" or "four-flash sole". Manchu women did not bind their feet since childhood. The hairstyle of Manchu women varies according to their age and status. Girl, comb and scratch more. A married woman wears her hair on her head, which is called the "big palace head" with a silver hairpin. Early Manchu young men and women like to wear a gem in clothes, hats, saddles, navel, wallets and other parts to symbolize happiness. Precious people wear linen clothes. The poor wear deerskin. This is related to the long-term semi-farming and semi-hunting lifestyle. When Manchu people entered the customs from the northeast, rich people began to pay attention to their clothes, usually wearing silks and satins, while ordinary people wore cloth. With the development of society, Manchu costumes are more and more consistent with Han people. For example, the habit of wearing cheongsam has been adopted by women all over the country. The habit and advantages of Manchu women not binding their feet have also been adopted by women of other fraternal nationalities. At present, Manchu women in some remote mountain villages in Weichang county, especially the costumes of the elderly, still maintain their past costumes and hairstyles. Manchu people pay great attention to neatness in their clothes. No matter how many coats and jackets you wear, you should button your clothes neatly and pay attention to the style. This fine tradition has been preserved to this day. Manchu women's flag shoes are called "inch shoes" or "horseshoe shoes". In the middle of the sole, that is, the center of the foot, there are more than 3 inches of boards embedded, and the boards are wrapped with fine white cloth. Where the wood can't follow the ground, it is often decorated with embroidery or beads. Because the sole plane is horseshoe-shaped, it is named; There is also a kind of shoes whose bottom is flowerpot-shaped, which is called "flowerpot bottom shoes"; Flag shoes worn by elderly women and working women, with flat wood as the bottom, are called flat embroidered shoes, also known as "net cloud shoes". Manchu women's shoes are embroidered on the surface, socks are mostly made of cloth, and soles have patterns.

marry

The marriage of Manchu is monogamous.

When Manchu men and women reach marriageable age, they usually pay more attention to dressing up. Before marriage, girls like to use the juice of Jina Ilha (Manchu, Impatiens), add alum, and dye their nails red (saying that this can drive away plagues and diseases and celebrate them every month). Although this is superstition, it can show that this nation yearns for good luck. When young men and women are engaged, the man first invites the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's house. You have to go three times to propose. Let the matchmaker bring a bottle of wine every time. The third time I go, I will know if the woman is willing to marry. If the woman leaves the wine for the third time, it means that she agrees to get married. If you refuse, it means that the marriage between the two parties has not been completed. Therefore, Manchu people have a saying: "If you fail, you will get three bottles of wine". After marriage, the bride price given by the man is the property of the woman. After engagement, girls do more needlework before marriage. She wants to embroider pillows, tobacco bags and money bags for her marriage. The tobacco pouch is reserved for in-laws In the old days, when Manchu people got married, they used sedan chairs (later changed to floats). Kill pigs three days before the wedding and prepare to entertain guests. There are two ways for the man to marry the bride: one is that the girl is sent away by her brother, aunt, uncle and aunt. The girl's parents, uncles and aunts are not going to see her off. The bride's family and her husband's family set out at the same time, one free and one welcome. When the two sides meet halfway, they have to "change cars", that is, the bride will be sent away by her family and sit in her husband's car. At this time, the two cars said goodbye halfway and went home. In the second form, the man's sedan chair (or float) reaches the front door of the woman's house and the woman's house closes. What should I do? The man said all kinds of pleading words in Manchu, and the woman opened the door to let the wedding car take the bride away. After the man marries the bride, he must sit on the bed first. When the curtains are opened, people attending the wedding will sing "Happy Songs" in Manchu. The general idea of singing high songs is:

A pair of phoenixes come from the south,

Flying brings good luck.

Phoenix, love, love, grow old together,

share weal and woe ...

However, due to the age, this happy song was basically lost, and some Manchu old people also lost their memories.

On the first day when the bride enters her in-laws' house, she has to "sit on the kang" for one day, which is also called "sitting on the blessing". That night, a table was set in the new house. There are two flagons and two small wine glasses on the table. The bride and groom walked around the table arm in arm for three times, and then drank. A pair of red candles were lit on the kang and stayed up all night. One or more people in the outhouse sing a happy song, which is called "pulling the empty house". Or someone sprinkled black beans into the new house, and after two hours of excitement, people dispersed. (But when you get married, it's different. For example, when Manchu people in Beijing got married in the old days, the groom had to draw a bow and arrow at the wedding and shoot the bride who had not uncovered the "hijab" three times. This may be the legacy of the clan society robbing marriage).

On the second day after marriage, the bride is led to meet the elders in the neighborhood, which is called "dividing the size". After three days of marriage, the bride took the groom back to her mother's house.

Manchu people have strict family rules. Daughter-in-law says "good morning" and "good evening" to her in-laws every day. Usually, if a new wife wants to go back to her parents' home, she must ask her in-laws for leave first. My in-laws allow my daughter-in-law to stay with her parents for a few days. Before leaving, the new wife will pay homage to her in-laws. When the new daughter-in-law comes back from her parents' house on time, she must greet her in-laws first and say hello before going back to her room.

On weekdays, relatives and friends invited their in-laws, but they couldn't go. The son first asked his parents, "Can my son's daughter-in-law go instead?" After parents agree, they can go to relatives and friends' homes. When the son and daughter-in-law come back from visiting relatives and friends, they should first "say hello" to their parents and say, "Parents can't stand it!" . After the Manchu people got married for two years, family etiquette gradually decreased.

Believe in shamanism

Most ethnic minorities in China have their own religious beliefs, and Manchu people believe in Shamanism.

Shamanism is a primitive religion. There are no temples and shrines, and there are no full-time believers, but there are people who serve "Lafayette", called tea horses.

Tea horses are a bit like monks and Taoists, but they are different. Because Cha Machun is a part-time volunteer artist. Tea horses can get married and start a family, or they can take part in productive labor. Adult tea horses have no privileges, no rewards, and are only respected by family members. Tea horses have men and women. But a girl can't be a tea horse. Women should be tea horses, but they can get married. People who make tea horses are voluntary, allowed by their parents, and come from a wish. For example, if you are sick, you can promise to be a tea horse for "Lafayette" and wait on "Lafayette", so that you can get rid of the disease and eliminate the disaster. How to become a tea horse? It has to pass the test of "Lafayette": every year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, people who want to be tea horses collect a fragrant leaf from the mountain, dry it, grind it into fine powder and screen it out with reeds. After the old tea horse is lit, put this big fragrance under the nose of the person who wants to be a tea horse and accept the influence of big smoke. When the "three-handed skill" Dazi incense is burned out, if the subject has a runny nose and tears, it means that the person who wants to be a tea horse is sincere. Otherwise, it is insincere and cannot be accepted as a tea horse. After this test, people who become tea horses should learn from the old tea horses and make sacrifices to God.

When offering sacrifices to the gods, tea horses are dressed in colorful clothes, with 22 string bells shaped like hoes tied around their waist and a drum in their hands. Grasping the drum is to beat the flat drum rhythmically with a whip. Under the guidance of the old tea horse, he learns to "walk around the edge of the kang", take dance steps, twist his waist and twist back and forth, and show his respect to "Lafayette" with the most sincere heart. The most important thing for the new tea horse is to learn Divine Comedy. Divine songs are sung in Manchu to praise the merits of ancestors and pray for their blessing. When the new tea horse learns to sing and dance when offering sacrifices to the gods, she can go to offer sacrifices to the gods with the old tea horse.

When the tea horse became a "Lafayette", his parents died, and the tea horse could not be with the deceased. According to the investigation, in the early years of the paddock, Manchu people had tea horses offering sacrifices to the gods. After the birth of New China, this kind of activity has hardly been seen.

Make a dumb sound.

Manchu people have three kang, of which Xikang is the most expensive. Xikang is also called "Fokang", so women can't sit on it and ordinary guests can't sleep on it. Only grandpa can sleep in Xikang. Dog skin hats and whips with dog skin whips can't be put on the Xikang.

Why is Xikang so sacred? Because the "Buddha box" is enshrined in Xikang. The Buddha box is so sacred that most people can't understand it. The gods sacrificed by Manchu people are not imaginary gods and buddhas. In the Buddha box, there are precious statues of our ancestors and heroes. There are eighteen gods in it. In addition, there are genealogies. Genealogy records the history of this family, such as the rise and fall of this family, the achievements and contributions of ancestors. In the Buddha box, there are incense sticks, silk frames and table curtains. When Manchu people reach the age of dragon and tiger, they will revise their scores. Because there are more and more children and grandchildren, the spectrum will be revised every certain number of years. Genealogy is divided into genealogy and genealogy. The arrangement method is as follows: during the sacrifice, Mukunda prepared three pamphlets: one booklet registered the dead; A person whose birth is registered in a booklet; One volume contains the surname and flag of the newly married daughter-in-law in the registered family (or family). When the score is revised, the pig should be killed, and everyone from the clan should be present. After the music is finished, you should also cherish it. Manchu people offer sacrifices, and some people even worship "Ye Man". Manya is also a kind of Buddha statue. Some are made of wood, some are made of clay and some are made of copper. But the place to worship Ye Man is not on the Xikang, but on the "Tang Fang Kang" connected to the kitchen. Next to Ye Man, two pairs of pigskin cymbals are put in a year, which means that Ye Man can wear them when patrolling flag-bearers. In fact, Ye Man is also revered as a god. However, the sacrificial activities of Manchu people, especially when "jumping home", cost a lot. Some poor Manchu people are unable to hold such a grand event. What should they do? Then take another ritual-patting the head. It can be seen that Manchu people neither "jump at home" nor "pat their heads", which was not found among Manchu people in the old society. There is always a ceremony. If you don't even do this, it's disrespect for your ancestors. In this way, the ancestors will not agree, but will be angry with the children.

How to "pat the head"? This ceremony is very similar to the "wishing pig" of the northern Han nationality. Kill a pig first, and the pig killer is not allowed to enter the house, not even in the yard in cold weather. Don't wash your hair with hot water after killing pigs. Instead, you find three big stones, put them on the shelf and light a fire. Kill the pig and let it burn on the fire. When all the hair is burned, the pig's head and tail are cut off and put on the altar to worship the ancestors. Then gut the pig, pick out the oil hanging from the pig intestines, put it in the pot, wash the millet and cook it together in the pot. Then the elders began to eat the rice in the pot. The whole family should eat like this. When eating, everyone sits outside and is not allowed to enter the house. Because the meal time is in the starry night, this kind of meal is called "small night meal", also called "big rice".

After eating "dim sum", cut the washed pig into eight pieces, put them together and put them on the altar. At this time, the ancestor worship activities officially began. First of all, Mukunda led the crowd to kowtow before the altar. Then they lined up according to their seniority, walked into the house, stood in front of Xikang and kowtowed to Lafayette and the ancestors. Especially when kowtowing, no one is allowed to talk and there is silence. That's why it's called "biting the dumb head" You must break your head. The more you blow your head off, the more you show your sincerity to Lafayette and your ancestors. After biting the dumb head, put the washed pig in a cauldron on three stones and cook it. After cooking, invite all the people in the family to eat pork (also invite relatives and friends to eat). Eat all the meat instead of soup. After eating clean meat and soup, put the three pot stones in a clean place, so as not to get dirty. Manchu people carry out this kind of sacrificial activities, aiming at respecting Buddha, seeking good luck and yearning for a happier life.

Manchu people are forbidden to eat dog meat and love crows: Manchu people kill dogs and are forbidden to eat dog meat. They think crows are divine birds, and they should put meat on a pole for sacrifice. Foreign guests are not allowed to put dog skin hats and whips on the Xikang. Legend: "In the early years, when Nurhachi worked as a tea boy for the company commander Li in Shanhaiguan, he was found to have a seven-star wart on his foot. It is the "real dragon son of heaven" that the court wants to catch. Just as Lee Joon's spare prison car grabbed Tuo and sent him to Beijing, Li's maid Qionghua learned that Nurhachi helped him escape and rode on the old horse's Daqingma and Erqingma. On the way, Daqingma and Laomaguan were exhausted. After the story came to light, Li beat Qionghua to death. Nuerhachi was chased by people, and there was nowhere to hide, so he had to hide in weeds, and suddenly many crows fell beside him. Even Nurhachi, who was tired of running, lay down and fell asleep. When the pursuers arrived, he saw crows around a body, but he didn't find Nurhachi. When he left, he set up a torch to burn the weeds. When he woke up, he was startled. When he looked intently, there was no fire around and the ground was wet. It turned out to be yellow. This time, it was Daqingma, crow and yellow dog who saved his life. Later, Nurhachi became the king of the Han Dynasty. In order to commemorate the savior of Qing Ma, all courtiers were required to wear jackets with horseshoe cuffs and trousers. To commemorate the rescue of crows, courtiers put red ears and feathers on their hats. In order to commemorate the old horse, people should immediately pile it in front of the door. In memory of rhubarb dog, the children of the Eight Banners are not allowed to eat dog meat and wear dog skin hats. Offenders will be beheaded.

Shadow Wall Magic Column: The courtyard is full of shadow walls. In front of the screen wall stood a magic pole about six feet high, with a red cloth wrapped on the top of the weathered copper and a short pole about a foot across the top. There are three stones at the bottom of the magic pole, and the shadow wall on the back is made of bricks to form a rain tower with headdress. The origin of this courtyard decoration is legendary: Three Immortals, Buddha Kulun, ate the title of Lingbird in the Tianding Pool of Changbai Mountain, Zhu Bird became pregnant, and her son, Sun Nuerhachi, the first1kloc-0/generation of Bukuli Yongshun, was abused by his stepmother, and fled to the outside, taking eight heads of "stick hammer" (ginseng) dug up in the Seven Stars Treasure Land into the mountains to look for ginseng. Nurhachi pulled the grass with a rope-pulling stick, and under the stick were bright red flowers with four leaves. Later, eight leaders became sworn brothers with Nurhachi, sold ginseng for money, recruited soldiers, and established a unified country after several campaigns. All ministries became rare kings, and the Sobo staff used by Nurhachi became the Sobo pole in front of Manchu families. Lv Zhenyu's "A Brief History of China Nationalities" said that "Nurhachi was born in the innovative family of Jianzhou, and his ancestors had peace. He was killed by Ni Kan traitor Gulen in JiaoTaksi, and Nurhachi himself was once rejected by the defenders of Jianzhou Department, and he lived a poor life by taking part in a trip to and from Ma Shi. " To dig ginseng in the mountains, you should use a rope stick, and at the same time, you should have a picnic and cook in the mountains. When picking ginseng, you should carry it down the mountain with a back clip. This wall shadow is an enlarged shadow of the back clip, the magic rod is the decoration of the pull rod for digging ginseng, and the magic stone is the pot support stone for the picnic. These three courtyard decorations are to commemorate Nurhachi's articles and three production tools of Manchu ancestors in Changbai Mountain.

Mukunda: In the place where the officers and men of the Guard live in concentration, the patriarch is Mukunda. His official position is not hereditary, nor appointed by his superiors, but held by the venerable elders of the clan, who have the right to decide all major affairs of the clan and he is responsible for offering sacrifices. Mukunda must be consulted during the wedding and funeral. There are also various rules and disciplines in the clan. Mukunda can punish such misdeeds as stealing, eloping, picking fights, fighting, unfilial parents and so on.

Buddha box: Buddha box is so sacred that ordinary people can't move it. It contains the image of Baylor (monarch), who is the ancestor and national hero of this family. There are eighteen gods in it, thirteen are Sori strips and five are Korean paper. In addition, there is a family tree, which records the family history, rise and fall, the achievements of ancestors and so on.